this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
The presentation is on crop physiology and ecology, basically how the environment affects crop performance and yield. Here different parameters used to describe plant growth are discussed.
1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
The presentation is on crop physiology and ecology, basically how the environment affects crop performance and yield. Here different parameters used to describe plant growth are discussed.
What is Photosynthetic active Radiation and Crop Growth Rate science book
What is Photosynthetic active Radiation and Crop Growth Rate. how Photosynthetic active Radiation effects the crop growth rate.how radiations increase and decrease the crop growth
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. WHAT IS
GROWTH
ANALYSIS?
Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental
effects on the growth and development of crop plants
It helps is studying the complex interactions between the plant
growth and environment.
It depends on two values
Total Dry Weight of whole plant material per unit area of the
ground
Total leaf area of the plant per unit area of the ground
3. HOW TO
MEASURE
GROWTH?
• Fresh Weight- entire plant is harvested, cleaned and then
weighed. Especially important in case of dark grown
seedling.
• Dry Weight- drying the plant materials for 21 to 48 hours
at 70 to 80 degree Celsius and then taking weight.
• Length- used for unidirectionally growing organ with
almost uniform diameter. Advantageous in the sense that
it can be done on the same organ over a period of time
without destroying it.
• Area- particularly for organs like leaf. Can be measured
on a graph paper or through photoelectric devices like
leaf area meter or even through your smartphone using
certain apps
4. WHAT ARE THE
VARIOUS
PARAMETERS?
• The growth parameters that are commonly used in
agricultural research and the name of the scientists
who proposed the parameters are given below.
• Leaf Area Index (LAI) - Williams (1946) although
term coined by D J Watson
• Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) - Radford (1967)
• Leaf Area Duration - Power et al. (1967)
• Specific Leaf Area - Kvet et al. (1971)
• Specific Leaf Weight - Pearce et al. (1968)
• Net Assimilation Rate - Williams (1946)
• Cumulative Growth Rate - Watson (1956)
• Relative Growth Rate - Williams (1946)
• Harvest Index - Nichiporovich (1951)
5. It is the ratio of the leaf of the crop to the ground area over a period of
interval of time
The value of LAI should be optimum at the maximum ground cover area
at which crop canopy receives maximum solar radiation and hence it
directly affects the TDMA or Total Dry Matter Accumulation.
LAI at which maximum CGR is recorded is called optimum Lai
LAI of 4-6 is necessary
LAI =Total leaf area of a plant/Ground area occupied by the plant (Ratio
of two areas , hence it is unitless)
LAI= Length x width x k (0.75) x no. of leaves per tiller
6. LEAF AREA RATIO
• Expresses the ratio between the
area of leaf lamina to the total
plant biomass
• LAR reflects the leafiness of a
plant or amount of leaf area
formed per unit of biomass and
expressed in cm-2 g-1 of plant dry
weight.
• It gives the relative size of
assimilatory apparatus and hence
also called as the capacity factor
7. LEAF WEIGHT
RATIO
• A component of LAR
• Leaf weight ratio is
expressed as the dry
weight of leaves to whole
plant dry weight
• Again since it is a ratio of
weights it is
dimensionless
• It is called as the Index of
Leafiness of the Plant
8. LEAF AREA DURATION
• LAD takes into account,
both the duration and
extent of
photosynthetic tissue of
the crop canopy
• It indicates the leafiness
of the crop growing
period
• Unit of measurement of
LAD may be in days or
weeks or months
10. SPECIFIC LEAF AREA
• Specific leaf area is a
measure of the leaf area of
the plant to leaf dry weight
and expressed in cm2g-1
• It is a measure of leaf
density
SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT
• It is reverse of SLA. It is a
measure of leaf weight per
unit leaf area. Hence, it is a
ratio expressed as g cm-2
• It is a measure of Relative
thickness of canopy
11. NET
ASSIMILATORY
RATE
• Estimate of net carbon gain i.e.
photosynthetic carbon gain minus
the respiratory losses. This is what
actually forms the crop yield
• Also called as the Unit Leaf rate
because it includes only active leaf
area in its calculation
• It is the dry matter increment per
unit leaf area or per unit leaf dry
weight per unit of time i.e g cm-2
week-1
• In other words we can say it is the
measure of average photosynthetic
efficiency in crop canopy
12. CROP GROWTH RATE
• The CGR explains the
dry matter accumulated
per unit land area per
unit time (g m-2 day-1)
• Defined as the increase
of dry matter in grams
per unit area per unit
time
13. RELATIVE
GROWTH RATE
• Relative Growth Rate (RGR)
expresses the total plant dry
weight increase in a time interval
in relation to the initial weight
• Defined as dry matter increment
per unit biomass per unit time
• Expressed as unit dry weight / unit
dry weight / unit time (g /g /day)
• Also called as efficiency index
since the rate of growth is
expressed as rate of interest on
the capital
14. HARVEST INDEX
• The harvest index is
expressed as the
percent ratio between
the economic yield and
total biological yield
15. SOME OTHER IMPORTANT
PARAMETERS
• Translocation percentage (TP)-The term
translocation percentage indicates the quantum of
photosynthates translocated from source (straw) to
the grain (panicle/grains) from flowering to harvest.
• Dry Matter Efficiency (DME)- It is defined as the
percent of dry matter accumulated in the grain
from the total dry matter produced over the crop
growth period.
16. SOME OTHER IMPORTANT
PARAMETERS
• Light extinction coefficient- It is the
ratio of light intercepted by crop between
the top and bottom of crop canopy to the
LAI.
• Light Transmission Ratio (LTR)- It is
expressed as the ratio of quantum of light
intercepted by crop canopy at top to the
bottom. Light intensity is expressed in K
lux or W m-2
17. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CLASSICAL
GROWTH ANALYSIS
MERITS
• Easy assessment of primary
production at ecosystem
level (crop level) of
organization
• Precise study of whole
growth performance in an
integrated manner at
different intervals.
DEMERITS
• Involves destructive
harvesting of sample/
representative sets of
plants or plots
• It is impossible to follow
the same plants
throughout the
experiment