Gestational trophoblastic diseases
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Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.
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Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform moles, benign lesions, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are abnormal pregnancies characterized by placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, histopathology, and tumor marker testing. Treatment ranges from surgical evacuation to multi-agent chemotherapy depending on disease extent and prognosis. Long-term follow up is important due to risk of persistent or recurrent GTD. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can develop after molar or non-molar pregnancies and may metastasize, requiring more intensive treatment. Precise classification, staging, and risk stratification guide personalized management of GTD
Endometrial polyps
Endometrial polyps are benign growths that occur in the endometrium. They are common in women over 40 and can cause abnormal bleeding. On pathology, they appear as irregular glandular growths with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrotic stroma. While most are non-cancerous, polyps are associated with a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer and need to be evaluated. Treatment involves surgical removal, such as with a hysteroscopic polypectomy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions characterized by abnormal trophoblast proliferation. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, which are abnormally formed placentas with genetic abnormalities, as well as choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor, which are true neoplasms of previllous and extravillous trophoblast, respectively. Complete moles have a diploid karyotype composed entirely of paternal chromosomes and produce marked uterine enlargement without a fetus. Partial moles have a triploid karyotype and may contain a malformed fetus. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm composed of trophoblast without villi
Bleeding in Early Pregnancy
This document discusses miscarriage and related topics in obstetrics and gynecology. It defines different types of miscarriage such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and missed/silent miscarriage. It covers etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations, investigations and management approaches for miscarriage. Key points include that 50% of spontaneous miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities, infection is an unclear cause of recurrent miscarriage, and management involves either conservative expectant monitoring or surgical evacuation of retained products of conception.
12 trophoblast
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases including hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental-site trophoblastic tumor. It covers the pathology, diagnosis, clinical findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, and classification of malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia for each condition. Key points include that these diseases are derived from fetal tissue, features of complete versus partial hydatidiform mole on pathology and hCG levels, chemotherapy regimens used for treating metastatic or high risk nonmetastatic disease, and hysterectomy as a treatment for placental-site trophoblastic tumor.
adenomyosis
The document discusses adenomyosis, a benign condition where endometrial tissue grows within the uterine wall. It defines adenomyosis and describes associated symptoms like pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by pathology after hysterectomy, though other imaging methods like ultrasound and MRI can provide clues. TVUS shows heterogeneous myometrial texture while MRI may detect increased thickness or consistency changes in the myometrium.
Prolonged pregnancy
Prolonged pregnancy refers to gestation lasting 42 weeks or more. The cause is still unknown, but it may be related to changes in the fetal brain that initiate labor or a placental estrogen deficiency. As pregnancy progresses past 40 weeks, amniotic fluid levels decrease from 500-1000 ml to around 400 ml by 42-43 weeks. This decrease in amniotic fluid can lead to compression of the umbilical cord and reduced blood flow to the fetus, resulting in potential complications like meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, or polycythemia in the fetus. If left untreated, this condition known as dysmaturity syndrome can occur in 1-2% of postmature fetuses and cause skin changes,
Fibroid uterus
Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system. They arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and affect 20-40% of women of reproductive age. The exact cause is unknown but risk factors include age, family history, obesity, and black race. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and a pelvic mass. Diagnosis is usually made clinically or with ultrasound. Treatment depends on symptoms and desire for future fertility, and may include medication, surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, or watchful waiting.
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Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform moles, benign lesions, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are abnormal pregnancies characterized by placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, histopathology, and tumor marker testing. Treatment ranges from surgical evacuation to multi-agent chemotherapy depending on disease extent and prognosis. Long-term follow up is important due to risk of persistent or recurrent GTD. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can develop after molar or non-molar pregnancies and may metastasize, requiring more intensive treatment. Precise classification, staging, and risk stratification guide personalized management of GTD
Endometrial polyps
Endometrial polyps are benign growths that occur in the endometrium. They are common in women over 40 and can cause abnormal bleeding. On pathology, they appear as irregular glandular growths with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrotic stroma. While most are non-cancerous, polyps are associated with a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer and need to be evaluated. Treatment involves surgical removal, such as with a hysteroscopic polypectomy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions characterized by abnormal trophoblast proliferation. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, which are abnormally formed placentas with genetic abnormalities, as well as choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor, which are true neoplasms of previllous and extravillous trophoblast, respectively. Complete moles have a diploid karyotype composed entirely of paternal chromosomes and produce marked uterine enlargement without a fetus. Partial moles have a triploid karyotype and may contain a malformed fetus. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm composed of trophoblast without villi
Bleeding in Early Pregnancy
This document discusses miscarriage and related topics in obstetrics and gynecology. It defines different types of miscarriage such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and missed/silent miscarriage. It covers etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations, investigations and management approaches for miscarriage. Key points include that 50% of spontaneous miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities, infection is an unclear cause of recurrent miscarriage, and management involves either conservative expectant monitoring or surgical evacuation of retained products of conception.
12 trophoblast
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases including hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental-site trophoblastic tumor. It covers the pathology, diagnosis, clinical findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, and classification of malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia for each condition. Key points include that these diseases are derived from fetal tissue, features of complete versus partial hydatidiform mole on pathology and hCG levels, chemotherapy regimens used for treating metastatic or high risk nonmetastatic disease, and hysterectomy as a treatment for placental-site trophoblastic tumor.
adenomyosis
The document discusses adenomyosis, a benign condition where endometrial tissue grows within the uterine wall. It defines adenomyosis and describes associated symptoms like pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by pathology after hysterectomy, though other imaging methods like ultrasound and MRI can provide clues. TVUS shows heterogeneous myometrial texture while MRI may detect increased thickness or consistency changes in the myometrium.
Prolonged pregnancy
Prolonged pregnancy refers to gestation lasting 42 weeks or more. The cause is still unknown, but it may be related to changes in the fetal brain that initiate labor or a placental estrogen deficiency. As pregnancy progresses past 40 weeks, amniotic fluid levels decrease from 500-1000 ml to around 400 ml by 42-43 weeks. This decrease in amniotic fluid can lead to compression of the umbilical cord and reduced blood flow to the fetus, resulting in potential complications like meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, or polycythemia in the fetus. If left untreated, this condition known as dysmaturity syndrome can occur in 1-2% of postmature fetuses and cause skin changes,
Fibroid uterus
Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system. They arise from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and affect 20-40% of women of reproductive age. The exact cause is unknown but risk factors include age, family history, obesity, and black race. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and a pelvic mass. Diagnosis is usually made clinically or with ultrasound. Treatment depends on symptoms and desire for future fertility, and may include medication, surgery such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, or watchful waiting.
Endometriosis
This document discusses endometriosis, including its definition, theories of pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, and management approaches. It provides an overview of endometriosis, describing it as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, with a reported incidence of 20-25% in the reproductive age group. Theories discussed to explain its pathogenesis include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, and metastasis. Hormonal factors, immunology, and genetics are also implicated in its development. Staging is typically done using the revised American Fertility Society classification system. Management involves a tailored approach considering symptoms, fertility goals, and side effects of treatments.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of diseases caused by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant form that can develop from any type of pregnancy and has a high risk of metastasis. Diagnosis involves elevated hCG levels, imaging, and histopathology. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include suction dilation and curettage, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Oligohydramnios
The document discusses oligohydramnios, which is defined as a low volume of amniotic fluid. It describes the normal physiology of amniotic fluid, including inflow from fetal urine and swallowing and outflow from the lungs and membranes. Causes of oligohydramnios include premature rupture of membranes, fetal abnormalities, restricted growth, and maternal conditions like preeclampsia. Ultrasound is used to diagnose oligohydramnios by measuring the amniotic fluid index or single deepest pocket. Management depends on the etiology and gestational age but may include increased fluid intake, monitoring, induction of labor, or amnioinfusion during labor.
Adenomyosis
1) Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium and prevalence increases with age and multiparity.
2) It can contribute to infertility by impairing sperm transport and destruction of the myometrial architecture.
3) MRI is more specific than transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing adenomyosis based on junctional zone thickness measurements.
4) Prolonged GnRH agonist treatment prior to IVF was found to minimize any adverse effects of adenomyosis on implantation and pregnancy rates.
5) The LNG-IUS and UAE show promise in effectively treating adenomyosis symptoms like heavy bleeding and pain.
Molar pregnancy
Molar pregnancy is a premalignant condition that occurs after abnormal fertilization and is characterized by swollen chorionic villi. There are two types: complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and are diploid, while partial moles may contain nonviable fetal tissue and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications can include hemorrhage, sepsis, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Diagnosis is made through hCG levels, ultrasound showing cystic spaces without fetal parts, and pathology. Treatment is suction curettage, with follow up hCG monitoring to
Rh iso immunization
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During pregnancy or delivery, fetal red blood cells can enter the mother's circulation, stimulating her immune system to produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. These antibodies can then cross the placenta during subsequent pregnancies and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn. Effects range from mild anemia to severe jaundice, hydrops fetalis, or fetal death. Management involves monitoring maternal antibody levels and fetal well-being through amniocentesis and ultrasound. At-risk pregnancies may require intrauterine transfusions or early delivery. Prevention relies on administering Rh immunoglobulin to the mother during
Invasive Mole
Invasive mole is a complication of molar pregnancy where abnormal villi grow into the myometrium or blood vessels. It occurs in approximately 15% of complete moles and can metastasize to other organs. Clinical features include persistent hemorrhage and uterine perforation. Microscopically, proliferating trophoblast tissue is seen invading the myometrium. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or combination drug regimens depending on the disease stage. The goals are to normalize hCG levels and administer additional "clean-up" courses of chemotherapy.
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a benign condition where endometrial tissue grows into the myometrium. It causes the uterus to enlarge asymmetrically, especially on the posterior wall. Women with adenomyosis typically experience heavy menstrual bleeding and painful periods that can occur throughout the month. Ultrasound and MRI can detect adenomyosis by showing cysts in the thickened myometrium and an indistinct endomyometrial junction. Treatment depends on a woman's age and fertility desires, ranging from medication like NSAIDs and oral contraceptives to hysterectomy for older, parous women.
Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, infections, scarring of the fallopian tubes, and fertility treatments. Ectopic pregnancies can cause life-threatening bleeding if not treated properly. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options include medication with methotrexate, expectant management with close monitoring, or surgery depending on the stability of the patient and characteristics of the ectopic pregnancy.
Molar pregnancy
A molar pregnancy occurs when abnormal placental tissue develops instead of a fetus. There are two types: complete and partial moles. A complete mole shows trophoblastic proliferation throughout the placenta and no fetal tissue, while a partial mole shows slight, focal proliferation and may contain some fetal tissue. Clinical features can include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement beyond dates, and very high hCG levels in the case of a complete mole. Diagnosis is made through histopathological examination of tissue.
Thyroid diseases in pregnancy
1. Thyroid function changes during pregnancy due to increases in thyroid binding globulin, human chorionic gonadotropin, and other factors. This can cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
2. Hyperthyroidism occurs in 0.2% of pregnancies, often due to Graves' disease. It increases risk of complications. Hypothyroidism occurs in 2-3% and also increases risks if not treated.
3. Postpartum thyroiditis involves transient hyperthyroidism and/or hypothyroidism after delivery. Long term hypothyroidism can occur. Thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment requires consideration of pregnancy.
Ectopic pregnancy
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in one of the fallopian tubes. It has become more common in recent decades due to rising rates of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility treatments, and intrauterine device use.
2. Ectopic pregnancies are usually diagnosed through clinical history and examination combined with serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and transvaginal ultrasound. hCG levels that are rising slower than normal or an ultrasound that shows an empty uterus with a pregnancy sac located elsewhere can indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
3. Treatment depends on the individual case but typically involves surgery to remove the ectopic pregnancy
Fibroid uterus by Dr waseem sajjad
- Fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-30% of women.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, and infertility. Fibroids can range in size from small to very large masses.
- Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound imaging. Surgical treatment options include myomectomy to remove fibroids or hysterectomy for multiple or large fibroids. Conservative management is also an option for small asymptomatic fibroids.
gyanaecology.endometriosis and adenomyosis.(dr.salama)
The document summarizes endometriosis and adenomyosis. Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, uterine ligaments and pelvis. It causes pain and infertility. Adenomyosis involves endometrial tissue in the uterine wall. Both can be diagnosed by laparoscopy and treated through drugs or surgery, with hysterectomy providing definitive treatment for severe adenomyosis.
Early Pregnancy Complication by UM
The three main categories of early pregnancy disorders are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic disease. Abortion can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, or missed depending on whether fetal and placental tissues have been expelled. Ectopic pregnancies occur outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes, and can cause pain and bleeding. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as choriocarcinoma, and involves abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue.
Adenomyosis presentation
adenomyosis, ectopic endometrium, adenomyosis & infertility, congestive dtsmenorrhea, menorrhagia, enlarged uterys
Multiple pregnancy for 4th year med. students
Multiple pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and fetuses. Maternal risks include preeclampsia, anemia, preterm labor, and postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal risks are also increased and include low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. Careful antenatal monitoring and management can help prolong gestation and improve outcomes.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even with widespread dissemination. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up.
Preterm Premature Rupture Of Membranes (PPROM)
Preterm Premature Rupture Of Membranes
Block 4.3 Life Cycle III (Obstetrics Week)
College of Medicine, King Faisal University
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Caesarean section & others
This document provides information about Caesarean section (C-section), including its definition, indications, types, and procedures. Some key points:
- A C-section is a surgical procedure to deliver babies through incisions in the abdominal and uterine walls after 28 weeks of pregnancy. Its use has steadily increased to around 25% currently due to various medical and safety factors.
- Indications can be maternal, fetal, or both and include conditions like cephalopelvic disproportion, breech presentation, fetal distress, and previous C-section.
- The two main types are lower segment (transverse incision below the bladder) and upper segment (vertical incision through the upper uterus), with
Seminar on gestational trophoblastic disease (gtd) (f inal)
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease, specifically hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. It covers the types, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options and follow up protocols for these conditions. Hydatidiform mole is characterized by abnormal proliferation of chorionic villi and can be complete or partial. Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant form that may metastasize and behaves like a carcinoma or sarcoma.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease By Prof. Dr. Rafia Baloch
This document provides information on gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. It discusses the definitions, types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management of GTD. Molar pregnancies are diagnosed using ultrasound imaging and quantitative beta-HCG levels. Treatment involves suction dilation and curettage followed by careful monitoring of beta-HCG levels to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Chemotherapy may be used in high risk cases.
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This document discusses endometriosis, including its definition, theories of pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, and management approaches. It provides an overview of endometriosis, describing it as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, with a reported incidence of 20-25% in the reproductive age group. Theories discussed to explain its pathogenesis include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, and metastasis. Hormonal factors, immunology, and genetics are also implicated in its development. Staging is typically done using the revised American Fertility Society classification system. Management involves a tailored approach considering symptoms, fertility goals, and side effects of treatments.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of diseases caused by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant form that can develop from any type of pregnancy and has a high risk of metastasis. Diagnosis involves elevated hCG levels, imaging, and histopathology. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include suction dilation and curettage, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Oligohydramnios
The document discusses oligohydramnios, which is defined as a low volume of amniotic fluid. It describes the normal physiology of amniotic fluid, including inflow from fetal urine and swallowing and outflow from the lungs and membranes. Causes of oligohydramnios include premature rupture of membranes, fetal abnormalities, restricted growth, and maternal conditions like preeclampsia. Ultrasound is used to diagnose oligohydramnios by measuring the amniotic fluid index or single deepest pocket. Management depends on the etiology and gestational age but may include increased fluid intake, monitoring, induction of labor, or amnioinfusion during labor.
Adenomyosis
1) Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium and prevalence increases with age and multiparity.
2) It can contribute to infertility by impairing sperm transport and destruction of the myometrial architecture.
3) MRI is more specific than transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing adenomyosis based on junctional zone thickness measurements.
4) Prolonged GnRH agonist treatment prior to IVF was found to minimize any adverse effects of adenomyosis on implantation and pregnancy rates.
5) The LNG-IUS and UAE show promise in effectively treating adenomyosis symptoms like heavy bleeding and pain.
Molar pregnancy
Molar pregnancy is a premalignant condition that occurs after abnormal fertilization and is characterized by swollen chorionic villi. There are two types: complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and are diploid, while partial moles may contain nonviable fetal tissue and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications can include hemorrhage, sepsis, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Diagnosis is made through hCG levels, ultrasound showing cystic spaces without fetal parts, and pathology. Treatment is suction curettage, with follow up hCG monitoring to
Rh iso immunization
Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During pregnancy or delivery, fetal red blood cells can enter the mother's circulation, stimulating her immune system to produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. These antibodies can then cross the placenta during subsequent pregnancies and destroy fetal red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn. Effects range from mild anemia to severe jaundice, hydrops fetalis, or fetal death. Management involves monitoring maternal antibody levels and fetal well-being through amniocentesis and ultrasound. At-risk pregnancies may require intrauterine transfusions or early delivery. Prevention relies on administering Rh immunoglobulin to the mother during
Invasive Mole
Invasive mole is a complication of molar pregnancy where abnormal villi grow into the myometrium or blood vessels. It occurs in approximately 15% of complete moles and can metastasize to other organs. Clinical features include persistent hemorrhage and uterine perforation. Microscopically, proliferating trophoblast tissue is seen invading the myometrium. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or combination drug regimens depending on the disease stage. The goals are to normalize hCG levels and administer additional "clean-up" courses of chemotherapy.
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a benign condition where endometrial tissue grows into the myometrium. It causes the uterus to enlarge asymmetrically, especially on the posterior wall. Women with adenomyosis typically experience heavy menstrual bleeding and painful periods that can occur throughout the month. Ultrasound and MRI can detect adenomyosis by showing cysts in the thickened myometrium and an indistinct endomyometrial junction. Treatment depends on a woman's age and fertility desires, ranging from medication like NSAIDs and oral contraceptives to hysterectomy for older, parous women.
Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, infections, scarring of the fallopian tubes, and fertility treatments. Ectopic pregnancies can cause life-threatening bleeding if not treated properly. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options include medication with methotrexate, expectant management with close monitoring, or surgery depending on the stability of the patient and characteristics of the ectopic pregnancy.
Molar pregnancy
A molar pregnancy occurs when abnormal placental tissue develops instead of a fetus. There are two types: complete and partial moles. A complete mole shows trophoblastic proliferation throughout the placenta and no fetal tissue, while a partial mole shows slight, focal proliferation and may contain some fetal tissue. Clinical features can include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement beyond dates, and very high hCG levels in the case of a complete mole. Diagnosis is made through histopathological examination of tissue.
Thyroid diseases in pregnancy
1. Thyroid function changes during pregnancy due to increases in thyroid binding globulin, human chorionic gonadotropin, and other factors. This can cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
2. Hyperthyroidism occurs in 0.2% of pregnancies, often due to Graves' disease. It increases risk of complications. Hypothyroidism occurs in 2-3% and also increases risks if not treated.
3. Postpartum thyroiditis involves transient hyperthyroidism and/or hypothyroidism after delivery. Long term hypothyroidism can occur. Thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment requires consideration of pregnancy.
Ectopic pregnancy
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in one of the fallopian tubes. It has become more common in recent decades due to rising rates of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility treatments, and intrauterine device use.
2. Ectopic pregnancies are usually diagnosed through clinical history and examination combined with serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and transvaginal ultrasound. hCG levels that are rising slower than normal or an ultrasound that shows an empty uterus with a pregnancy sac located elsewhere can indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
3. Treatment depends on the individual case but typically involves surgery to remove the ectopic pregnancy
Fibroid uterus by Dr waseem sajjad
- Fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that arise from the uterus. They are very common, affecting 20-30% of women.
- Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, and infertility. Fibroids can range in size from small to very large masses.
- Diagnosis is usually made through ultrasound imaging. Surgical treatment options include myomectomy to remove fibroids or hysterectomy for multiple or large fibroids. Conservative management is also an option for small asymptomatic fibroids.
gyanaecology.endometriosis and adenomyosis.(dr.salama)
The document summarizes endometriosis and adenomyosis. Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, uterine ligaments and pelvis. It causes pain and infertility. Adenomyosis involves endometrial tissue in the uterine wall. Both can be diagnosed by laparoscopy and treated through drugs or surgery, with hysterectomy providing definitive treatment for severe adenomyosis.
Early Pregnancy Complication by UM
The three main categories of early pregnancy disorders are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic disease. Abortion can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, or missed depending on whether fetal and placental tissues have been expelled. Ectopic pregnancies occur outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes, and can cause pain and bleeding. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as choriocarcinoma, and involves abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue.
Adenomyosis presentation
adenomyosis, ectopic endometrium, adenomyosis & infertility, congestive dtsmenorrhea, menorrhagia, enlarged uterys
Multiple pregnancy for 4th year med. students
Multiple pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and fetuses. Maternal risks include preeclampsia, anemia, preterm labor, and postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal risks are also increased and include low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. Careful antenatal monitoring and management can help prolong gestation and improve outcomes.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even with widespread dissemination. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up.
Preterm Premature Rupture Of Membranes (PPROM)
Preterm Premature Rupture Of Membranes
Block 4.3 Life Cycle III (Obstetrics Week)
College of Medicine, King Faisal University
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Caesarean section & others
This document provides information about Caesarean section (C-section), including its definition, indications, types, and procedures. Some key points:
- A C-section is a surgical procedure to deliver babies through incisions in the abdominal and uterine walls after 28 weeks of pregnancy. Its use has steadily increased to around 25% currently due to various medical and safety factors.
- Indications can be maternal, fetal, or both and include conditions like cephalopelvic disproportion, breech presentation, fetal distress, and previous C-section.
- The two main types are lower segment (transverse incision below the bladder) and upper segment (vertical incision through the upper uterus), with
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Similar to Gestational trophoblastic diseases
Seminar on gestational trophoblastic disease (gtd) (f inal)
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease, specifically hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. It covers the types, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options and follow up protocols for these conditions. Hydatidiform mole is characterized by abnormal proliferation of chorionic villi and can be complete or partial. Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant form that may metastasize and behaves like a carcinoma or sarcoma.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease By Prof. Dr. Rafia Baloch
This document provides information on gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. It discusses the definitions, types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management of GTD. Molar pregnancies are diagnosed using ultrasound imaging and quantitative beta-HCG levels. Treatment involves suction dilation and curettage followed by careful monitoring of beta-HCG levels to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Chemotherapy may be used in high risk cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (gtd.version gao)
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) includes a spectrum of tumors related to abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells, including hydatidiform mole (HM), invasive mole (IM), and choriocarcinoma. HM is usually benign but can develop into IM or choriocarcinoma. Diagnosis involves hCG levels, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment of HM is surgical evacuation, while IM and choriocarcinoma often require chemotherapy like methotrexate and actinomycin D due to their malignant potential and ability to metastasize. Close monitoring of hCG levels after treatment is important to detect recurrence or persistence of trophoblastic tissue.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) represent a spectrum of tumors and tumor-like conditions involving abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. GTD includes hydatidiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete moles occur when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a sperm that failed meiosis, resulting in no fetal development. Partial moles have some fetal development but also placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves surgical evacuation and chemotherapy to remove trophoblastic tissue and prevent metastasis.
Gestational Trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete molar pregnancies are caused by abnormal fertilization and have no fetal development, while partial moles have some fetal development but also abnormal trophoblast proliferation. Persistent GTD is called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and can be non-metastatic or metastatic. Treatment involves evacuation of the mole and long-term beta-hCG surveillance to monitor for GTN, which is treated with chemotherapy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to abnormal cell growth that starts in the placental cells, ranging from benign conditions like molar pregnancies to malignant cancers like choriocarcinoma. GTD is diagnosed through symptoms like vaginal bleeding, enlarged uterus, and high hCG levels and treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or follow-up monitoring depending on whether the condition is benign, low risk, or high risk metastatic cancer. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic GTD if treated early, though choriocarcinoma can be life-threatening if spread to vital organs occurs.
Uterine Corpus Tumours
Uterine tumors can be benign or malignant. Common benign tumors include endometrial polyps which present as exophytic masses in the uterus and are usually asymptomatic. Malignant tumors include endometrial carcinoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Endometrial hyperplasia, where the endometrial glands proliferate relative to the stroma, is a risk factor for endometrial carcinoma. Gestational trophoblastic diseases range from complete and partial hydatidiform moles to invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma is highly malignant and metastatic while placental site trophoblastic tumor has a more indol
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - www.jinekolojivegebelik.com
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) includes benign and malignant conditions that arise from abnormal trophoblastic cells in the placenta. Types include hydatidiform mole (complete or partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Hydatidiform mole is the most common and can progress to invasive mole or choriocarcinoma in rare cases. Diagnosis is made through beta-hCG levels and ultrasound showing the "snowstorm" appearance. Treatment involves surgical evacuation and chemotherapy depending on risk factors. Follow up monitoring is important to watch for recurrence or progression.
Gynecology 5th year, 5th & 6th lectures (Dr. Muhabat Salih Saeid)
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes benign and malignant conditions that arise from abnormal trophoblast cells. The main types are molar pregnancies (complete or partial hydatidiform mole), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Molar pregnancies are usually cured by suction dilation and curettage, while chemotherapy is used to treat invasive or metastatic malignant GTD. Prognosis is generally good, with cure rates approaching 100% for non-metastatic GTD and 80-90% for high-risk metastatic GTD when treated aggressively with chemotherapy and sometimes surgery.
GTD.pptx
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vesicular molle 1
Gestational trophoblastic disease refers to a spectrum of conditions that result from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue. This includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as invasive moles and choriocarcinoma. Complete moles are characterized by marked trophoblastic proliferation and swelling of the chorionic villi, resulting in vesicles within the uterus. The document discusses the incidence, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and follow up of molar pregnancies. Surgical evacuation is usually performed, and long term follow up is needed to monitor for recurrence and the potential development of choriocarcinoma.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
This document defines and classifies gestational trophoblastic diseases, which range from benign partial hydatiform moles to highly malignant choriocarcinoma. It describes the characteristics of complete and partial hydatiform moles, persistent trophoblastic disease, invasive moles, and placental site trophoblastic disease. Gestational trophoblastic diseases form a spectrum from very early pregnancies to years after pregnancy, and can include abnormal cell growth that spreads to other organs.
choriocarcinoma ppt.pptx
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. It covers the pathologic classifications, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and follow up of GTD. Hydatidiform mole is the most common type and can be complete or partial based on karyotype and histologic features. Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma are malignant forms that can metastasize. Treatment involves suction dilation and curettage for benign moles and chemotherapy for malignant forms. Strict follow up is needed to monitor HCG levels and detect recurrence or progression.
GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE...pptx
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
1. GTD.ppt
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes a spectrum of conditions from benign hydatidiform moles to malignant choriocarcinoma. GTD is classified pathologically and clinically, ranging from benign to malignant trophoblastic disease. Hydatidiform moles are generally benign but have potential to develop into invasive moles or choriocarcinoma. Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive form of GTD that can be life-threatening if not treated properly. Treatment depends on the type and severity of GTD, and may include surgery, single or multi-agent chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, with the goal of curing patients through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions resulting from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast cells during pregnancy. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic tumors. Complete moles have no fetal development and are caused by paternal genome duplication in an empty egg. Partial moles have some fetal development and a triploid genome. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, hCG levels, and ultrasound findings. Treatment is surgical evacuation of the uterus. Patients require follow up of hCG levels to monitor for persistent trophoblastic disease.
GTDS presentation.pptx gynecology lecture
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Gestational trophoblastic disease 2
This document defines and classifies gestational trophoblastic disease, which includes hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. It notes that complete moles have exclusively paternal chromosomes while partial moles are triploid. Suction curettage is usually used to evacuate the uterus for treatment. Patients must be closely monitored with serum hCG tests to check for persistent trophoblastic tissue, which may develop into invasive mole or choriocarcinoma in about 10% of cases. Chemotherapy is used if hCG levels remain elevated or metastases are present.
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Gestational trophoblastic diseases
- 2. Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy- related tumours. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.
- 3. Pathological Classification The main types of gestational trophoblastic diseases are: Hydatidiform mole 1.complete mole 2.partial mole Invasive mole Choriocarcinoma Placental-site trophoblastic tumor
- 4. Clinical Classification BENIGN (80%) MALIGNANT (20%)
- 5. Hydatidiform Mole (Molor Pregnancy) It is made up of villi that have become swollen with fluid. The swollen villi grow in clusters that look like bunches of grapes. This is called a molar pregnancy, but it is not possible for a normal baby to form. Still in rare cases (less than 1 in 100), a normal fetus can develop alongside the molar pregnancy. These moles are not cancerous, but they can develop into cancerous GTDs.
- 6. Types Of Hydatiform Moles: 1.Complete Mole 2.Partial Mole
- 7. Complete Mole An abnormal pregnancy which consists of placental tissue only and there is no embroyo in it. These mole most often develops when 1 or 2 sperm cells fertilize an egg cell that contains no nucleus or DNA (an “empty” egg cell). All the genetic material comes from the father's sperm cell. Therefore, there is no fetal tissue.
- 10. Partial Mole • In this form the embryo or fetus coexist with placenta abnormality through it tends to die at an early cystitis. • In abnormal parts of placenta the hyperplasia only involve synctiotrophoblast.
- 11. Partial Mole Etiology 2spermsfertilizeanormalegg. Oraspermthathasfailedtoundergo meioticdivisionfertilizenormalegg.
- 12. Clinical symptoms: • Symptoms of early pregnancy:- Patients history of amenorrhea usually for 4-6 months. • Vaginal Bleeding:- Patient complains of recurrent vaginal bleeding something there is history of brownish vaginal discharge. Bleeding usually starts is 3rd or 4th months of pregnancy. • Absence of Quickening:- Fetal movements are never felt except in partial mole.
- 13. Clinical Signs: 1. Size of uterus:- In most cases the size of uterus is excessively larger than expected for duration of amenorrhea. 2. Absence of uterus Contractions:- In molar pregnancy the uterus feels doughy and does not contract. 3.Bilateral ovarian enlargement:- In 25% cases bilateral ovarian enlargement palpable. 4.Absence of Foetal Part:- Foetal part not palpable and feotal heart is absent. 5.Pre eclampcia:- In 50% case signs of preeclampsia especially in first half of pregnancy.
- 14. Diagnosis • Ultrasonography: Snow storm appearance on ultrasound. • Beta HCG level:- HCG ideal marker for diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease. Hcg is produced by synctiotrophoblast cell of placenta. In normal pregnancy its max amount is produced at 8-10 weeks and after it falls.. • In molar pregnancy it is produced in very large amount and its serum and urine level continue to risk beyond 12 weeks of amenorrhea
- 15. Treatment: • The aim of treatment is to remove trophoblastic tissue from uterus and eliminate it from other body system. 1. Suction Curettage: Method of choice for evacuation of H mole under 16 weeks of gestation
- 16. Invasive Mole: • Its is a complication of hydatidiform mole but may rarely develop after partial mole. Invasive mole may metastasize to any part of body but commonly involves lungs. This retains hydropic villi, which penetrate the uterine wall deeply, possibly causing rupture and sometimes life- threatening hemorrhage.
- 19. Choriocarcinoma: It is rapidly progressive , highly malignant tumor which originates from chorionic epithelium. They usually appear as hemorrhagic, necrotic uterine masses. Sometimes the necrosis is so extensive that little viable tumor remains. In contrast with hydatidiform moles and invasive moles,chorionic villi are not formed;instead, the tumor is composed of anaplastic cuboidal cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts
- 20. • Highly hemorrhagic appearance due to gestational choriocarcinoma.
- 21. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor Placental site trophoblastic tumor is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease, which is thought to arise from intermediate trophoblast.It may secrete human placental lactogen ,and result in a false-positive pregnancy test. These uncommon diploid tumors, often have XX in karyotype, typically arise a few months after pregnancy
- 23. Clinical features : • Vaginal bleeding: intermittent vaginal bleeding • Vaginal discharge: brownish vaginal discharge Other weakness: • Cough • Neurological symptoms • Abdominal or vaginal mass • Amenorrhea
- 26. THANKS