The document discusses the role of geospatial technologies, including GPS, GIS, and remote sensing, in precision agriculture, aimed at optimizing farming through targeted management of fields. It emphasizes the importance of integrating these technologies to enhance productivity and sustainability, while also highlighting future advancements in satellite capabilities. The document points out the need for training farmers and stakeholders to effectively utilize these technologies for improved agricultural practices.

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GEOSPATIAL SYSTEMS AS ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
TOOLS IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Engr. M. M. Maina, PhD
mainam@buk.edu.ng
Dept. of Agric. Engineering Source: NASA
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2. Presentation outlines
 Precision Agriculture
 Global Positioning System (GPS).
 Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
 Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing (RS)
 Software
 Conclusion
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Precision
Agriculture
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PRECISION AGRICULTURE
 Precision farming is an integrated agricultural management system incorporating
several technologies. Precision farming is defined as information and technology
based farming management system to identify, analyze, and manage variability
within fields for optimum profitability, sustainability and protection of land resources.
 Precision farming is geared toward increased productivity in the face of variability
found within the fields. It is not aimed at obtaining same yield everywhere rather
same input on site specific that can guarantee long term benefit/cost ratio..
 The concept of “doing the right thing in the right place at the right time” has a strong
intuitive appeal which gives farmers the ability to use all operations and crop inputs
more effectively.
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5. PRECISION AGRICULTURE
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 Precision Agriculture (PA), precision farming (PF), or site
specific management (SSM) as a management technique for
sustainability in production agriculture.
 The aim of PF is to apply the right input in the right place at
the right time and in the right amount.
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The technological tools often include:
 Global positioning system, Remote Sensing
 Geographic information system,
 Yield monitor,
 Variable rate technology.
The variable rate applicator has; a. Control computer, b. Locator and
c. Actuator
The application map is loaded into a computer mounted on a variable-rate
applicator. The computer uses the application map and a GPS receiver to direct a
product-delivery controller that changes the amount and/or kind of product
according to the application map.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE CONTD.
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 Precision agriculture can address both economic and environmental
issues that surround production agriculture today.
 Future satellites will have better spatial and spectral resolutions.
Launching more satellites will also improve temporal resolution;
hence the delivery time of remote sensing data to the customer will
improve.
 Even third world will begin to fully practice precision agriculture
Future of precision Agriculture
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9. What is GPS?
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is the
only system today able to show exact position on the Earth
surface anytime, under any weather, anywhere.
The three parts of GPS are:
•Satellites
•Receivers
•Software
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10. Satellites
There are quite a number
of satellites out there in
space.

They are used for a wide
range of purposes:
satellite TV, cellular
phones, military purposes.

 Satellites can also be
used by GPS receivers.
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11. GPS Satellites
 The GPS Operational
Constellation consists of 24
satellites that orbit the Earth
in very precise orbits twice
a day.
 GPS satellites emit
continuous navigation
signals.
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12. Characteristics of GPS
• Free
• Precise
• Reliable
• Anytime & anywhere
• All weather
• Unlimited user capacity
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13. GPS Receivers
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15. GPS Data Format
The most current geodetic datum used for GPS is the World
Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84).

All GPS receivers export data in decimal degrees, WGS84
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16. Application of GPS in Farmland
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18. 18
GIS
 Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer
system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and
displaying geospatial data.
 Geospatial technology is listed by the U.S. Department of
Labor (2012) as one of the three emerging industries,
along with nanotechnology and biotechnology.
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19. Basic Functions of GIS
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 Data Acquisition and prepossessing
 Database Management and Retrieval
 Spatial Measurement and Analysis
 Graphic output and Visualization
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Components of GIS
People
GIS
Software
Infrastructure
Data
Computer
System
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Spatial features may be represented as vector data or raster data.
•The vector data model may be georelational or object-based, may or
may not involve topology, and may include simple or composite features.
Spatial Data
Vector data Raster data
(a) The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point features
and (b) the raster data model uses cells in a grid to represent point features.2/25/2015

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GIS activities can be grouped into spatial data input, attribute data
management, data display, data exploration, data analysis, and GIS modeling.
GIS Operations
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A vector-based overlay operation combines spatial data and attribute from different
layers to create an output.
Layers
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Complex data Overlay
Soil Moisture layer
Crops Layer
Roads layer
Final map
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Geospatial data are data that describe both the locations and characteristics of
spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s
surface.
Geospatial Data
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• Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format.
• Revision and updating are easier.
• Geospatial data and information are easier to search,
analysis and represent.
• More value added product.
• Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
• Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.
• Time and money are saved.
• Better decision can be made.
Benefits of GIS
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REMOTE
SENSING
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 It is the collection of data from a distance without necessary coming in
contact with the surface.
 Data sensors can simply be hand held devices, airborne or spaceborne.
 Plant stress related to moisture, nutrients, compaction, crop diseases and
other plant health concerns are often easily detected in overhead images.

 Remote sensing can reveal in-season variability that affects crop yield,
and can be timely enough to make management decisions that improve
profitability for such crop.
Remote Sensing (RS)
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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
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30. Elements of Remote Sensing
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Object (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the
Sensor (D)
5. Transmission, Reception and
Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. Application (G)
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Remote Sensing
Types of sensors
1. Optical sensors
2. Microwave sensors
Passive sensors (Optical)
•Landsat
•ASTER
•Quickbard
•Ikonos
Active Sensors (Microwave)
•LIDAR
•RADAR
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Remote Sensing Sensors
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34. UAV or Agricultural Drones
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35. REMOTELY SENSED DATA
Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard/Aster
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BUK New Campus
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BUK Old Campus
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Flood

39. Optical Sensors used in remote sensing systems
Multispectral Scanner - MSS
Thematic Mapper - T M
High Resolution Visible - HRV
Linear Image Self Scanning - LISS I.II
Linear Imaging Self Scanning Camera-3 - LISS III
Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Camera-4 - LISS IV
Panchromatic camera - PAN
Wide Field Sensor - WiFS
Advanced Wide Field Sensor - AWiFS
TYPES OF SENSORS
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40. 1 LANDSAT Series
2. MODIS ,ASTER
3 SPOT Series
4. IRS Series
5. IKONOS
6. LIDAR
7. RADAR
8. SRTM
SATELLITE TYPES
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41. Nigerian Satellite
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1. NigeriaSat-1
2. NigeriaSat-2
3. NigeriaSat-X
4. NigComSat-1 2004 lost in sky
5. NigComSat-2, 3 launched 2012, 2013
6. NigeriaSAT-1 To be launch 2015
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42. Software
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43. GIS and Image Processing Software
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• ERDAS Imagine GRASS*
• TerraLook PCRASTER
• ENVI FLOWMAP*
• ILWIS* IDRISI*
• ArcGIS RAMAS GIS *open source
• PCI Geomatica MAPMAKER
• eCOGNITION TacitView
• gvSIG Dragon/ips
• Capawork opticks
• SAGA GIS QGIS*
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45. ArcGIS 10.1
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Nigeria
Nigeria map showing
Kano state in colour2/25/2015

46. Roles Geospatial Technology in Agriculture
The significance of geospatial technology in agriculture lies to
the fact that agriculture is spatial in nature.
GIS can store information in the form of layers such as soil
nutrient level, yield map, soil moisture content,
Evapotranspiration etc.
GPS can be used in farm machinery automation and
unmanned farm vehicles.
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47. Remote sensing keep tract of mapping and monitoring large
farms These include; current extent of crops, disease
infestation, crop stage of growth, soil degradation, irrigated
area, yield prediction etc.
Retrieval of information through spectral emittance.
Decision Support; using the information retrieved critical
decision can be taken to solve immediate problems.
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48. Challenges
How skilled are the farmers to take advantage of gamut of
technologies that comes their way?
At the fore front of these challenges are the reputation of
farmers that geospatial systems are difficult to learn.
That is hard to process data to make meaning out of it.
Academicians in third world countries on geospatial systems
are adamant to address their immediate problem of
environment.
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 There is phobia of using anything to do with computer,
satellite etc., this is not only to farmers but even
among academics.
 Therefore there is need to train and retrain all
stakeholders in geospatial systems to be able to make
use of the abundant and free satellite data online for
sustainable agricultural development and other
environmental issues.
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