Parkinson's disease

1. Parkinson´s DiseaseParkinson´s Disease
paralysis agitansparalysis agitans
parkinsonisumparkinsonisum
shaking palsyshaking palsy
First described in 1817 by anFirst described in 1817 by an
English physician,English physician, JamesJames
ParkinsonParkinson

2.  Affects both men & women (50-70)Affects both men & women (50-70)
 Chronic progressive degenerative disorderChronic progressive degenerative disorder
 Characterised byCharacterised by
 A)rigidity of skl musclesA)rigidity of skl muscles
 B) tremorsB) tremors
 C)akinesia- diff in initiated movementsC)akinesia- diff in initiated movements

3. CausesCauses
 Destruction of dopamine secreting cellsDestruction of dopamine secreting cells
 Herbicides, Mn dustHerbicides, Mn dust
 Carbon disulphideCarbon disulphide
 COCO
 EncephalitisEncephalitis

4. Initial symptomsInitial symptoms
 FatigueFatigue
 Mental slownessMental slowness
 Micrographia (small handwriting)Micrographia (small handwriting)

5. Clinical features of PDClinical features of PD
 Three cardinalThree cardinal
symptoms:symptoms:
→→ resting tremor
→ bradykinesia
(generalized
slowness of
movements)
→ muscle rigidity

6.  Resting tremor: Most common first
symptom, usually asymmetric and most
evident in one hand with the arm at
rest.
 Bradykinesia: Difficulty with daily
activities such as writing, shaving,
using a knife and fork, and opening
buttons; decreased blinking, slowed
chewing and swallowing.
 Rigidity: Muscle tone increased
providing a constant resistance to
passive movements of the joints;
stooped posture, anteroflexed head,
and flexed knees and elbows.

7. Huntington's DiseaseHuntington's Disease
*Autosomal dominant disorder*Autosomal dominant disorder
*Gradual loss of*Gradual loss of
MotorMotor coordination andcoordination and
MentalMental functionfunction
*Dr. George Huntington*Dr. George Huntington

8. What’s in a Name ?What’s in a Name ?
 ChoreaChorea" comes from the Greek word for" comes from the Greek word for
""dancedance" and refers to the incessant quick," and refers to the incessant quick,
jerky, involuntary movements that arejerky, involuntary movements that are
characteristic ofcharacteristic of Huntington’s ChoreaHuntington’s Chorea

9. Destroys neurons in areas of the brainDestroys neurons in areas of the brain
involved in theinvolved in the emotionsemotions,, intellectintellect, and, and
movementmovement
ATROPHYATROPHY – Brain Cell Death– Brain Cell Death

10.  Jerking uncontrollable movement of the limbs,Jerking uncontrollable movement of the limbs,
trunk, and face (chorea)trunk, and face (chorea)
 Progressive loss of mental abilitiesProgressive loss of mental abilities
 Development of psychiatric problemsDevelopment of psychiatric problems

11. Huntington's DiseaseHuntington's Disease
 Degenerative diseaseDegenerative disease
 ProgressiveProgressive
 FatalFatal (10 – 20 years)(10 – 20 years)
 InheritedInherited (Autosomal Dominant)(Autosomal Dominant)
 Somewhat rareSomewhat rare

12. Cause and Risk FactorsCause and Risk Factors
 Having a parent with Huntington'sHaving a parent with Huntington's isis the riskthe risk
factor. A child of an affected parent has a 50%factor. A child of an affected parent has a 50%
chance of inheriting the diseasechance of inheriting the disease
 The genetic mutation that occurs in HD gene,The genetic mutation that occurs in HD gene,
located onlocated on chromosome 4chromosome 4,, alters thealters the
huntington protein, which is present in all humanhuntington protein, which is present in all human
beings, and causes Huntington's disease. Howbeings, and causes Huntington's disease. How
the mutation of gene alters the function of thethe mutation of gene alters the function of the
protein is not well understoodprotein is not well understood

13. SymptomsSymptoms
 Persons who test positive and arePersons who test positive and are
considering pregnancy are advised toconsidering pregnancy are advised to
seek genetic counseling before theyseek genetic counseling before they
conceiveconceive


14.  Choreiform movements-involuntaryChoreiform movements-involuntary
movements of arms & legdmovements of arms & legd
 Twitching of faceTwitching of face
 Faulty speechFaulty speech
 Decrease in acetylcholine & GABADecrease in acetylcholine & GABA

15.  Often showsOften shows shrinkageshrinkage of the brain:of the brain:
 Actually lose about 30% of brain weightActually lose about 30% of brain weight
 Enlarged ventriclesEnlarged ventricles
 dementiadementia

16. TreatmentTreatment
 There isThere is NO CURENO CURE for Huntington'sfor Huntington's
diseasedisease