First part of a larger paper on the topic of incremental vs. radical innovation. The paper is based on extant research and tries to answer a very simple question: how to innovate? Marketing literature is used in order to provide a deeper understanding of the topic.
A roadmap for a leanness company to emerge as a true lean organizationLeandro Silvério
The problem this work aims to solve is the improvement of the leanness level of a company jeopardized by the lack of lean engagement. The objectives of the research are to present a method based on a lean self-assessment approach, consisted of a qualitative self-assessment method based on lean elements that drives an index definition associated with a roadmap. The method consists in providing a roadmap for the assessed enterprise composed by the company’s lean index, recommendations and countermeasures deriving from Delphi and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance (W) application among lean experts, leading the assessed enterprise to achieve results in terms of lean engagement, autonomy, and decision support criteria for future resource allocation. The results demonstrated that method can highlight gaps where additional improvements and investments would be necessary in the assessed enterprise. Finally, the work concludes that the lean performance identification associated to a lean roadmap in a company can be a highly effective tool to improve lean adoption in a leanness organization.
GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, GLOBE 2018Dmytro Shestakov
Strategic Flexibility as a Key to Innovativeness: Theoretical Framework, Globe 2018, 120-131
Dmytro Shestakov
The article reveals the main strategic changes of the competitive environment, the necessity of flexibility in the new competitive conditions are determined. Flexibility in its various forms has
long played an important role in the organizational change and strategy literature. The theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "flexibility", "strategy", "strategic flexibility" are
revealed. Various kinds of flexibility of the company and levels of strategic flexibility are reviewed. With the changed dynamics in the new competitive landscape, firms face multiple discontinuities that often occur simultaneously and are not easily predicted. The article substantiates that managers and government policy makers are encountering major strategic discontinuities that are changing the nature of competition. Firms must be flexible to manage discontinuities and unpredictable change in their environments. Flexibility has been a characteristic of an organization that makes companies less vulnerable to unforeseen external changes or puts it in a better position to respond successfully to change. Strategic flexibility may increase innovation performance of a firm.
Advances In Global
Business And Economics
Proceedings of the GLOBE Conference
in Sarasota, USA, June 4-8, 2018
Editor
Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu
M3 Center
University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee
USA
An Empirical Study on the Variables That Ensure Process Efficiency in the Log...inventionjournals
In this study, the purpose is to determine the Supplier Relations Efficiency, Supply Efficiency, Environmental Responsibility, Flexibility, Logistic Coordination, CRM (Customer Relations Management), Change Management, Order Processing, Innovation, and Communicative Skills, which are accepted as the prominent and basic factors in ensuring the process efficiencies of the logistic activities of the manufacturing companies located in Adıyaman, Gaziantep and Kilis in TRC1 Region. For this purpose, a scale consisting of 36 statements was used to collect data from 298 manufacturing companies in TRC1 Region Organized Industrial Zones. The One Way ANOVA Test was used in order to determine whether there are significant differences between the demographical variables of the companies. At the end of the analyses it was determined that there was a significant difference between the cities, sectors, the number of their employees and activity durations.
A roadmap for a leanness company to emerge as a true lean organizationLeandro Silvério
The problem this work aims to solve is the improvement of the leanness level of a company jeopardized by the lack of lean engagement. The objectives of the research are to present a method based on a lean self-assessment approach, consisted of a qualitative self-assessment method based on lean elements that drives an index definition associated with a roadmap. The method consists in providing a roadmap for the assessed enterprise composed by the company’s lean index, recommendations and countermeasures deriving from Delphi and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance (W) application among lean experts, leading the assessed enterprise to achieve results in terms of lean engagement, autonomy, and decision support criteria for future resource allocation. The results demonstrated that method can highlight gaps where additional improvements and investments would be necessary in the assessed enterprise. Finally, the work concludes that the lean performance identification associated to a lean roadmap in a company can be a highly effective tool to improve lean adoption in a leanness organization.
GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, GLOBE 2018Dmytro Shestakov
Strategic Flexibility as a Key to Innovativeness: Theoretical Framework, Globe 2018, 120-131
Dmytro Shestakov
The article reveals the main strategic changes of the competitive environment, the necessity of flexibility in the new competitive conditions are determined. Flexibility in its various forms has
long played an important role in the organizational change and strategy literature. The theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "flexibility", "strategy", "strategic flexibility" are
revealed. Various kinds of flexibility of the company and levels of strategic flexibility are reviewed. With the changed dynamics in the new competitive landscape, firms face multiple discontinuities that often occur simultaneously and are not easily predicted. The article substantiates that managers and government policy makers are encountering major strategic discontinuities that are changing the nature of competition. Firms must be flexible to manage discontinuities and unpredictable change in their environments. Flexibility has been a characteristic of an organization that makes companies less vulnerable to unforeseen external changes or puts it in a better position to respond successfully to change. Strategic flexibility may increase innovation performance of a firm.
Advances In Global
Business And Economics
Proceedings of the GLOBE Conference
in Sarasota, USA, June 4-8, 2018
Editor
Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu
M3 Center
University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee
USA
An Empirical Study on the Variables That Ensure Process Efficiency in the Log...inventionjournals
In this study, the purpose is to determine the Supplier Relations Efficiency, Supply Efficiency, Environmental Responsibility, Flexibility, Logistic Coordination, CRM (Customer Relations Management), Change Management, Order Processing, Innovation, and Communicative Skills, which are accepted as the prominent and basic factors in ensuring the process efficiencies of the logistic activities of the manufacturing companies located in Adıyaman, Gaziantep and Kilis in TRC1 Region. For this purpose, a scale consisting of 36 statements was used to collect data from 298 manufacturing companies in TRC1 Region Organized Industrial Zones. The One Way ANOVA Test was used in order to determine whether there are significant differences between the demographical variables of the companies. At the end of the analyses it was determined that there was a significant difference between the cities, sectors, the number of their employees and activity durations.
Currently, firm’s dynamics urges management strategies to meet globalized market requirements. This study
analyzes the impact of Logistics Flexibility on Competitiveness of Mexican manufacturing SMEs. By using the
structural equations modeling and path diagram techniques, it shows the effects of the relationship hypothesized.
Managerial significance of results strengthens decision taking and public policy making, providing essential
information to managers, owners and human capital of firms' internal capacities and allocation of their strategical
resources
The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of Mergers and Acquisition (M&A) on a firm’s competitive advantage in the IT industry. A descriptive research approach was adopted with a target population comprising of all employees atHewlett Packard Company (HP) in Nairobi, Kenya.Horizontal mergers were found to be the most common types of mergers. These mergers weremainly driven by external economies of scale, market power, combined complimentary resources and customer service quality. The findings also established that the major elements of competitive advantage were volume of transactions and markets share. External economies of scale, market power and combined complimentary resources contributed positively to competitive advantage while surplus funds and idle resources did not drive competitive advantage. Based on the study,researchers recommended that decisions on M&A should be based on first understanding which facets of the business will be driven by the M&A in order to derive a competitive advantage. In addition, there is need for companies to do progress evaluation of the M&A specifically to review its impact on competitive advantage.
Achieving Agility Using Cladistics: An Evolutionary AnalysisIan McCarthy
To achieve the status of an agile manufacturer, organisations need to clearly understand the concept of agility, relative to their industrial and business circumstances and to then identify and acquire the appropriate characteristics which will result in an agile manufacturing organisation. This paper is not simply another discussion on the definition of agility, or a philosophical debate on the drivers and characteristics of agility. This paper presents an evolutionary modelling technique (cladistics) which could enable organisations to systematically manage and understand the emergence of new manufacturing forms within their business environment. This fundamental, but important insight is valuable for achieving successful organisational design and change. Thus, regardless of the industrial sector, managers could use cladistics as an evolutionary analysis technique for determining ``where they have been and where they are now''. Moving from a non-agile manufacture to an agile manufacture is a process of organisational change and evolutionary development. This evolutionary method will enable organisations to understand the landscape of manufacturing possibilities that exist, to identify appropriate agile forms and to successfully navigate that landscape.
Determinants of Supply Chain Performance of Indian Manufacturing OrganizationsWaqas Tariq
This paper aims at proposing various determinants of supply chain performance of Indian manufacturing organizations. The determinants are summarized based on extensive literature review of empirical research articles on supply chain management (SCM) and performance measurement approaches. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in context of performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of selected variables on SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The various parameters like supplier-buyer relations, external supply chain, environmental factors, human metrics, information sharing and performance measurement approaches are taken in a single study in the context of Indian manufacturing organizations. Based on a pilot study with sample size of 100, empirical tests resulted in reduction of items. Based on the obtained results, the organizations can enhance the SCM performance by improving the current practices/strategies through focusing on the determinants that significantly influence SCM performance. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains of other sectors and industries of India to generalize the research.
Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi...csandit
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization,
modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed
competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in
science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance,
organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal
alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of
new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by
examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing
MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting
optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach.
Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for
numerous manufacturing and service applications.
Ambidextrous organizations: from theory to practiceTamam Guseinova
The study is aimed at testing the hypotheses relating certain industry changes to certain ambidexterity types. For testing the hypotheses I chose case studies on ambidexterity or on general balancing of exploitation and exploration. I have studied 14 case studies out of which 12 case studies are in line with my hypotheses. My main conclusions are as follows:
• In industries going through radical change successful companies opt for partitional ambidexterity;
• In industries going through creative industries successful companies adopt reciprocal ambidexterity;
• In industries going through intermediating change successful companies effectuate harmonic ambidexterity;
• In industries undergoing progressive change successful companies also pursue harmonic ambidexterity to enable sufficient level of adaptability so that the company will be able to successfully go though organization transformation switching to another type of ambidexterity when the industry go to another type of change.
Answering the research question, I believe to have proved the existence of interrelation between the type of industry change and the type of ambidexterity companies in this industry should opt for. I do believe that my findings can be a basis for a prescriptive tool in innovation management. However, I fully acknowledge the limitations of my research and understand that quite vast further research is needed before the framework developed by me becomes an effective prescriptive tool.
Currently, firm’s dynamics urges management strategies to meet globalized market requirements. This study
analyzes the impact of Logistics Flexibility on Competitiveness of Mexican manufacturing SMEs. By using the
structural equations modeling and path diagram techniques, it shows the effects of the relationship hypothesized.
Managerial significance of results strengthens decision taking and public policy making, providing essential
information to managers, owners and human capital of firms' internal capacities and allocation of their strategical
resources
The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of Mergers and Acquisition (M&A) on a firm’s competitive advantage in the IT industry. A descriptive research approach was adopted with a target population comprising of all employees atHewlett Packard Company (HP) in Nairobi, Kenya.Horizontal mergers were found to be the most common types of mergers. These mergers weremainly driven by external economies of scale, market power, combined complimentary resources and customer service quality. The findings also established that the major elements of competitive advantage were volume of transactions and markets share. External economies of scale, market power and combined complimentary resources contributed positively to competitive advantage while surplus funds and idle resources did not drive competitive advantage. Based on the study,researchers recommended that decisions on M&A should be based on first understanding which facets of the business will be driven by the M&A in order to derive a competitive advantage. In addition, there is need for companies to do progress evaluation of the M&A specifically to review its impact on competitive advantage.
Achieving Agility Using Cladistics: An Evolutionary AnalysisIan McCarthy
To achieve the status of an agile manufacturer, organisations need to clearly understand the concept of agility, relative to their industrial and business circumstances and to then identify and acquire the appropriate characteristics which will result in an agile manufacturing organisation. This paper is not simply another discussion on the definition of agility, or a philosophical debate on the drivers and characteristics of agility. This paper presents an evolutionary modelling technique (cladistics) which could enable organisations to systematically manage and understand the emergence of new manufacturing forms within their business environment. This fundamental, but important insight is valuable for achieving successful organisational design and change. Thus, regardless of the industrial sector, managers could use cladistics as an evolutionary analysis technique for determining ``where they have been and where they are now''. Moving from a non-agile manufacture to an agile manufacture is a process of organisational change and evolutionary development. This evolutionary method will enable organisations to understand the landscape of manufacturing possibilities that exist, to identify appropriate agile forms and to successfully navigate that landscape.
Determinants of Supply Chain Performance of Indian Manufacturing OrganizationsWaqas Tariq
This paper aims at proposing various determinants of supply chain performance of Indian manufacturing organizations. The determinants are summarized based on extensive literature review of empirical research articles on supply chain management (SCM) and performance measurement approaches. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in context of performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of selected variables on SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The various parameters like supplier-buyer relations, external supply chain, environmental factors, human metrics, information sharing and performance measurement approaches are taken in a single study in the context of Indian manufacturing organizations. Based on a pilot study with sample size of 100, empirical tests resulted in reduction of items. Based on the obtained results, the organizations can enhance the SCM performance by improving the current practices/strategies through focusing on the determinants that significantly influence SCM performance. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains of other sectors and industries of India to generalize the research.
Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi...csandit
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization,
modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed
competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in
science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance,
organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal
alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of
new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by
examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing
MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting
optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach.
Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for
numerous manufacturing and service applications.
Ambidextrous organizations: from theory to practiceTamam Guseinova
The study is aimed at testing the hypotheses relating certain industry changes to certain ambidexterity types. For testing the hypotheses I chose case studies on ambidexterity or on general balancing of exploitation and exploration. I have studied 14 case studies out of which 12 case studies are in line with my hypotheses. My main conclusions are as follows:
• In industries going through radical change successful companies opt for partitional ambidexterity;
• In industries going through creative industries successful companies adopt reciprocal ambidexterity;
• In industries going through intermediating change successful companies effectuate harmonic ambidexterity;
• In industries undergoing progressive change successful companies also pursue harmonic ambidexterity to enable sufficient level of adaptability so that the company will be able to successfully go though organization transformation switching to another type of ambidexterity when the industry go to another type of change.
Answering the research question, I believe to have proved the existence of interrelation between the type of industry change and the type of ambidexterity companies in this industry should opt for. I do believe that my findings can be a basis for a prescriptive tool in innovation management. However, I fully acknowledge the limitations of my research and understand that quite vast further research is needed before the framework developed by me becomes an effective prescriptive tool.
Knowledge practitioners have often faced challenges in ensuring the successful delivery of KM initiatives in Organisations. Organisational change management programs are vital to the success of a KM initiative. In fact, the reasons most often cited for why KM implementations did not deliver their expected benefits were organisational issues, such as insufficient communication; failure to integrate KM into everyday working practices; lack of training; and a lack of time to learn new systems and processes.
Success in knowledge management (KM) was traditionally about systems, technologies and platforms. What is often neglected is the focus on applying Change Management strategy and techniques to KM initiatives in order to address traditional resistance to new work, processes or systems.
This short, hands on session will walk the audience through on why Change Management is an effective and critical aspect of any KM initiative that impacts Culture and People. It will give participants a quick awareness and understanding of the ADKAR framework for Change Management. Participants will also be involved in interactive discussions on how they can implement the ADKAR framework into their KM initiatives. This presentation will conclude with the emphasis that, Change Management is a critical component of the success of KM in an Organisation.
Interactive & Collaborative Communication V002EriaanOelofse
Presentation I delivered at a Seminar hosted by Knowledge
Resources focussing on Internal Communications (18 September 2008)
Topic: Change management: creating shared meaning, commitment and sustained effort in organisational change initiatives through interactive and collaborative comunication techniques
Impacts of Change on Employees and CultureTed Thanh Tran
Due to various external and internal forces, all oganisations must change themselves to be competitive. In this change process, both the employees and organisational culture are affected. This presentation focuses on the impacts of changes, the challenges to change employees' attitude and behaviour, and how to overcome these challenges.
Civilisation as we know it has seen an enormous amount of change - social, cultural, scientific, economic, political - and the 20th century alone saw a significant proportion of these transitions, so much so that our ways of thinking and lifestyles are transforming faster than ever.
CMI Presentation on Organisational Change Maturity Modelkyliemalmberg
On 22 March Caroline Perkins, MD of Carbon Group and President of the CMI, shared her latest research and work from her new book. The Maturity Model supports you and your organisation in becoming more agile with clear levels that you can aim for.
Innovation in manufacturing as an evolutionary complex systemIan McCarthy
The focus of this paper is on innovation in terms of the new product development processes and to discuss its main features. This is followed by a presentation of the new ideas emerging from complex systems science. It is then demonstrated how complex systems provides an overall conceptual framework for thinking about innovation and for considering how this helps to provide understanding and advice for the organisation of new product development in different circumstances. Three case studies are quoted which illustrate the application of these new ideas.
The integration between innovation and business is a key factor in competitiveness between organizations. That is, innovation applied to a business makes no sense if not considered as an integral tool for the processes of the organization. Companies should therefore adopt a policy where innovation plays a strategic role in the design of business models to become lean, effective and competitive entities (Moraleda, 2004). The objective of this paper is to show the importance of innovation within companies, identifying the concept, the various models that different entities might adopt in order to develop better processes of innovation, as well as indicators that represent innovation at global and national levels in order to develop strategies that lead to an increase in competitiveness. For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted.
Linking Theory & PracticeNavigating the innovation landsca.docxsmile790243
Linking Theory & Practice
Navigating the innovation landscape: past
research, present practice, and future trends
Shanthi Gopalakrishnan1,
Eric H Kessler 2,
Joanne L Scillitoe3
1School of Management, New Jersey Institute
of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA; 2Lubin School
of Business, Pace University, New York, USA;
3School of Management, New York Institute of
Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
Correspondence:
Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, School of
Management, New Jersey Institute of
Technology, Newark, NY 07102, USA.
Tel: þ973-596-3283;
Fax: þ973-596-3074
Abstract
The management of innovation is among the most critical capabilities
contributing to the success of modern organizations. It is also complex and
frequently misunderstood. In this paper we first provide a broad overview of
the organizational innovation literature [the Past] to distill five fundamental
themes: What is innovation, why is it important, where does it come from,
who engages in it, and how can it be best executed? Second, we illustrate how
these concepts are applied by three companies on the vanguard of innovation
management [the Present] – Google, Walt Disney, and Johnson & Johnson.
Third, we project the discussion forward by considering key issues and emerging
trends [the Future] of innovation management such as nanotechnology, ethical
dilemmas, information technology, globalization, and sustainability. Fourth,
we derive from the above analyses concrete guidelines for managers to
leverage these insights and enable more effective innovation practices.
Organization Management Journal (2010) 7, 262 –277. doi:10.1057/omj.2010.36
Keywords: innovation; management; industry; organization
Introduction
In today’s increasingly turbulent business environment, largely
attributed to continual and rapid globalization and technological
advancements, change has become a ubiquitous phenomenon.
Innovation has emerged as an important mechanism to facilitate
adaptation to this shifting competitive landscape. Although
considered controversial by some skeptics, innovation plays a
critical role in nurturing the economy, creating and radically
transforming industries, sustaining the competitive performance of
firms, and improving the standard of living and creating a better
quality of life for citizens. Understandably, research that is focused
on this climate of change displays a strong “pro-innovation”
perspective (Kimberly, 1981; Abrahamson, 1991) and visualizes
innovation as an inherently beneficial organizational activity with
profound consequences for multiple constituencies. Indeed, it is an
organization’s capability for sustained innovation that oftentimes
determines its success. However, when discussing the management
of innovation, one must also consider the more ambiguous,
potentially destructive, and less readily understood social and
ethical dynamics of the innovation process.
This paper attempts to provide a broad overview of the
innovation management landscape. First, we ...
Linking Theory & Practice Navigating the innovation landscape pas.docxSHIVA101531
Linking Theory & Practice Navigating the innovation landscape: past research, present practice, and future trends Shanthi Gopalakrishnan1 , Eric H Kessler 2 , Joanne L Scillitoe3 1 School of Management, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA; 2 Lubin School of Business, Pace University, New York, USA; 3 School of Management, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA Correspondence: Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, School of Management, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NY 07102, USA. Tel: þ 973-596-3283; Fax: þ 973-596-3074 Abstract The management of innovation is among the most critical capabilities contributing to the success of modern organizations. It is also complex and frequently misunderstood. In this paper we first provide a broad overview of the organizational innovation literature [the Past] to distill five fundamental themes: What is innovation, why is it important, where does it come from, who engages in it, and how can it be best executed? Second, we illustrate how these concepts are applied by three companies on the vanguard of innovation management [the Present] – Google, Walt Disney, and Johnson & Johnson. Third, we project the discussion forward by considering key issues and emerging trends [the Future] of innovation management such as nanotechnology, ethical dilemmas, information technology, globalization, and sustainability. Fourth, we derive from the above analyses concrete guidelines for managers to leverage these insights and enable more effective innovation practices. Organization Management Journal (2010) 7, 262–277. doi:10.1057/omj.2010.36 Keywords: innovation; management; industry; organization Introduction In today’s increasingly turbulent business environment, largely attributed to continual and rapid globalization and technological advancements, change has become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Innovation has emerged as an important mechanism to facilitate adaptation to this shifting competitive landscape. Although considered controversial by some skeptics, innovation plays a critical role in nurturing the economy, creating and radically transforming industries, sustaining the competitive performance of firms, and improving the standard of living and creating a better quality of life for citizens. Understandably, research that is focused on this climate of change displays a strong “pro-innovation” perspective (Kimberly, 1981; Abrahamson, 1991) and visualizes innovation as an inherently beneficial organizational activity with profound consequences for multiple constituencies. Indeed, it is an organization’s capability for sustained innovation that oftentimes determines its success. However, when discussing the management of innovation, one must also consider the more ambiguous, potentially destructive, and less readily understood social and ethical dynamics of the innovation process. This paper attempts to provide a broad overview of the innovation management landscape. First, we survey the exi ...
Targeting innovation and implications for capability developme.docxjosies1
Targeting innovation and implications for capability development
Dave Francis
a
, John Bessant
b,*
a
Centre for Research in Innovation Management (CENTRIM), University of Brighton Brighton, UK
b
School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
Abstract
Innovation is often described in terms of changes in what a firm offers the world (product/service innovation) and the ways it creates and
delivers those offerings (process innovation). Arguably this definition is insufficient since it does not take into account two other areas where
innovation is possible-market position and business models. Market position relates to the situation where an established product/service
produced by an established process is introduced to a new context; here the innovation management challenge is concerned with issues like
adoption behaviour and technology transfer. Business model innovation relates to the situation in which a reframing of the current
product/service, process and market context results in seeing new challenges and opportunities and letting go of others.
Each of these poses challenges for the ways in which innovation is organised and managed—what we term innovation management
capability. The paper explores some of these challenges and also looks at the additional issues raised by discontinuous innovation, moving
beyond the steady state conditions of ‘doing what we do but better’ to a new set of conditions in which ‘doing different things in different
ways’ becomes the norm.
q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Innovation; Targeting; Innovation capability; Discontinuous innovation
1. Introduction
Since the Palaeolithic period (Curwin, 1954) some, but
not all, human societies formed enterprises that created new
or improved artefacts, devised ’better’ processes, developed
new ways of selling and devised alternative models of
organising (Diamond, 1997). These enterprises were
innovative—they found ways to exploit the latent potential
of ideas. Innovation can be defined simply as “the successful
exploitation of new ideas” (DTI, 1994). Others have defined
innovation more elaborately, but in similar terms; for
example (Baumol, 2002) writes that innovation is:
“the recognition of opportunities for profitable change
and the pursuit of those opportunities all the way through
to their adoption in practice”.
Embedded in these definitions is the notion that
innovation can be managed. For example, Drucker (1994)
argues that innovation is a core process for a firm; he
suggests that: “in…a period of rapid change the best-
perhaps the only-way a business can hope to prosper, if not
survive, is to innovate. This is the only way to convert
change into opportunities. This, however, requires that
innovation itself be organised as a systematic activity”
(Preface 1).
It follows that enterprises that are better able to manage
innovation than others and demonstrate a record of
succes.
Standardization efforts:The relationship between knowledge dimensions, search...Ian McCarthy
We explore how a standardization effort (i.e.,when a firm pursues standards to further innovation) involves different search processes for knowledge and innovation outcomes. Using an inductive case study of Vanke, a leading Chinese property developer, we show how varying degrees of knowledge complexity and codification combine to produce a typology of four types of search process: active, integrative,
decentralized and passive, resulting in four types of innovation outcome: modular, radical,incremental and architectural. We argue that when the standardization effort in a firm involves highly codified knowledge,incremental and architectural innovation outcomes are fostered, while modular and radical innovations are hindered. We discuss how standardization efforts can result in a second-order
innovation capability, and conclude by calling for comparative research in other settings to understand how standardization efforts can be suited to different types of search process in different industry contexts.
Exploring the Influence of Absorptive Capacity on Innovation: An Empirical St...AI Publications
This paper investigates the impact of absorptive capacity on exploratory innovation in large industrial companies in Syria. The study employs a sample of 278 managers, and utilizes multiple regression analysis for the investigation. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between absorptive capacity and exploratory innovation. These findings highlight the importance of absorptive capacity as a strategic tool for enhancing exploratory innovation, and offer valuable insights for managers and policy-makers in industries facing dynamic and complex environments.
The Socio-Economic Characteristics and the Challenges of Innovation Faced By ...iosrjce
Even though innovation is deemed to be a solution to the many challenges that hinder growth of
firms, it is believed that it can enhance business growth but it is not clear whether innovation by itself can lead
to business growth among the SMEs due to the challenges they face. The main purpose of the study was to
investigate the effect of innovation on growth of medium-sized businesses. Based on the study, this paper
describes the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs and the challenges they face in trying to innovate
towards improving the performance of their firms in Eldoret Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive case study
design on a sample of 169 respondents from Doinyo Lessos Creameries in Uasin Gishu County. Response was
received from 161 participants who accounted for 95%. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the
area of study; stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents from the
target population. Questionnaire and interview schedule were the main instruments of data collection.
Qualitative data was analyzed descriptively in form of frequency counts, percentages and measures of central
tendency. Some of the challenges include lack of formal innovation policy; inadequate budgetary allocation to
innovation; employees not fully motivated to spur innovation; large companies in the dairy industry had
invested in more research hence developed most of the ideas originating from Doinyo Lessos Creameries, and
that some of the new products do not attract a substantial and economic viable market. It was recommended
that the government needs to provide more training to SMEs to ensure innovative ideas are enhanced and
patented for maximum benefit to the Firms.
170C h a p t e r12 innovation with it1It is well k.docxherminaprocter
170
C h a p t e r
12 innovation with it1
It is well known that innovation with IT enables new business models (e.g., Amazon, iTunes), new products and services (e.g., tablets, mobile banking), new or improved processes (e.g., ERP, supply chain), and cost savings (e.g., self-service, offshore
sourcing). Yet, such innovation is still very much a hit-or-miss proposition. For as
many successful innovations as there are with technology, there are an equal or greater
number of failures. Furthermore, although it is possible to do many innovative things
with technology, it is much more difficult to find the ones that will deliver real and sus-
tainable value to an organization.
IT organizations have always been expected to improve what is currently being
done but it is much more difficult to undertake something that is different from what has
traditionally been done. When innovating with technology, not only must the market
be ready for the innovation (i.e., timing), but also network effects and complementary
products and services must be available for it to succeed (e.g., one telephone is not
very useful; mobile banking failed before the introduction of smart phones). Finally,
many innovations fail because an organization’s culture cannot sustain or exploit
them (e.g., Kodak with digital imaging). In short, successful innovation is still a bit of
a mystery and many IT leaders are trying to explore how best to operationalize it to
deliver real business value.
This chapter explores innovation—an organization’s need to reinvent its products
and services and occasionally itself—with a focus on IT-enabled innovation. We begin
by examining why innovation is critical, and how/why IT is driving most innova-
tion today. Following this, we examine various types of innovation. Then we present a
typical innovation life cycle and examine some of the challenges encountered by orga-
nizations when attempting to achieve innovation. In the final section of this chapter, we
offer advice for managing IT-enabled innovation.
1 This chapter is based on the authors’ previously published article, McKeen, J. D., and H. A. Smith. “Strategic
Experimentation with IT.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems 19, article 8 (January 2007):
132–41. Reproduced by permission of the Association for Information Systems.
Chapter 12 • Innovation with IT 171
The Need for INNovaTIoN: aN hIsTorIcal PersPecTIve
It is well-established that the need to innovate is necessary for long-term organiza-
tional survival (Christensen and Raynor 2003; Hamel and Välikangas 2003). According
to Christensen (1997), there are two types of innovation: sustaining and disruptive.
Sustaining innovation improves an existing product or enhances an existing service for
an existing customer. In contrast, disruptive innovation targets noncustomers and deliv-
ers a product or service that fundamentally differs from the current product portfolio.
Sustaining.
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Giant leaps or small steps
1. Giant leaps or small steps
Prepared for: MMA033, Dr. Bas Hillebrand
Prepared by: Andreea Dicu | Jaap de Groot | Rob Kuit | Raquel Gonzalez Martin | Carmen Neghina
December 1, 2009
Assignment 1: Paper Outline
2. 1. Introduction
The typology of innovations has received great interested in the academic literature, as researches attempted to
unveil the strategies that can lead to sustainable competitive advantage through product innovation. Arguably,
radical innovations should pave the managerial road to success. However, some organizations, through their
structure, capabilities, market or industry position might be more equipped to “leap” than others. The purpose of
this paper is to offer an overview of the extant literature while trying to investigate under what conditions a
radical or incremental innovation strategy is more suitable. In the quest to answer some of the most intriguing
questions in the field of product management, we will compare the either/or view with a more flexible
perspective on innovation, the what? and when?. The literature chosen for review comprises of both conceptual
and empirical papers that bring different perspectives on innovation classification. First, the paper by Garcia and
Calantone (2002) offers a good overview of the many studies that deal with this topic and addresses the issue of
the lack of consistency in current literature by proposing an alternative method of classifying innovation and
innovativeness. Secondly, we selected articles that address solely incremental innovations (Brown & Eisenhardt,
1997; Banbury & Mitchell,1995) as well as radical innovations (Chandy & Tellis,1998, 2000; Veryzer, 1998). Lastly,
we wanted to identify key articles that offer a parallel between these types of innovations and connect them to
their impact on performance (Kleinschmidt, & Cooper, 1991), managerial and organizational characteristics, as
well as the external environment in order to gain a complete overview.
2. Research perspective: timid steps or radical leaps?
Extant literature provides a wide variety of categorization possibilities for various types of innovation ranging
from a dichotomous to an eight-categorical classification. In their overview, Garcia and Calantone (2001) noticed
that the most popular classification is the dichotomous differentiation between discontinuous (radical) and
continuous (incremental) innovation. This dual perspective stems from the punctuated equilibrium model of
change, which “assumes that long periods of small, incremental change are interrupted by brief periods of
discontinuous, radical change” (Brown & Eisenhardt, 1997, p. 1).
2.1. A dichotomous perspective on innovation
Incremental innovation pertains to an advance stage in the product lifecycle, when a product design becomes
widely accepted in a market and constitutes of “products that provide new features, benefits, or improvements
to the existing technology in the existing market.” (Garcia & Calantone, 2001, p. 123). The resulting innovations
can refine an existing design in terms of either marketing or technological performances. They can prove to be a
source of competitive advantage especially in mature markets, as suggested by Garcia and Calantone (2001)
who also see the strategy as a means of identifying possible “threats and opportunities associated with the shift
to a new technological plateau” (p. 123). Similarly, Brown and Eisenhardt (1997) also believe that multiple-
product innovations can be transformed into core firm capabilities, contributing to the overall organizational
success. When looking at the internal characteristics that might influence the success for firms that focus on
continuous improvements, Brown and Eisenhardt (1997) identified limited structures, communication and
experimentation into the future, low-cost probes and a rhythmically choreographed transition between the
present and the future to be the key success factors for incrementally innovating firms. In their study of the effect
of incremental innovation on market share, Banbury and Mitchell (1995) indicated that such products are
designed to satisfy changing consumer needs, and are thus very customer focused. They also observed that if
incumbents are the first in their market to introduce an important incremental product improvement, this will
translate into a stronger market position. Moreover, the study showed that these results hold even when
competitors try to imitate the incumbent’s products.
Causing discontinuities at macro and micro levels alike, “discontinuous innovation refers to radically new
products that involve dramatic leaps in terms of customer familiarity and use” (Veryzon, 1998, p. 305), combining
marketing and technological changes. Such innovators are believed to take the game to the next level, and are
presumed to offer “5-10 times improvement in performance compared to existing products, to create the basis
for a 30-50% reduction in costs, or to have new-to-the-world performance features” (Garcia & Calantone, 2001,
p. 123). Although radical innovation can have long-lasting, large and positive effects on a firm’s financial fitness,
they can also be dangerous due to the inherent high risk. Similarly to incremental innovation, radical innovation
can also become a valuable competitive advantage contributing to a firm’s growth and profitability (Veryzer,
1998). Unlike the customer-led view of incremental innovation, radical innovation adopts a future-market
orientation, with firms focusing on future rather than existing customers needs.
Product Management | Giant leaps or small steps | 1
3. Internal factors influencing incremental vs. radical innovation
Internal factors such as existing knowledge structures or resources within a company can influence the choice of
one of these two types of strategy. While considering both an organizational structural and strategic focus, Ettlie,
Bridges and O’Keefe (1984) discovered that centralization and informal structures are more likely to result in
radical innovation, whereas incremental innovation is characterized by a decentralized structure and high
degrees of formalization. Brown and Eisenhardt (1997) propose semi-structures as means of promoting
continuous innovation, an architecture that combines both order and chaos. Because radical innovations require
high levels of centralization, more power is given to the top management of the firm, who needs to initiate and
sustain these radical departures. On the other hand, managers can successfully implement incremental
innovation “by combining clear responsibilities and priorities with extensive communication and
freedom” (Brown & Eisenhardt, 1997, p. 25). An intensively researched dimension has been that of organizational
size, although Chandi and Tellis (1998) observed that organizations of various sizes are able to either radically or
continuously innovate. Their paper suggests that a cultural trait, namely the company’s willingness to
cannibalize, may be more relevant given that incremental innovators are usually refusing to sacrifice previous
investments. This inclination is defined as “the extent to which a firm is prepared to reduce the actual or
potential value of its investments” (p. 475).
External factors influencing incremental vs. radical innovation
Agreement on whether incumbents or new market entries are more capable of radical innovation has not yet
been reached, with researchers identifying other factors, such as market stability, technological development, or
market structure more relevant for understanding the adoption of innovation techniques. Stable markets require
firms to engage in continuous innovation, an area where industry incumbents have a better chance of adapting
(Banbury & Mitchell, 1995). For competing in technically sophisticated industries, introducing incremental
innovations before competitors can result in significant market share advantages, which in turn can protect
incumbents from new entries (Banbury & Mitchell, 1995).
2.2. Alternative multi-dimensional perspectives
An argument can be made that innovation typology is not best described by the previously discussed two
dimensions. One of the main sources of disagreement in extant studies is the conceptualization of what
constitutes radically new, really new, or continuous innovations, as different researchers use different
terminologies and definitions. Kleinschmidt and Cooper (1991) utilized a three dimensional perspective, by
reducing a previous six item scale developed by Booz-Allen and Hamilton to include highly innovative products
(30.2% of the cases), moderately innovative products (47,2%) and low innovativeness products (22.6%). This
three dimensional classification revealed an interesting aspect: highly innovative products did have a significant
impact on different performance measures, and this effect was in all instances U-shaped, with moderately
innovative products unexpectedly having the worst performance. Other researchers have adopted an even more
complex classification, as in the case of Veryzer (1998), who used a matrix approach based on two dimensions
(product capability and technological capability) that resulted in four degrees of innovation, one continuous
(similar to the incremental definition) and three discontinuous that varied on the two above-mentioned
dimensions. The product capability dimension was defined from the end user’s perspective, thus incorporating a
customer-orientated approach. As the examples provided by Garcia and Calantone (2002) suggest, these
different perspectives can provide mixed results, as a certain product innovation can fall under different
categories due to different interpretations. To address this ambiguity, the authors present an alternative that
distinguishes between radical, rather new and incremental innovations, based on the interaction between micro-
and macro- level changes and marketing and technological discontinuity.
3. Conclusion
After we will identify the aspects that benefit from consensus and will carefully consider the points of
dissimilarities between different studies, we will be more equipped to provide our personal perspective on the
topic at hand. One could argue, based on theories such as the punctuated equilibrium model of change, that
organizations could and probably should engage in both radical and incremental product innovations in order to
succeed throughout the innovation cycle that according to Anderson and Tushman (1990) starts with an “era of
ferment” and continues with a longer “era of incremental change”. This suggestion will however have to stand
the test of a more careful consideration from our side.
Product Management | Giant leaps or small steps | 2
4. References
Anderson, P., & Tushman, M.L. (1990). Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of
Technological Change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(4), 604;
Banbury, C.M., & Mitchell, W. (1995). The effect of introducing important incremental innovations on market
share and business survival. . Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), 16(SPECIAL ISSUE), 161;
Brown, S.L. & Eisenhardt, K.M. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time-paced
evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 1-34;
Chandy, R.K. & Tellis, G.J. (1998). Organizing for radical product innovation: The overlooked role of
willingness to cannibalize. Journal of Marketing Research, 35(4), 474-487;
Chandy, R.K. & Tellis, G.J.. (2000). The incumbent's curse? Incumbency, size, and radical product
innovation. Journal of Marketing, 64(3), 1-17;
Ettlie, J.E., Bridges, W.P., & O’Keefe, R.D. (1984). Organization strategy and structural differences for radical
versus incremental innovation. Management Science (pre-1986), 30(6), 682;
Garcia, R. & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness
terminology: A literature review. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(2), 110-132;
Kessler, E.H., & Chakrabarti, A.K. (1999). Speeding up the pace of new product development. The Journal of
Product Innovation Management, 16(3), 231-247;
Kleinschmidt, E.J., & Cooper, R. G.. (1991). The Impact of Product Innovativeness on Performance. The Journal
of Product Innovation Management, 8(4), 240;
Veryzer, R.W. (1998). Discontinuous innovation and the new product development process. The Journal of
Product Innovation Management, 15(4), 304-321.
Product Management | Giant leaps or small steps | 3