The document discusses gestation periods in farm animals. It describes gestation as consisting of three classes: the ovum period from fertilization to implantation, the embryo period from implantation to early organ formation, and the fetus period from organ formation to birth. The roles of the placenta, hormones, and changes to the female genital organs during gestation are also examined. Factors influencing the length of gestation and methods for examining gestation in farm animals are outlined.
Determining pregnancy in cattle is an important
management tool. The ability to determine
pregnancy can allow us to make timely
culling decisions and focus the resources of our
operation on sound, reliable breeders.
Induction of parturition & elective termination of pregnancyMahalingeshwara Mali
this ppt briefs about induction of parturition and elective termination of pregnancy in farm and pet animals, which may be helpful for the veterinary undergraduates, field veterinarians, and farm managers to extend their knowledge in this aspect.
In IVF the egg and sperms from the couple are allowed to fuse in a glass dish (In Vitro) and hence the word In Vitro Fertilization. The sperms are layered over the eggs retrieved from the woman and the process of fertilization occurs naturally under optimal conditions inside an incubator.
Determining pregnancy in cattle is an important
management tool. The ability to determine
pregnancy can allow us to make timely
culling decisions and focus the resources of our
operation on sound, reliable breeders.
Induction of parturition & elective termination of pregnancyMahalingeshwara Mali
this ppt briefs about induction of parturition and elective termination of pregnancy in farm and pet animals, which may be helpful for the veterinary undergraduates, field veterinarians, and farm managers to extend their knowledge in this aspect.
In IVF the egg and sperms from the couple are allowed to fuse in a glass dish (In Vitro) and hence the word In Vitro Fertilization. The sperms are layered over the eggs retrieved from the woman and the process of fertilization occurs naturally under optimal conditions inside an incubator.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Reproduction is the propagation and continuation of a species through a sequence of events that involves the production of hormones and the development of the reproductive system to carry out germ cell development, fertilization, pregnancy and eventually parturition.
The female sheep is referred to as the ewe while the male sheep is called a ram.
2.0 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
3.0 PUBERTY IN RAM AND EWE
Most ewe lambs will reach puberty by the time they have developed to 50-70% of their body weight which is between 5 to 12 months of age.
Ram reach puberty may occur as early as 5 months, however, full reproductive competence may not occur until 15 months of age.
4.0 ESTROUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle, defined as the number of days between two consecutive periods of estrus (heat), is on average 17 days in ewes.
5.0 ESTRUS AND SIGN OF ESTRUS
This is the phase of the estrous cycle when the ewe will be receptive to the ram.
Complete estrus generally lasts for about 24 to 36 hours in the ewe.
5.1 ESTRUS DETECTION TECHNIQUES
-Teaser ram -Apron tied at the ram -Crayon-marking harness
6.0 LIBIDO (SEXUAL DESIRE)
Libido is a male’s desire to mate.
The willingness to breed ewes is highly variable among rams and can have a major impact on sheep production, especially in a single-sire mating scheme.
This behavior is regulated by the release of testosterone, produced by specialized cells in the testes.
Mounting and thrusting behavior, sniffing of the genital region and Flehmen reaction (curling of the upper lip of the male in response to detecting sexual readiness of the female) are well established common behaviors of normal sheep.
8.0 RAM-TO-EWE RATIO
Maintaining the correct ratio of fertile rams and ewes is important as it can affect the overall reproductive efficiency.
The appropriate ratio is either one ram to 20–25 ewes or 3 per 100 ewes in a year-round mating.
9.0 DETERMINE THE PREGNANCY
a)PrNon-return to estrus
Using teaser ram
b)ogesterone test
If the progesterone level is between 11‐13 nmol/l (it is between 7‐8.5 nmol/l at ewe lambs) on the 30th day after the impregnation then the probability of the pregnancy is 95%.
c)Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography examination can be done as early as 28–30 days using intra-rectal examination.
Trans-abdominal ultrasonography is done after 40 days post-breeding.
10.0 GESTATION (PREGNANCY PERIOD)
Gestation is the period from fertilization to delivery of the fetus.
The average gestation length in sheep varies from 142 to 152 days.
The average is 147 days.
11.0 PARTURITION (LAMBING)
11.1 COMPLICATION OCCUR DURING PARTURITION
13.0 CONCLUSION
14.0 REFERENCE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Reproduction is the propagation and continuation of a species through a sequence of events that involves the production of hormones and the development of the reproductive system to carry out germ cell development, fertilization, pregnancy and eventually parturition.
The female sheep is referred to as the ewe while the male sheep is called a ram.
2.0 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
3.0 PUBERTY IN RAM AND EWE
Most ewe lambs will reach puberty by the time they have developed to 50-70% of their body weight which is between 5 to 12 months of age.
Ram reach puberty may occur as early as 5 months, however, full reproductive competence may not occur until 15 months of age.
4.0 ESTROUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle, defined as the number of days between two consecutive periods of estrus (heat), is on average 17 days in ewes.
5.0 ESTRUS AND SIGN OF ESTRUS
This is the phase of the estrous cycle when the ewe will be receptive to the ram.
Complete estrus generally lasts for about 24 to 36 hours in the ewe.
5.1 ESTRUS DETECTION TECHNIQUES
-Teaser ram -Apron tied at the ram -Crayon-marking harness
6.0 LIBIDO (SEXUAL DESIRE)
Libido is a male’s desire to mate.
The willingness to breed ewes is highly variable among rams and can have a major impact on sheep production, especially in a single-sire mating scheme.
This behavior is regulated by the release of testosterone, produced by specialized cells in the testes.
Mounting and thrusting behavior, sniffing of the genital region and Flehmen reaction (curling of the upper lip of the male in response to detecting sexual readiness of the female) are well established common behaviors of normal sheep.
8.0 RAM-TO-EWE RATIO
Maintaining the correct ratio of fertile rams and ewes is important as it can affect the overall reproductive efficiency.
The appropriate ratio is either one ram to 20–25 ewes or 3 per 100 ewes in a year-round mating.
9.0 DETERMINE THE PREGNANCY
a)PrNon-return to estrus
Using teaser ram
b)ogesterone test
If the progesterone level is between 11‐13 nmol/l (it is between 7‐8.5 nmol/l at ewe lambs) on the 30th day after the impregnation then the probability of the pregnancy is 95%.
c)Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography examination can be done as early as 28–30 days using intra-rectal examination.
Trans-abdominal ultrasonography is done after 40 days post-breeding.
10.0 GESTATION (PREGNANCY PERIOD)
Gestation is the period from fertilization to delivery of the fetus.
The average gestation length in sheep varies from 142 to 152 days.
The average is 147 days.
11.0 PARTURITION (LAMBING)
11.1 COMPLICATION OCCUR DURING PARTURITION
13.0 CONCLUSION
14.0 REFERENCE
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
The reproductive system is one of the major mechanisms that characterizes humans in their complete form. Its a major characteristic in all living organisms. Here is a short and concise note on the topic, reproduction and its associated factors with some complications.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. ►Gestation periode beginning with fertilisationGestation periode beginning with fertilisation
to end with parturition of foetusto end with parturition of foetus
►Gestation consist 3 class :Gestation consist 3 class :
►ovum periodeovum periode
►embryo periodeembryo periode
►foetus periodefoetus periode
4. ►Ovum periode is periode from fertilisation toOvum periode is periode from fertilisation to
implantationimplantation
►Embryo periode is periode from implantationEmbryo periode is periode from implantation
to early visceral organ formed.to early visceral organ formed.
►Foetus periode is periode from visceralFoetus periode is periode from visceral
organ formed, ekstremitas to partusorgan formed, ekstremitas to partus
(Robert,1956).(Robert,1956).
5. Hafez (1974) statements :Hafez (1974) statements :
►Ovum periode : from ovulation toOvum periode : from ovulation to
fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejakfertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejak
terjadi fertilisasi,terjadi fertilisasi,
►Embryo periode : from fertilisation,Embryo periode : from fertilisation,
implantation to visceral organ formedimplantation to visceral organ formed
►periode fetus :periode fetus : ekstremitas organ formedekstremitas organ formed
to parturitionto parturition
6. PlacentationPlacentation
►Placenta (Foetus membrane) is tissuePlacenta (Foetus membrane) is tissue
connection between embryo & momconnection between embryo & mom
►Placenta Function :Placenta Function :
► Food pathway from mom to embryoFood pathway from mom to embryo
► Rubbish substance pathway from embryoRubbish substance pathway from embryo
to momto mom
7. Early gestationEarly gestation Change of trophoblastChange of trophoblast
morphology as :morphology as :
1. Khorion (outer membrane)1. Khorion (outer membrane)
2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion)2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion)
3. Amnion (inner membrane)3. Amnion (inner membrane)
9. MACROS & MICROS of PLACENTAMACROS & MICROS of PLACENTA
►After implantation of embryo atAfter implantation of embryo at
endometrium, next trophoblast &endometrium, next trophoblast &
endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.
►Firs nutrition of embryo from uterine milkFirs nutrition of embryo from uterine milk
(histotroph/ susu uterus).(histotroph/ susu uterus).
10. ►Placenta devided 3 part:Placenta devided 3 part:
Amnion :Amnion : direct contact with foetusdirect contact with foetus
AlantoisAlantois: between amnion & chorion: between amnion & chorion
ChorionChorion : outer part membrane: outer part membrane
11. PLACENTA TYPEPLACENTA TYPE
1.1. CotyledonariaCotyledonaria : Cow, ewe, goat: Cow, ewe, goat havehave
corunculacoruncula
2.2. Difusa :Difusa : Sow & MareSow & Mare haven’thaven’t
corunculacoruncula
3.3. ZonariaZonaria : Dog: Dog
4.4. DiscoidalisDiscoidalis : Monkey, human, rat, guinea: Monkey, human, rat, guinea
pig, rabitpig, rabit
12.
13. Histologyst structure of placentaHistologyst structure of placenta
1.1. EpitheliochorialeEpitheliochoriale (placenta difusa) : blood(placenta difusa) : blood
circulation between mom & foetus separated bycirculation between mom & foetus separated by
2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective
tissue from mom & foetustissue from mom & foetus
2.2. SyndesmochorialeSyndesmochoriale (plasenta cotiledonaria) :(plasenta cotiledonaria) :
consists of 1 epithel layer, thiner thanconsists of 1 epithel layer, thiner than
epiteliochoriale.epiteliochoriale.
14. 3. Endotheliochoriale3. Endotheliochoriale (placenta zonaria).(placenta zonaria).
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,
connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layerconnective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer
from mom (endothel)from mom (endothel)
4.4. HemochorialeHemochoriale (placenta diskoidale)(placenta diskoidale)
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblastseparated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblast
5.5. HemoendotelialHemoendotelial (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci)(plasenta diskoidale-kelinci)
blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus
separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vesselseparated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vessel
foetusfoetus
15.
16. LONG TIME OF GESTATIONLONG TIME OF GESTATION
► Long time of gestation counted fromLong time of gestation counted from
fertilisation to prturition, but fertilisationfertilisation to prturition, but fertilisation
didn’t know exactly. So…didn’t know exactly. So… Long time ofLong time of
gestation counted from last matting togestation counted from last matting to
partuspartus
► Long time of gestation influences byLong time of gestation influences by
maternal factors, genetic, foetus &maternal factors, genetic, foetus &
environmentenvironment
17. CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITALCHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL
ORGAN DURING GESTATIONORGAN DURING GESTATION
1. Vulva & Vagina1. Vulva & Vagina
After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yetAfter retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet
change.change.
Edema vulva :Edema vulva :
6-7 months of gestation in heifer6-7 months of gestation in heifer
8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow.8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow.
Perubahan vagina terlihat adanyaPerubahan vagina terlihat adanya
pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosapertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa
vagina.vagina.
18. 2. Servik2. Servik
* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta produceproduce
mucous liquidmucous liquid
* Older gestation* Older gestation increase mucouseincrease mucouse
* Approach of partus* Approach of partus contraction of cervikscontraction of cerviks
musculatormusculator
* Cow : 2-5 days before partus* Cow : 2-5 days before partus cervikscerviks
musculatur relaxation & openedmusculatur relaxation & opened
19. 3. Uterus3. Uterus
* After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of* After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of
endometrium, glandulas growingendometrium, glandulas growing
prolongation, twisting & produce of uterusprolongation, twisting & produce of uterus
milk (histotroph)milk (histotroph)
Condition of uterusCondition of uterus quiet becausequiet because
influence of progesteroninfluence of progesteron
* After implantation* After implantation pathway of nutrition &pathway of nutrition &
rubbish substancerubbish substance attachment ofattachment of
tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.
20. 4.4. OvariumOvarium
* After ovulation* After ovulation korpuskorpus haemorrhagicum orhaemorrhagicum or
korpus rubrumkorpus rubrum 2-3 days2-3 days luteinisationluteinisation
procesproces CCorpus luteum (CL).orpus luteum (CL).
* Cow & Ewe* Cow & Ewe 5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow
up. If didn‘t gestationup. If didn‘t gestation CL regretion by PGF2 alfaCL regretion by PGF2 alfa
from endometriumfrom endometrium
* If Gestation* If Gestation CL function constantlyCL function constantly CLCL
GraviditatumGraviditatum & constantly to function to last& constantly to function to last
gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).
21. ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATIONROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION
PROCESSPROCESS
* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL &* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL &
Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.
* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal
* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa Regulator glandRegulator gland
22. * CL* CL produce P4produce P4
* Folikel* Folikel produce E2produce E2
* Placenta* Placenta produce P4 & E2produce P4 & E2
* In Urine :* In Urine :
MareMare consist Estron, Estradiol 17consist Estron, Estradiol 17αα && ββ
Goat & EweGoat & Ewe Estradiol 17Estradiol 17 αα
SowSow EstronEstron
CowCow Estron & Estradiol 17Estron & Estradiol 17 αα
* Placenta of Mare* Placenta of Mare produce steroid &produce steroid &
gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSHgonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH produce folproduce fol
not ovulatednot ovulated luteinlutein CL AscesorisCL Ascesoris
produce P4produce P4
27. ►Gestation is physiologis process, how aboutGestation is physiologis process, how about
gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus &gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus &
placenta by ductus reproductionplacenta by ductus reproduction
►Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur,Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur,
stomach & diafragmastomach & diafragma
►Before partus formerly with signs of partusBefore partus formerly with signs of partus
28. ►PLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUSPLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUS
TIMETIME
Normal PlaceNormal Place
1. Anterior (letak muka)1. Anterior (letak muka)
2. Posterior (letak sungsang2. Posterior (letak sungsang ).).
EutokiaEutokia Easy partus processEasy partus process
DistokiaDistokia Difficult partus processDifficult partus process needneed
human helphuman help
34. PARTUS STAGESPARTUS STAGES
► 1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE
► 2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION /2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION /
CONTRACTION / LABORCONTRACTION / LABOR
2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION
2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS
EXPULSIONEXPULSION
2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION
► 3. PUERPURIUM3. PUERPURIUM
35. EARLY STAGE /EARLY STAGE /
PREPARATION STAGEPREPARATION STAGE
►Normal ParturitionNormal Parturition Preparation stagePreparation stage
longer incessant than contraction stage.longer incessant than contraction stage.
►Preparation stage can incessant severalPreparation stage can incessant several
hours or days, whereas contraction stagehours or days, whereas contraction stage
can incessant in count minute.can incessant in count minute.
36. TEORY OF EARLY STAGETEORY OF EARLY STAGE
First :First : mechanic factormechanic factor grow up ofgrow up of foetusfoetus
Second :Second : hormon factorhormon factor P4, E2 danP4, E2 dan
Oxsitosyn.Oxsitosyn.
Third :Third : intern foetusintern foetus factorfactor
Fourth : combined of 3Fourth : combined of 3thth
teory aboveteory above
37. I. Mechanic Factor (If NormalI. Mechanic Factor (If Normal
Gestation)Gestation)
Foetus volumeFoetus volume ↑↑ partuspartus
If Abnormal/ Patologik ConditionIf Abnormal/ Patologik Condition
Hydrops (Allantois LiquidHydrops (Allantois Liquid ↑↑))
partuspartus
Foetus twin in monotocousFoetus twin in monotocous
parturition fasterparturition faster
38. II. Hormonal FactorII. Hormonal Factor
OksitocyneOksitocyne
Role for begin contraction of myometriumRole for begin contraction of myometrium
ProgesteronProgesteron
Take care of gestation with preventiveTake care of gestation with preventive
contraction from musculator uterus untilcontraction from musculator uterus until
calm of uteruscalm of uterus
40. III. FOETUS FACTORIII. FOETUS FACTOR
►FOETUS GROW UPFOETUS GROW UP
►UTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUTUTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUT
►CORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUSCORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUS
41. IV. COMBINED OF TEORYIV. COMBINED OF TEORY
► ↑↑ P4P4 inhibiting of myometrium contractioninhibiting of myometrium contraction
►↑↑ FoetusFoetus VolumeVolume utereus repeatedly stretch oututereus repeatedly stretch out
►ACTH from foetusACTH from foetus Cortex AdrenalCortex Adrenal
produce Corticosteroidproduce Corticosteroid
►Corticosteroid stimulateCorticosteroid stimulate PGF2PGF2αα↑↑ & E2& E2 ↑↑
P4P4↓↓
►E2E2 ↑↑ Sensitivitas myometrium towardSensitivitas myometrium toward
OxytocineOxytocine
►Myometrium contractionMyometrium contraction ↑↑ (several hours to(several hours to
days)days)
42. ► 2. CONTRACTION STAGE2. CONTRACTION STAGE
a.a. Prepare of Contraction stagePrepare of Contraction stage
b.b. Contraction for spend out of foetusContraction for spend out of foetus
c.c. Contraction for spend out of placentaContraction for spend out of placenta
43. ► Prepare of ContractionPrepare of Contraction
Intensitas contraction of myometriumIntensitas contraction of myometrium ↑↑ untiluntil
spend out of allantois from vulvaspend out of allantois from vulva
►Spend out of FoetusSpend out of Foetus
very quicklyvery quickly
►Spend out of placentaSpend out of placenta
51. Changes in PuerpuriumChanges in Puerpurium
►Regeneration of endometriumRegeneration of endometrium
►Involutio of uteriInvolutio of uteri
►Estrous of postpartumEstrous of postpartum
52. Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)
►After spend out of PlacentaAfter spend out of Placenta
►Crypta in endometrium become shorterCrypta in endometrium become shorter
► Uterus blood vesel constrictionUterus blood vesel constriction
53. Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)
► Involutio of utery is smaller of uterusInvolutio of utery is smaller of uterus
became normally sizebecame normally size
► Consist to :Consist to :
1.1. Regeneration of endometrium epithelRegeneration of endometrium epithel
2.2. Smaller of myometriumSmaller of myometrium
3.3. Smaller of uterus blood veselSmaller of uterus blood vesel
54. Estrous of post partum (30-70days)Estrous of post partum (30-70days)
►Regretion of Corpus GraviditatumRegretion of Corpus Graviditatum fastlyfastly
►Puerpurium can extended :Puerpurium can extended :
in mammaliain mammalia
Abnormalitas in parturitionAbnormalitas in parturition