The document describes the Gesmod management and control system for a transmitter. Gesmod provides centralized supervision and control, interfaces between system components, and implements encoding algorithms. It contains several electronic boards including an SBC computer board, digital I/O boards, an MMI interface, and boards for safety devices, measurements, blocking functions, and encoding. Gesmod processes inputs, generates control signals, and monitors the transmitter system.
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
PIC-MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS FOR BEGINNERSVISHNU KP
PIC microcontroller programming based on micro c IDE.Those who really want to build a base in microcontroller programming,just keep going through this. ;) :)
Arm cortex (lpc 2148) based motor speedUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
PIC-MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS FOR BEGINNERSVISHNU KP
PIC microcontroller programming based on micro c IDE.Those who really want to build a base in microcontroller programming,just keep going through this. ;) :)
Arm cortex (lpc 2148) based motor speedUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
Aparato Digestivo
El aparato digestivo proporciona al cuerpo continuamente agua y nutrimentos esenciales para realizar las funciones necesarias.
Proceso de la digestion:
Mecánica
Que se refiere a los movimientos para transportar o mezclar los alimentos.
Química
Que son todas las reacciones que se llevan a cabo para lograr la asimilación de los nutrimentos.
The Autism Alliance of Michigan is teaming up with local museums and attractions to offer sensory friendly experiences for families and individuals on the autism spectrum during the month of April for National Autism Awareness Month.
Special events, accommodations, and activities will be offered on the following dates and locations:
April 2nd-10AM-2PM Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
April 9th-9AM-5:30PM Henry Ford Museum
April 16th(TBA) Detroit Institute of Arts
April 23rd(TBA) Michigan Science Center
April 30th(TBA) Greenfield Village (Day Out with Thomas), Giant Screen Experience
These cultural institutions are working with AAoM and one another to create universal symbols, language and accommodations for families to be able to enjoy and understand across locations and visits. Each venue will offer ‘chill zones’ or quiet spaces for children who are overwhelmed, and options for lights, sounds, and communication to be more accommodating.
AAoM is working with these institutions to allow inclusive, welcoming and safe spaces for individuals with autism and their families:
Autism Safety Training for staff will be provided to prepare museum staff to interact effectively with individuals with autism to help keep them safe.
AAoM is helping to develop Sensory Friendly Maps for these venues to prepare families for the sights, sounds, smells, and exhibits that they can touch or interact with AAoM is creating social narratives for these venues and assisting with sensory friendly shows and activities that will be offered throughout the month of April.
If you have been hesitant to bring your child to some of Detroit’s Cultural Treasures in the past, please join the Autism Alliance of Michigan and our MiNavigator Team who will be out every Saturday in April to welcome and visit with your family!
For more information please monitor AAoM’s web site at www.autismallianceofmichigan.org or contact Kat Nelson at (877) 463-AAOM.
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Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
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But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. Gesmod functions
Provides the centralized supervision and control function for the
entire transmitter.
Provides interface to I/O between the MMI, computer and the
transmitter.
Provided with DSP tools for processing the encoding algorithm for
generating fourth command to CSM and phase controlled PAs.
Provided with supervision circuit to maintain the transmitter in proper
working condition
Provided with instrumentation circuits to acquire critical analog feeds
of the transmitter
The control function is implemented through a 16 bit micro processor
based DAQ unit consisting of industry standard Gespac bus, SBC
and data I/O cards.
3. Gesmod electronics
Single board computer board, type SBC 330 for control function
Three numbers of 16 digital input, 16 digital output boards, type MPL 4253-1 and one
number of 32 bit digital input board, type MPL 4255 for digital I/O
Man machine interface unit [MMI] for local operation
Ethernet (LAN) board for remote operation
Fast blocking board for processing operational commands, interlocking, alarms, blocking
the transmitter etc
Fast VSWR board to monitor the load and for generating emergency blocking command,
if required
Encoder board for processing the modulation algorithm
Safety device/measurement board for processing the analog metering feeds
Internal bus board GESBUS G96 for interconnecting and data exchange for above boards.
Two numbers of Pilot boards and selection board for generating carrier frequency
LED bargraph Indication for transmitter I/O signals to ease fault tracing and debugging
Motherboard for providing external signal connections and interconnection for all the above
boards
7. SBC330 card
Based on Motorola 16 bit MC68330 micro processor
Two sockets for 16-bit EPROM: 1 or 4 Mbits versions.
Standard 256 Kbytes of SRAM memory included.
Two 32-pin DIL sockets for additional memory devices:
SRAM, PEROM or EPROM devices accepted.
Battery back up for SRAM.
Real-time clock and calendar DP8570A with battery.
Three general-purpose timers, plus bus time-out logic,
software watchdog, periodic interrupt timer etc.
8. Digital Input/Output boards, MPL 4253 [1/2]
16 industrial optically inputs
16 industrial outputs
Sink or source input selectable
Input voltage range from 12V to 24V
Input current 14mA at 24V, Output current up to 100mA per
channel
1500VDC opto-coupler isolation voltage
Full G-64/96 bus interface
Compact 3U height Euro card design (100*160mm)
Single power supply +5V/ typical
10. Man-machine interface
Alpha numeric, dot matrix, touch screen LCD display for Control,
supervision and status display
Control and monitoring through remote computer using Ethernet
interface
Emergency shut down control button
11. Safety device and measurement board [1/4]
Signal conditioning circuits
Parameter extraction circuits
Data converter devices
Analog comparators for threshold setting of important feeds
This board contains following electronic hardware circuits for
measuring, extracting and computing the various important
analog feeds of the transmitter.
15. Fast VSWR board
Board receives forward and reflected RF signal directly
from the directional coupler mounted at the output.
Provided with the ultra fast analog comparator which
compares the set VSWR to the actual VSWR to
generate a direct hardware command to the control
system to block the transmitter, in case, of abnormal
load conditions.
16. Fast blocking board
This board centralizes, processes and controls all the
alarms and fault signals of the transmitter.
All the type-I faults and some of the type-2 fault related to
external elements of the transmitter is supplied to this
card for processing.
This board also processes user initiated intentional
blockages, emergency shutdown commands, set up
command from SBC 330 card, status signals like switch
position, switching signals from sensors from MPL 4253
and MPL 4255 card, analog status signals from safety
device and measurement board.
On appearance of a fault or on command, the board
generates a command to the encoder which in turn blocks
the RF excitation and switching command to PAs thus
shutting down the transmitter followed by flashing of
appropriate indications on the MMI.
Functions [1/2]
17. Fast blocking board
In the event to type-1 fault, which is categorised as a
temporary fault, the transmitter is returned to service after
500 mSec or a 3 second interruptions depending on the
number of transmitter faults.
For each operation of type-1 fault, an integrator counter is
incremented by one unit. When the counter reaches a value
greater than or equal to 4, an integrator fault is generated
and transmitter is forced to stop by the board.
These signals are processed and necessary command,
fault/alarm signals are generated by this board for display on
the MMI and also for controlling the transmitter through
Encoder card.
All the specific Boolean function/expression required for the
control/logic function of the transmitter is implemented by
the card using six numbers of CMOS flash erasable
Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices type P22V10.
PAL is loosely defined as a device with configurable logic
realized through flip-flops linked together with programmable
Functions [2/2]
19. Encoder board [2/7]
Converts the the analogue modulating signal to a digital
word using Σ-∆ analog to digital converter
Generates 4th
state command for the CSM PA module
Generates 4th
state command for the phase control of the
dedicated modules
Implements rotation of the modules to ensure thermal
distribution among the PA modules
Blocks the 4th
state command to all the PAs in case of fault
situation
Functions of Encoder board [2/2]
20. Encoder board [1/7]
Number of PA modules to be switched is function of:
Instantaneous amplitude of the modulating audio signal.
Audio attenuation level set by the user.
Modulation type i.e. AM-DSB/DCC chosen by the user.
Number of healthy module in the transmitter
Power level set by the user or determined by the transmitter control in
case of faulty condition.
Functions of Encoder board [1/2]
21. Encoder board [3/7]
• Adopts patented MPM-P3 technique for modulation
[Multi parameter modulator with pulse precision phase]
Algorithm [1/4]
22. Encoder board [4/7]
• The time interval between the two successive computations is close of 0.5 µs
and number of dedicated modules to be activated can range from 1 to 7.
• The instantaneous amplitude of the modulated RF signal is obtained by vector
summing of the output of the CSM and dedicated modules in real-time.
• The envelope is processed for obtaining the information on audio attenuation
setting made by the user and instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal
i.e. audio.
• Above information along with type of modulation process selected by the user
i.e. AM-DSB or DCC and the RF power level shall determine the number of
CSM PA modules to be switched ON or OFF at a particular instance.
• The number of dedicated modules to be activated at a particular instance is
computed from the number of CSM modules activated at time ‘t’ [N(t)] in
relation to the value to be reached at time t+1 [N(t+1)]. This information is
obtained by delaying the processing by 1 cycle and saving the information.
Algorithm [2/4]
23. Encoder board [5/7]
• If N(t) > N(t+1) then, negative slope process is selected or
if N(t) < N(t+1) then, positive slope process is selected. Using this
information, the number of dedicated modules to be switched will be
decided.
• The N(t) - N(t+1) shall decide the rotation processing strategy for the
main module.
• The module pairs to be activated are distributed in an equal number (to
within one) on the 4 amplifier assemblies of a block.
• To maintain RF current balance in both the RF lines, rotation is affected in
unison in Bank A- B and Bank C- D.
• Rotation is effected in first-in-last-out basis
• Encoder sends out status and the number of the module to be switched
ON or OFF in binary encoded format to the daughter board of the remote
distribution circuits through optically isolated electronics (DH1 to DH28).
Algorithm [3/4]
24. Encoder board [6/7]
• Remote distribution board decodes this information and controls the
change of state of the modules.
• Information on the valid (healthy) module pairs is obtained from the
control system through the remote distribution circuits via optically
isolated signal path. GESMOD polls each PA module to obtain this
information.
• Data from DSP is interfaced to the transmitter through 1K x 8
Dual-Port Static RAM CY7C131 (MN49 to MN52) / 16-bit edge-
triggered D-type registers 74FCT16374 (MN81 and MN82) / Opto
coupler HCPC 7101 (DH1 to DH 28) and switching transistors
MPQ2222 (Q4A to Q9D) to G64/96 bus of GESMOD (A4 to A29).
All above computation, processing and implementation is
carried out in real time using industrial grade DSP
processors.
Algorithm [4/4]
25. Encoder board [7/7]
M o d u l a t io n S t r a t e g y F u n c t io n a l A r c h it e c t u r e
N ( t ) - N ( t + 1 )
M e m o r y
D e l a y
R o t a t i o n
C l o c k
P r o c e s s i n g
S t r a t e g y
5
R o t a t i o n C l o c k
E n v e l o p e
P r o c e s s i n g
B a n k A B
R o t a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g
+ C o m p u t a t i o n N ( t ) - N ( t + 1 )
B a n k C D
R o t a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g
+ C o m p u t a t i o n N ( t ) - N ( t + 1 )
B a n k
A B C D
R e p a r t i t i o n
R F
P r o c e s s i n g
R F
S l o p e
P r o c e s s i n g
N ( t + n )
N ( t )
S t a n d a r d M o d u le s
M ( 1 - 1 2 4 )
E n v e lo p e
R A M D P A
R A M D P B
R A M D P C
R A M D P D
F r o m c o n t r o l S y s t e m
( G e s m o d )
R e a l t i m e t a b l e o f
O p e r a t i o n R F M o d u l e s
2 x 3 1
2 x 3 1
2 x 3 1
2 x 3 1
D e d ic a t e d m o d u le s m ( 1 - 7 )
C l o c k M
C l o c k M
S +
S -
M U X
m
D i s t r i b u t o r
p o s i t i o n S l o p e
p r o c e s s i n g a n d
p h a s e d e l a y
o p t i m i s e r
7
S lo p e S ig n C o n t r o l
N e g a t i v e S l o p e
p r o c e s s i n g a n d
p h a s e d e l a y
o p t i m i s e r
3
21
4
7
3
6
6
6
1 1
1 08
9
9
6