The document discusses newspapers in Germany after World War 2. It describes how two major publishing companies, Axel Springer Verlag and Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, came to dominate the media landscape in Germany. Axel Springer Verlag publishes influential newspapers like Bild and Die Welt. It also discusses some of the scandals that major publications like Der Spiegel were involved in, and how they helped shape public opinion. The concentration of media ownership among a few large companies is also addressed.

1. International University in Germany
Newspapers in
Germany
Carmen Neghina
07

2. Table of Contents
Press Law................................................................................................................................................ 3
Censorship........................................................................................................................................... 4
Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group ................................................................................................ 5
Die Zeit (The Time(s))......................................................................................................................... 6
Axel Springer Verlag............................................................................................................................... 6
Die Welt (The World)......................................................................................................................... 7
Der Spiegel (The Mirror) ..................................................................................................................... 7
Bild Zeitung ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Ownership and Monopoly ..................................................................................................................... 10
Publishing Groups Pertaining to Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group ............................................ 12
Chief Editors of Der Spiegel.................................................................................................................. 13
References:............................................................................................................................................ 14

3. After World War II, Germany was divided into two separate countries. Each would experience a
different development: East Germany, under soviet influence, became a communist country;
West Germany on the other hand, grew into a paragon of democracy and consumerism. As it is
impossible to talk about democracy without mentioning freedom of speech, the media and their
development after World War 2 indicate the establishment of democracy.
My paper will analyze the circumstances in which the first newspapers emerged after the Second
World War and how they developed. I shall analyze two major publishing companies, that
dominate the media market in Germany, focusing on Axel Verlag and the role it has played
throughout history, influencing public opinions by exercising its influence on its audience.
After the war, France, the United States and Great Britain agreed on uniting the territories under
their occupation, contributing to the reconstruction of West Germany. Their motives were both
political and social: on one side, a powerful democratic country was needed to counterbalance
the expansion of communism in East Germany; on the other side, it was better to transform West
Germany in a market for foreign products, which in turn required a wealthy population that could
afford these products.
The basis of democracy in West Germany is represented by the constitution, the Basic Law
(Grundgesetz), which came into being in 1949. The Basic Law was designed to eliminate the
possibility of infringement of human rights, which became inviolable and inalienable. The
founding of West Germany rejected the ideology imposed by Hitler of the master race
(Herrenvolk), an idea which excused the genocide and the inhuman treatments of those who did
not belong to this race in the Nazi period.
Press Law
One of the freedoms guaranteed by the new constitution was freedom of the press, summarized
under Article 5 (Freedom of the Press). In the first years after WW2, all printed materials had to
be approved by the Allies. Although there were no clear regulations with regard to what was to
be censored and what could be allowed, the Allies, checked publications for any content that

4. might have been considered harmful. Some publications, such as Der Ruf, also known as the
Independent Pages of the New Generation were banned as they were considered dangerous.
These publications were considered too nihilistic by the Americans, as it was criticizing the
occupational government.
Once the Constitution was established, external control on internal matters such as freedom of
the press was limited. According to the German Constitution, “Everyone has the right to freely
express and disseminate his opinion in word, print and image, and to educate himself,
unhindered, through any source. […] Censorship will not take place”.
The constitution also includes certain limitations regarding “writings which incite to racial hatred
or the inhuman acts”. In the penal code relating to offences against the state, it prohibits
“betraying the country and endangering external security by betraying state secrets”.
One of the most controversial part of the code of conduct is related to the protection of privacy of
non-official citizens: “The press shall respect the private life and intimate sphere of persons. If,
however, the private behavior touches upon public interest, then it may be reported upon. Care
must be taken to ensure that the personal rights of uninvolved persons are not violated”. The
problem with this regulation is that the terms “intimate sphere” and “public interest” are not
clearly defined, which can lead to excessive abuse of the media.
Censorship
Official censorship does not exist in Germany. Due to Germany’s historical past though, a desire
to eliminate the possibility of propaganda, or hate speeches. The constitution includes a limiting
provision, “The limits of this right are found […] at the legal designation of the protection of
youth and the right to personal integrity”. This provision lead to the founding of the
Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährende Medien (The Federal Department for Media Harmful to
Young Persons), which is responsible for maintaining an Index of Harmful Materials. Materials
considered inappropriate are restricted in their sale and distribution, as they cannot be sold mail.
The index includes pornography, media glorifying war or violence, or materials considered anti-
constitutional.

5. “He, who publicly or in assembly, denies or renders harmless the past deeds committed under
the regime of National Socialism, is subject to imprisonment up to 5 years or monetary fine”.
Holocaust denials, along with inciting hatred against a minority of the population were also
considered illegal in West Germany.
Despite these minor restrictions, the press in West Germany boomed in the years following the
War. During the sixty years from the end of World War II until the beginning of the twenty-first
century, the German media developed extensively; in fact, the world's second or third largest
media conglomerate, the Bertelsmann Group, is German-based, and one of the German media
barons of the late twentieth century, Axel Springer, rivaled in fame, power, and influence the
media barons of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (GERMANY Press, Media, TV,
Radio, Newspapers)
Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
“Our task is to moderate and not to dictate” (Dieter von Holtzbrick). Once a
small book club, with a short publishing list, became in time one of the
most influential global media companies. It was founded by Georg von Holtzbrinck in 1948,
with the help of the Stuttgarter Hausbücherei, which is probably one of the reasons it was named
“Deutscher Bücherbund”. The publishing company managed to hold its position as one of the mo
st important group in the field up until the mid 1980s.
The company managed to expand as time passed by taking over other small
publishing groups, such as S. Fisher Verlag, in the 1960s, or Droemer, Kindler,
Rowohlts, continuing with other prestigious names such as Holt, Rinehart and
Winston in 1985, or the Scientific American Magazine in 1986. The company
successfully managed to expand its influence outside Germany as well, gaining
Georg von Holtzbrinck approximately 23% of its total revenue in North America, and only 49%
1909-1983
in Germany.

6. Today, the company prides itself with four areas of general interest: publishing, education and
science, newspapers and business information and electronic media and services. In Attachment
1 you can see a list of the most important printing groups assigned to each of these categories.
Die Zeit (The Time(s))
As far as weekly newspapers are concerned, the most popular one is Die
Zeit. Die Zeit has been published since February 21, 1946. Although it
was published in Hamburg, the city hall did not allow the newspaper to The Bremen Key
use its coat of arms on its page. However, the authorities of the city of
Bremen proved to be more sympathetic, allowing the newspaper to decorate its front page with
its symbolic key.
What differentiates the newspapers from others is its emphasis on the analysis of the undergoing
events, and not on reporting the events themselves. Die Zeit focuses on
providing background information, detailed topics, and in-depth analysis.
“’Die Zeit’ is renowned for its passionate journalism, its incisive
commentary and its refreshing point of view.”
Its target audiences are educated, professional, with high incomes. Now, as when it was first
published, the newspaper has stuck to its goal to “not be beholded to anyone in what [they]
write. And you may be sure that an opinion we do not share will still receive our respect.” (Gerd
Bucerius, founder)
Axel Springer Verlag
In 1945, Axel Springer started to build his publishing company. He had
received some journalistic training while working for a news agency and
at his father’s paper, Altonaer Nachrichten. “By the time of his death, the

7. Axel Springer Publishing Group was publishing Die Welt, a highly regarded conservative daily;
Bild Zeitung, a daily tabloid; the Hamburger Abendblatt; the Berliner Morgenpost; and other
newspapers; in addition to radio and television program guides; two publishing concerns
(Ullstein and Propylaen); and an audiovisual enterprise”. (Britannica, volume 11, page 180)
Die Welt (The World)
Die Welt was established by Colonel H. B. Garland during the British occupation of Germany, in
1946. The managing director position was initially filled by Hans Zehner, a German novelist
and journalist, who, due to political differences resigned and was replaced by Rudolf
Kustermeier.
In 1950, the control of the newspaper was handed over to the Germans. By
this time, circulation was already exceeding one million for all of the 3
editions. Axel C. Springer purchased the newspaper for $1 million. In
A typewriter used by doing so, he became one of the biggest publishers of newspapers, and
Axel Springer Verlag in
the 1940s
publications in the Federal Republic. (History of International Newspapers:
Die Welt in Germany Part 1)
Die Welt established itself as a national paper catering to the educated Germans. Its readers are
now primarily middle-aged, as its views are mostly too conservative to appeal to the youth. In
the words of a London Times correspondent in Bonn, Die Welts is “conservative to the marrow,
but with a strong social progressive influence”. Its conservative view is probably one of the
reasons it has become one of the few nationally read newspapers.
Der Spiegel (The Mirror)
Der Spiegel, one of the most circulated news magazine in Europe, is well
known for its aggressiveness and vigor. (Britannica) The first edition of the
Spiegel Magazine was published in Hannover, on 4th January, 1947. Some
publishing attempts had been made before, with Diese Woche, sponsored by

8. the British occupational administration. Rudolf Augstein, renamed the magazine to Der Spiegel.
In 1952, the headquarters of the magazine were reassigned to Hamburg. Its format, due to the
British heritage, resembles the Economist, or the American Time or Newsweek.
The magazine has become renowned for its “well written exposes of government malpractice
and scandals […] It is noted for its aggressive pursuit of news without regard to the piece of
mind of the West German government.” (Britannica)
The scandals it has fired are countless. Among them, were accusations against some of the
members of Parliament who were presumably bribed into choosing Bonn as the capital of West
Germany, and not Frankfurt as everyone anticipated.
However, the one that made the magazine so famous took place in 1962. Known as the Spiegel
Affair, the incident started with an article published in Spiegel’s 41st issue of 1962, on October 8,
entitled “Limited Readiness to Defense”. The article criticized the military concept imposed by
the Minister of Defense, the NATO maneuver “Fallex 62” and proved the general poor state of
the army, claiming that German forces “were unable to withstand a Communist
attack”(Britannica). The information had been revealed by Alfred Martin, a member of the
military General Staff, by one of the Social Democrat’s military experts, the latter-chancellor,
Helmut Schmidt, as well as the German Intelligence Unit BND.
The Defense Minister at the time, Franz Josef Strauss’ began an investigation against the
magazine, raiding its headquarters on October 26, 1962 with the help of the police. Rudolf
Augstein, the owner of the magazine, along with other editors, was charged with treason and
arrested. Even the writer of the incriminating article, Conrad Ahlers was arrested, although at the
time he was on vacation, in Spain. Finally, in May 1965, two and a half years after the arrest of
Augstein and his colleagues, as the Justice Department could not find incriminating evidence
against those arrested, they were set free. The scandal had a major impact on the cabinet of
Konrad Adenauer, and ended with the resignation of the Defense Minister.
Bild Zeitung
German media has a mostly local or regional character. “Of the 31.1. million newspaper
subscribers, 17.1 million read local or regional newspapers.”( GERMANY Press, Media, TV,

9. Radio, Newspapers). The readers of these newspaper are usually literate (literacy rate in
Germany is 99%), which is why it is surprising to discover that the most read newspaper in
Germany is a tabloid with simple messages, big letters, often featuring nudity on its front page
and covering especially “sensational” topics. Its motto is “unabhängig,
überparteilich”(independent, trans-partisan).
The tabloid was modeled after the British tabloid Daily Mirror,
copying its interest for celebrity gossip, crime stories and political
analysis. In Germany, the reduced price of its editions is one of the
reasons for its popularity. Another is the controversy of its topics
and the way it displays them. The newspaper has been involved in
various scandals throughout the years, some for its unorthodox
methods of gathering news, which are sometimes at the verge of
illegality, or for its partisan point of view, as Bild is mostly a Bild First Editiion 24,June1952
centre-right newspaper.
The first scandal in which Bild was involved was the student movement of 1968 (“68er-
Bewegung”), a protest against the harsh authoritarianism of the West Germany government, and
the poor conditions of students, as well as the desire to revolutionize the educational system that
had been left almost unchanged since Prussian times, and had been poorly denazified after the
war.
Deeply conservative in their political orientations, the students managed to
create student fraternities after the Second World War, which promoted
nationalism and conservatism. Liberal student organizations were few and
mostly insignificant at the time. This conservatism limited the influence of the
students on the educational system, as they could not interfere with the way their universities
were being ruled, or the curriculum they had to study, which was another cause of their
dissatisfaction. Theory was preferred over practice in Germany, which made it difficult for the
students to gain a sense of how things should be done in the real world.
The most prominent problem was however the students’ desire to differentiate themselves from
the past generation and somehow stop the persecution that was inflicted on them as a result of

10. Germany’s past. Fascism, although theoretically extinct was still part of their daily life, as many
former Nazis were then working for the government, or at their universities. They were also
subjected to discrimination by the outside world, who was also blaming them for the crimes
committed by their parents’ generation.
The press did not understand the students’ grievances, and chose to persecute them for they
thought they were attacking the foundation of democracy in their country. However, the more
they were persecuted, either by the government, which decided to reduce the funds allocated for
the universities, or by the media, the more the unity of the students grew. At the time, one of the
students’ biggest enemies was Die Bild, who refused to publish any positive articles about the
students’ movement, criticizing it as time passed, and spreading their opinion to their readers.
When one of the members of the student movement, Rudi Dutschke was shot in the head, in the
spring of 1968, the students took their revenge on Bild, who had previously named him a public
enemy. A phrase commonly used among the students then was “Bild hat mitgeschossen!” (Bild
shot too). As a result, the students attempted to block the delivery of the tabloid by blocking its
headquarters. When the police was called to disperse the students protesting outside, the incident
became more and more violent, ending with the death of two students and the injuring of 400
more.
Ownership and Monopoly
In total, the 10 largest publishers make up 54.8 percent of the market, and the four publishers of
magazines have 63% of the market share. The current situation has given rise to a debate on what
this monopoly does to the opinion forming of the German people, and on the influence of these
publishers. As the propaganda in Hitler’s times showed, the media plays an important role in
persuading the audience, in the forming of opinions. This is why we cannot help but wonder if
the media today are doing the same, but in a slightly less felt manner. Are the media influencing
the way Germans now think about issues such as foreign politics, global warming, social
problems … ?

11. There are still companies trying to breakthrough the media market in Germany. Although
publishing companies are still emerging, it is now difficult to compete with the moguls of
German media who have huge amounts of cash at their disposal as well as the loyalty of their
audience. There is also a constant struggle among the top publishers to incorporate smaller ones
and become even greater in order to keep up with their competitors.
German media is also expanding outside the borders of Germany by taking over publishing
companies from abroad. We might say that so far, the only sector that can still stand a chance to
survive untamed by their influence is electronic media, which managed to stay independent until
the 1980s. They require less money as they do not need huge office spaces and their impartiality
can make them more popular with the audience. However, the audience for electronic media is
fairly scarce, and few choose alternative media sites, preferring to stick to their traditional source
of information in a different format, as most newspapers now also have online editions:
http://www.zeit.de/ , http://www.bild.t-online.de/ …

12. Publishing Groups Pertaining to Georg von Holtzbrinck
Publishing Group
Publishing: - Verlag J.B.
Metzler
- S. Fischer Verlag
Newspaper and Business Information
- Rowohlt Verlag
- Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt
- Kiepenheuer & Witsch
- Die Zeit
- Verlagsgruppe Droemer Knaur
- Der Tagesspiegel
- Pan Macmillan
- Sch”Affer-Poeschel
- St. Martin’s Press
- Main-Post
- Henry Holt
- Lausitzer Rundschau
- Tom Doherty Associates
- Saarbr”ucher Zeitung
- Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- S”udkurier
- Audio Renaissance
- Trierischer Volksfreund
- Picador
- Prognos
Education and Science
Electronic Media and Services
- Bedford / St. Martin’s
- Holtzbrinck eLab GmbH
- W. H. Freeman
- Direct Relation GmbH
- Worth Publishers
- Handelsblatt online
- Scientific American
- Holtzbrinck Ventures
- Spotlight Verlag
- PARSHIP GmbH
- Nature Publishing Group
- Audible GmbH
- Palgrave Macmillan
- booxtra.de & buecher.de
- Macmillan Education

13. - nl.bol.com - AVE Gesellschaft für Fernsehproduktion
mbH
- nature.com
- Veranstaltungsforum Berlin
- Macmillan India
- HGV
- Online Rubric Portals
- ProServ
Chief Editors of Der Spiegel
Claus Jacobi: 1962-1968 Günter Gaus: 1968-1973 Erich Böhme: 1973- 1989
Hans Werner Kilz: 1989-1994 Stefan Aust: since 1994

14. References:
50 Jahre Axel Springer Verlag (1996) by Claus Jacobi
Axel Springer, 17 April 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_constitution
Bild-Zeitung, 15 April 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild-
Zeitung
C,. Jacobi, Rise from the post-war Ruins (1946-1956), 1996, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://www.axelspringer.de/englisch/geschich/inhalte/aufstieg/aufstieg.htm
D. Wallechinsky & I. Wallace, 1981, History of International Newspapers: Die Welt in Germany
Part 1, retrieved April 17, 2007 from http://www.trivia-library.com/a/history-of-international-
newspapers-die-welt-in-germany-part-1.htm
Der Spiegel, 15 April 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel
DER SPIEGEL - Das deutsche Nachrichten-Magazin, 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://www.spiegelgruppe.de/spiegelgruppe/home.nsf/Navigation/440FBE98BAF7E2F8C1256F
D5004406DD?OpenDocument
Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur
Die Welt, 12 April 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt
Die Zeit, 14 March 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit

15. German student movement, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_student_movement
History of Germany since 1945, 2007, retrieved April 17, 2007 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1945
International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 44, St. James Press, 2002, retrieved April 17,
2007 from http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/SPIEGELVerlag-Rudolf-
Augstein-GmbH-amp;-Co-KG-Company-History.html
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bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+de0139)
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