Geospatial trends

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The Future of Geospatial
and
Top Geomatic Trends
George Percivall, OGC Chief Engineer

TECTERRA Geomatics Showcase 2013
5 November 2013

© 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium

Geospatial Technology Trends - 2013
• The Power of Location
– Location for predicting intent
– Location data quality

• Internet of Things

• Mobile Development
– 1 GB/user/day, Mobile first
– LBS DWG, Geopackage

• Indoor Frontier

– Analytics, Cloud, models,
– WPS Profiles, Provenance

• Smart Cities
– Urban Scale geo
– Spatial intelligence of cities

• Policy implementation

– Human scale geo
– Indoor maps, IndoorGML

OGC

– Maps became personal
– AR, Semantics

• Geospatial Processing

– Reached ―Apple II‖ stage
– Opportunistic sensing/SWE

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• Geographers of future

– Uncertainty inhibiting growth
– Implement licenses; privacy

For detail online: http://tinyurl.com/au76e7t

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The Power of Location

―location has become the cookie of mobile‖
- Eli Portnoy, Thinknear


Power of Location
• ―Location targeting is holy grail for marketers‖
– Sir Martin Sorrell, WPP CEO, MWC 2011

• By measuring the entropy of each individual‘s trajectory, we
find a 93% potential predictability in user mobility
– Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility, Science 2010

• 1st law of geography: "Everything is related to everything
else, but near things are more related than distant things.‖
– Waldo Tobler

OGC

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Yelp Engineering

Location Data Quality
• ―26% of reported locations were off by over 10,000 m,
less than 33% were accurate within 100 meters.‖
– Eli Portnoy, CEO of ThinkNear

• ―Its important for decision makers to understand the
accuracy of the available geocodes so that they have a
sense of the level of confidence they can place in the data.‖
– John O‘Hara, Pitney Bowes, Geospatial World Jan 2013

• OGC Location Data Quality
– Data Quality DWG: surveyed ~1000 Geospatial professionals,
researched ISO specs, reviewed data quality use cases
– Metrics for geocoded addressing for commercial purposes.

OGC

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Points of Interest
• POI Standard development
– Began in W3C with OGC participation
– OGC Standards Working Group formed to complete work

• Key Use Case
– Authoritative source maintains PoIs (Starbucks maintains their PoIs)
– PoI Aggregators offer services (Google offers search on PoI
database)
– Consolidators gather PoIs from Authoritative sources using OGC
PoI Spec

OGC

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Internet of Things (IoT)

In 2008, the number of devices connected to the
Internet exceeded the number of people on Earth
• CISCO


Major industrials have been preparing for IoT
• ―In 2008, the number of devices connected to the Internet
exceeded the number of people on Earth. By 2020, there
will be 50 billion devices connected‖ - CISCO
• Internet of things to give
$10-15 trillion boost to
global economy:
General Electric

"Redefining the language of geospatial industry"
Ola Rollen, President and CEO, Hexagon AB.

OGC

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IoT is finally arriving:
it‘s bubbling up from the grassroots.
• IoT: long-prophesied phenomenon of everyday devices
talking to one another — and us — online
– Back in the ‘90s, big companies built systems to do tricks like this, but they
were expensive, hard to use, and vendor-specific.

• Hackers now using increasingly inexpensive sensors and
open source hardware, add intelligence to ordinary objects.
– Sensor prices going down; sizes going down. Only limit is your imagination.
– Cloud services – ―If This Then That‖ or Cosm - let devices interact in
unexpected ways

• IoT has reached the ―Apple II stage‖
– when a new technology finally becomes easy enough to use that
thousands of people start using it.

OGC

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http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/12/20-12-st_thompson/

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Proliferation of IoT devices and Cloud Services

ARM® Cortex™-M0

52North SenseBox

Nanode

Netduino

OGC

Twine

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Application Themes for IoT

OGC

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Figure from: OECD (2012), ―Machine-to-Machine Communications: Connecting Billions of Devices‖,
OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 192, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9gsh2gp043-en

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Large-scale Opportunistic Sensing
• Smartphones to be pocket seismometers
– Right now, can detect earthquakes above Magnitude 5.0. With
better accelerometers in smartphones hope to detect smaller ones
– precious seconds' advance notice that a big trembler is on its way
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20531304

• pressureNET
– Global network of user-contributed atmospheric pressure readings.
– App displays data as markers on map and graphed http://pndv.cumulonimbus.ca/
over time
– To improve weather forecasting models.
• IoT devices measure Air quality (CO, NO2)
– AirCasting
- Air Quality Egg

OGC

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http://www.aircasting.org/

http://airqualityegg.com/

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Mobile Development

1GB per mobile user per day by 2020
- Y. Neuvo, CTO NOKIA


Market Reality - Mobile First

• ―Millennials would rather
give up driving than their
smartphone or laptop‖
– Zipcar survey

http://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/2012-kpcb-internet-trends-yearend-update

• Geospatial services need to consider: ―the other end of
the spectrum has customers who do not use laptops and
computers. They use cell phones and tablets.‖
– Ola Rollen, President and CEO, Hexagon AB
http://issuu.com/geospatialworld/docs/geospatial-world-annual-edition-january-2013

OGC

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OGC on open mobile
•
•
•
•
•
•

Open GeoSMS (OGC and ITU)
Point of Interest (PoI)
ARML 2.0
IndoorGML
3D Portrayal
GeoPackage

OGC

Ushahidi with Open GeoSMS for communications in exercise
of weather emergency, coordinated by PinPointAlerts

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Source: http://ilmuschiosuglialberi.blog.com/2012/02/08/open-geosms-un-nuovo-standard-ogc-la-pratica/

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GeoPackage
the new universal geodata file format
• GeoPackage is a universal file format for geodata.
– open, standards-based, application and platform independent, and
self-describing.
– Built on SQLite, so works on any desktop or mobile OS
– Connected / disconnected environment us

• GeoPackage - the modern alternative to
formats like GeoTIFF, SDTS and vendor specific
• Experience it here:
http://www.ogcnetwork.net/geopackage
• Final public review period through 8 November 2013

OGC

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OGC Mobile Innovations
Link to Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5je0tnjXLY&list=PLQsQNjNIDU862xKukmrpDkkjNI55syDGN&index=7

OGC

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Indoor Frontier
The simple reason LBS has have not quite yet lived up to the
promise: people spend nearly 90% of time indoors
- Joep van Beurden, CEO CSR Plc

Indoor infighting means technology companies are
duplicating their efforts at great expense
- The Economist


Indoor Frontier
Framework for Indoor Location and Navigation
1. Position Determination
2. Indoor Maps
3. Navigation and Routing
4. Indoor location quality

• OGC standards
– IndoorGML – underway
– Indoor 2D venue map - TBD
– Indoor location quality

OGC

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IndoorGML: Multilayered Space Model
1st layer: Topographic space model
–
–
–

building’ structure (topography)
geometric-topological model
network for route planning

2nd layer: Sensor space model
–
–
–

sensor / transmitter structure
coverage of sensor areas
transition between sensor areas

• Builds on existing International standards CityGML and IFC
– Already suitable for addressing, route descriptions and route tracking
– Add: sensor space model, mode of navigation, logical layers
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/swg

OGC

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indoorgml.net
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Cartographers Of The Future
Redefining the way the people think about geography and place

The future ―living‖ 3D map must be extensible at every
tier by every developer, not just GIS specialists
- S. Lawler, Bing


Cartographers Of The Future
• The major change in mapping in the past decade, as
opposed to in the previous 6,000 to 10,000 years, is that
mapping has become personal
– Michael Jones, Google

• Cybercartography
―Organisation, presentation, analysis and communication of spatially
referenced information on a wide range of topics of interest and use to
society in an interactive, dynamic, multimedia, multi-sensory format
with the use of multimedia and multimodal interfaces.‖
– Fraser Taylor, Carleton University and ICA, 2003

New ways of viewing the world;
new ways of annotating the world

OGC

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http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/googles-michael-jones-on-how-maps-became-personal/266781/

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The Living 3D World - Portrayal Services

Scenegraph

Images

•
•
•
•

Web Service for scene graph rendering and image based rendering
Focus on 3D city models
Several encodings, e.g., Web3D, X3DOM
OGC 3D Portrayal Standards Working Group

OGC

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Augmented Reality
ARML2 Standards Working Group
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/arml2.0swg

OGC

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Graphics from Wikitude

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Geo-data Generation, Management, Distribution
From the few to the many…

Then

OGC

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Now

Crowdsourced Mapping
• They are a success:
– OSM, Ushahidi, many others
– Goodchild article on VGI (2007)

• What‘s next?
– Indoor
– Crowdsourced Cadastre
– Crowdsource applied to geo-ontologies

OGC

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Semantics and the new geography
• Semantic technology progress
– Google Knowledge Graph: contains more than 500 million objects,
as well as 3.5 billion facts and relationships between the objects
– But - the Semantic Web Services Challenge showed over a 5-year
period, almost no one could simply reuse a previously successful
ontology without close collaboration with its authors

• Geo-semantics development
– OGC standards: GeoSPARQL and future
– Cross Community Interoperability thread in OGC Testbed

OGC

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http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6319309
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6200249


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Big Processing of Geospatial Data
The three ‗V‘s of Big Data: Volume, Velocity and Variety
- Doug Laney, Gartner


Big Processing of Geospatial Data
• Big Data: Online imagery access
– 100‘s of TB of imagery online now common
– Open license on Landsat data has opened new applications

• GIS moves to processing in the cloud
– Lightweight client access to powerful processing services in cloud

• Next flood of Big Data coming from mobile and IoT devices
– Location-based Analytics; NoSQL; Transaction oriented analytics;
Processing of streaming spatial data.

• OGC standards support Big Data

OGC

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Web Processing Services
As A Gateway to cloud processing
• ―As more and more GIS functionality
is hurled into the cloud, it is only
natural that this technology will move
beyond simple search and discovery
of data onto more advanced geoprocessing capabilities.‖
• ―…standards such as Web Feature
Service (WFS), Web Coverage
Service (WCS), Web Processing
Service (WPS), and Web Coverage
Processing Service (WCPS) have
moved the industry forward by leaps
and bounds, and given GIS
developers common ground to stand
on when gathering, analyzing, and
disseminating information‖

OGC

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http://imageryspeaks.com/2012/08/09/image-analysis-in-the-cloud/

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From Data to Integrated Modeling
Open Modeling Interface: OpenMI

OpenMI - Open Modeling Interface
http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/requests/101

Candidate OGC Standard

Models are linked though so called
“Linkable Components“ with each
other.
The “linkable component“ can
contain temporal and/or spatial (such
as point or polygon) structures.

My
model

“Linkable components“ have bi
directional interfaces, the so called
“Exchange Item“
A model chain is executed by its’ last
model. The triggered model calls all
other models and receives at the end
the expected product.

GetValues(time)

Return

OGC

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KISTERS AG KISTERS Partner Week 2011

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11/11/2013

Geospatial Analytics
• Analytic exploitation of the space-time features will usher in
advances in high-quality prediction systems.
– Space time features: the highest order bits - Jonas, Tucker

• Using algorithmic extraction and big data graphs to create
and relate entities on the Web, organising them through a
semantic taxonomy and enabling natural access
– The future is ‗Where‘" - S. Lawler, Bing

• Entity oriented analytics to transform raw data into
actionable intelligence without external data models or
human effort
– Digital Reasoning

OGC

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http://www.digitalreasoning.com/

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Processing of Big Imagery
Link to Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLdgpCsbq04&list=PLQsQNjNIDU862xKukmrpDkkjNI55syDGN&index=8

OGC

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Smart Cities
The goal of the smart city is to get information in real time
and to use this information to increase the quality of life,
reduce environmental impact and increase the efficiency of
city services
- Pilar Conesa


The Battle for Control of Smart Cities
• Who will own the brains of smart cities: citizens or
corporations?
– At stake is an impending massive trove of data, not to mention
issues of privacy, services, and inclusion.

• Battle in the streets between hacktivists pushing for selfserve governance and monopolies e.g., IBM or Cisco
– Delicate balance between big companies and DIY spirit of ―gov 2.0‖
champions
– The urban poor could be the biggest losers.

• Achieving balance falls to smarter cities‘ mayors, who must
keep the tech heavyweights in check and ―frame an
agenda of openness, transparency and inclusiveness.‖

OGC

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http://www.fastcompany.com/1710342/battle-control-smart-cities

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City Scale Opportunistic Sensing
(Moving Features)
• A Tale of One City: Using
Cellular Network Data for Urban
Planning
• PFlow: Reconstructing People
Flow Recycling Large-Scale
Social Survey Data
– Sekimoto, Y.; Shibasaki,
Ryosuke; Kanasugi, Hiroshi ;
Usui, Tomotaka ; Shimazaki,
Yasunobu

• Estimating Origin-Destination
Flows Using Mobile Phone
Location Data
• Exploiting Social Networks for
Large-Scale Human Behavior
Modeling

OGC

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CityGML - 3D Urban Models

www.3d-stadtmodell-berlin.de

• Urban Planning / Operations

Source; Thomas Kolbe, Berlin TU

OGC

• Emergency Mgt / Response
• Transportation / Routing / Logistics
• Indoor navigation
• Retail Site analysis
• Sustainable / Green Communities
• City Services Management
• Noise abatement
• Telecommunications placement
• Alternative Energy Placement
• Many other uses…

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Policy Implementation

Privacy as a core system requirement is poised to become one of
the key trends of our time – and justifiably so.
In the pursuit of freedom and liberty, as individuals and at a societal
level, we deserve nothing less.
- Ann Cavoukian, Information & Privacy Commissioner, Ontario,
Canada


Policy Implementation
• Further progress of geospatial services is inhibited by lack
of efficient handling of policies
• A strong geospatial data industry requires
– Clear open data policies and effective geo-infrastructure
– Open data policies allow investments to flow to users

• Location privacy concerns need to be tamed

OGC

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http://www.sensorsandsystems.com/dialog/perspectives/29311-do-the-google-sponsored-research-reports-shed-new-light-on-the-geo-services-industry.html


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"Regulations to support a ‗location-enabled‘
society‖ - Kevin Pomfret
• Policy and legal developments are beginning to threaten
broader adoption of geospatial technologies and
consequently the creation of location-enabled societies.
– including concerns over privacy, increased government regulation,
uncertainty over ownership rights in location information, issues
involving national and homeland security as well government
funding challenges.

• Combining spatially-enabled information from
governments, commercial enterprises (and increasingly,
individuals) from around the world will be subject to
differing and uncertain intellectual property regimes.
• Must take into account that a person‘s location information
is different from other types of personal information.

OGC

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Geospatial Technology Trends - 2013
• The Power of Location
– Location for predicting intent
– Location data quality

• Internet of Things

• Mobile Development
– 1 GB/user/day, Mobile first
– LBS DWG, Geopackage

• Indoor Frontier

– Analytics, Cloud, models,
– WPS Profiles, Provenance

• Smart Cities
– Urban Scale geo
– Spatial intelligence of cities

• Policy implementation

– Human scale geo
– Indoor maps, IndoorGML

OGC

– Maps became personal
– AR, Semantics

• Geospatial Processing

– Reached ―Apple II‖ stage
– Opportunistic sensing/SWE

®

• Geographers of future

– Uncertainty inhibiting growth
– Implement licenses; privacy

For detail online: http://tinyurl.com/au76e7t

41

http://www.opengeospatial.org/blog/1814

Blog

OGC

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Thanks to TECTERRA
for an excellent
Geomatics Showcase 2013

OGC

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