GENETICS-DNA
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DNA is a double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It is located in the cell nucleus and has a double helix structure. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing the bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine which pair up in a specific way. Genes are segments of DNA that code for traits, with every person having two copies of each gene, one from each parent. Chromosomes are DNA molecules packaged into structures in the nucleus, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell. Sex is determined by the sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome.
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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
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The document discusses key concepts in genetics and DNA structure. It defines genes as segments of DNA that carry hereditary information coded in nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes are DNA molecules packaged into structures in cell nuclei that contain genetic material. DNA has a double helix structure formed by pairing of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Gene sequences on DNA encode unique proteins that determine an organism's traits.
Numbers in Life: A Statistical Genetic Approach
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Molecular genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and molecular biology. It discusses Gregor Mendel and his experiments that formed the basis of genetics. It describes Mendel's laws of inheritance and different types of genetic crosses. It also explains DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. Additionally, it covers mutations, sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities, and hereditary disorders. Environmental factors that can affect genetics like smoking, alcohol, radiation and cancer are also summarized.
Genetic material
The document discusses DNA and genetics. It explains that DNA is the genetic material found in cell nuclei that contains the coded instructions passed down from parents to offspring. DNA has a double helix structure with nucleotides as its building blocks. Genes located on chromosomes inside the nucleus control cellular activity and traits by regulating enzyme production. DNA replication and sexual reproduction allow for transmission of genetic information between generations.
1. basic genetics
The document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts:
1) DNA is stored in chromosomes in the nucleus and contains genetic instructions in the form of genes that are made up of sequences of nucleotide base pairs.
2) DNA gets packaged into chromosomes through coiling and histone proteins for efficient storage in the nucleus.
3) The order of base pairs in genes determines the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins, which influence traits. Inherited genetic mutations can cause genetic disorders.
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Chromosomes 221009
The document discusses the evolution of human chromosomes and genes. It notes that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are either XX or XY. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains far fewer genes. Over time, the Y chromosome has degraded and lost genetic material due to an evolutionary process where females select mates from a large pool of males. This allows for mutations to accumulate on the Y chromosome without consequence, leading to its shrinking size in many species.
What is dna?
A human is made from one egg and one sperm, each containing 23 chromosomes which combine to form 46 total chromosomes in a new individual. Chromosomes are made of DNA and contain genes, which provide instructions to make proteins. DNA is a double-helix molecule that contains genetic information through combinations of four chemical bases that allow it to replicate and direct the functions of cells and proteins in the body. The human genome contains between 20,000 and 25,000 genes stored on chromosomes that determine characteristics and direct the structure and functions necessary for the human body.
Dna
This document provides an overview of genetics, DNA, and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, traits, and mutations. It describes the structure and shape of DNA, including the double helix structure and nitrogenous base pairs. The document explains how DNA is replicated and how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction. It also discusses how DNA directs protein production and how mutations can occur and affect organisms.
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GENETICS-DNA
- 1. Genes Introduction to genetics
- 4. Base pairing rule Nucleotides (also called Bases) Adenine, Thymine, , Guanine, Cytosine or A, T, G, C Nucleotides pair in a specific way - called the Base-Pair Rule Adenine pairs to Thymine Guanine pairs to Cytosine Memory helper - think "A T Granite City" - which is where you live.
- 11. Gregor Mendel