This document defines genetically modified organisms and biodiversity. It identifies threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss, invasive species, pollution and climate change. The document then enumerates advantages of GMOs such as increased agriculture, carbon storage, reduced pesticide use and edible vaccines. Potential disadvantages include genetic contamination, competition with natural species, increased selection pressure and the impossibility of follow up. Examples of GM crops including Bt corn, Bt eggplant, Bt potato and biofortified crops are provided.
The document discusses several ethical issues related to animal biotechnology. It covers three main categories of ethical issues: 1) Impacts on animal welfare, 2) Governance of research institutions, and 3) Relationship between humans and animals. Specific topics discussed include genetic modification, religious concerns, animal welfare as defined by the five freedoms, environmental effects, concerns about unintended consequences for animal health, and arguments around risks and benefits. Extrinsic concerns are also addressed, such as potential abuse of the technology and predicting future impacts.
The document discusses the development of the Flavr Savr tomato, the first commercially available genetically engineered food. Scientists at Calgene introduced a gene that produces mRNA to inhibit the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG), which is responsible for fruit softening. This delayed the ripening process, allowing the tomatoes to have a longer shelf life without compromising flavor. Specifically, the antisense RNA technique was used, where cDNA complementary to the PG gene was introduced, preventing the sense mRNA from producing the PG enzyme and thus slowing ripening. The resulting Flavr Savr tomato had a slower ripening rate, ripened longer on the vine, and had an increased shelf life while fully developing flavors.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM crops. It provides background on what GM crops are, including that they are plants that have been genetically engineered to express traits like herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. The document then discusses topics like the global acreage of GM crops, major GM crop producing countries, advantages and disadvantages of GM crops, food labeling policies regarding GMOs, and health and environmental risks of genetically engineered foods.
This document is a presentation on genetically modified (GM) crops submitted by Saurabh Pandey to Prof. Dayal Doss of the Department of Plant Biotechnology at UAS GKVK. It discusses the introduction and history of GM crops, public concerns about them, issues regarding human health risks and environmental safety, leading countries in biotech crops, and strategies to address risks like gene containment and insect and herbicide resistance. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of GM crops and issues related to their development and adoption.
Application of industrial BiotechnologyGhassan Hadi
The document discusses industrial biotechnology and microbial technology. Microbial technology uses microbes to produce products and services of economic value. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for product formation, improving yields, culturing and harvesting products. Microbes are used to produce metabolites, treat waste, control pests and pathogens, and ferment food. They can enhance nutrient availability as biofertilizers. Microbes also recover metals from ores and desulfurize coal. New technologies allow ethanol to be produced from crop residues rather than just grains. Industrial biotechnology and microbial technology have benefits like low substrate input, high output, environmental friendliness, renewability, and increased efficiency.
The Role of Biotechnology in our Food SupplyFood Insight
This document provides an overview of food biotechnology. It begins by defining biotechnology as using biology to create or improve tools, products, or processes. The document then discusses the history of biotechnology in food production and some of its key benefits, including increased food safety, improved nutrition and taste of foods, environmental sustainability, and helping to feed a growing global population. It provides examples of current agricultural biotechnology applications and foods containing ingredients from biotech crops. Finally, it suggests biotechnology will continue playing an important role in agriculture and food production.
Gm os and social and ethical issues pptAdnya Desai
This document discusses GMOs and their social and ethical issues. It begins by defining genetic modified organisms and describing their uses, including for human gene therapy and producing transgenic plants. It then discusses social concerns about GMOs, including potential health risks to animals and humans from consuming GM foods, environmental risks, and issues around labeling and economics. Finally, it covers some ethical issues like biopiracy and ensuring compensation and benefit sharing between developed and developing nations regarding genetic resources and traditional knowledge.
The document discusses several ethical issues related to animal biotechnology. It covers three main categories of ethical issues: 1) Impacts on animal welfare, 2) Governance of research institutions, and 3) Relationship between humans and animals. Specific topics discussed include genetic modification, religious concerns, animal welfare as defined by the five freedoms, environmental effects, concerns about unintended consequences for animal health, and arguments around risks and benefits. Extrinsic concerns are also addressed, such as potential abuse of the technology and predicting future impacts.
The document discusses the development of the Flavr Savr tomato, the first commercially available genetically engineered food. Scientists at Calgene introduced a gene that produces mRNA to inhibit the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG), which is responsible for fruit softening. This delayed the ripening process, allowing the tomatoes to have a longer shelf life without compromising flavor. Specifically, the antisense RNA technique was used, where cDNA complementary to the PG gene was introduced, preventing the sense mRNA from producing the PG enzyme and thus slowing ripening. The resulting Flavr Savr tomato had a slower ripening rate, ripened longer on the vine, and had an increased shelf life while fully developing flavors.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM crops. It provides background on what GM crops are, including that they are plants that have been genetically engineered to express traits like herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. The document then discusses topics like the global acreage of GM crops, major GM crop producing countries, advantages and disadvantages of GM crops, food labeling policies regarding GMOs, and health and environmental risks of genetically engineered foods.
This document is a presentation on genetically modified (GM) crops submitted by Saurabh Pandey to Prof. Dayal Doss of the Department of Plant Biotechnology at UAS GKVK. It discusses the introduction and history of GM crops, public concerns about them, issues regarding human health risks and environmental safety, leading countries in biotech crops, and strategies to address risks like gene containment and insect and herbicide resistance. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of GM crops and issues related to their development and adoption.
Application of industrial BiotechnologyGhassan Hadi
The document discusses industrial biotechnology and microbial technology. Microbial technology uses microbes to produce products and services of economic value. It involves isolating microbes, screening them for product formation, improving yields, culturing and harvesting products. Microbes are used to produce metabolites, treat waste, control pests and pathogens, and ferment food. They can enhance nutrient availability as biofertilizers. Microbes also recover metals from ores and desulfurize coal. New technologies allow ethanol to be produced from crop residues rather than just grains. Industrial biotechnology and microbial technology have benefits like low substrate input, high output, environmental friendliness, renewability, and increased efficiency.
The Role of Biotechnology in our Food SupplyFood Insight
This document provides an overview of food biotechnology. It begins by defining biotechnology as using biology to create or improve tools, products, or processes. The document then discusses the history of biotechnology in food production and some of its key benefits, including increased food safety, improved nutrition and taste of foods, environmental sustainability, and helping to feed a growing global population. It provides examples of current agricultural biotechnology applications and foods containing ingredients from biotech crops. Finally, it suggests biotechnology will continue playing an important role in agriculture and food production.
Gm os and social and ethical issues pptAdnya Desai
This document discusses GMOs and their social and ethical issues. It begins by defining genetic modified organisms and describing their uses, including for human gene therapy and producing transgenic plants. It then discusses social concerns about GMOs, including potential health risks to animals and humans from consuming GM foods, environmental risks, and issues around labeling and economics. Finally, it covers some ethical issues like biopiracy and ensuring compensation and benefit sharing between developed and developing nations regarding genetic resources and traditional knowledge.
This document provides an overview of green biotechnology, which uses biological techniques to improve plants. It was introduced in 1987 with the Flavr Savr tomato. Methods discussed include tissue culture, genetic engineering, and hybridization. Genetically modified crops mentioned include cotton, soybean, and papaya. Applications include increasing crop yields, enhancing disease and pest resistance, and improving nutritional value. The future of green biotechnology may involve increasing global food production through new traits while enhancing health, safety, and reducing environmental pollution.
This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding modern biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to biotechnology and bioethics. It then discusses the various categories of ethical issues, including socio-economic issues, cultural issues, environmental issues, legal issues, religious issues, and the demerits of biotechnology tools and products. Specifically, it outlines concerns regarding animal biotechnology such as risks to human and animal welfare, and concerns regarding plant biotechnology such as potentially reducing biological diversity and disrupting ecosystems.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
E. Coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. It can exist harmlessly or cause food poisoning. E. Coli reproduces through cell division and genetic transfer between F+ and F- cells. The life cycle involves conjugation where the F plasmid transfers DNA between cells. E. Coli is widely studied due to its rapid reproduction, hardiness, and ability to accept foreign DNA, making it useful for biotechnology and protein production.
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified animals. It begins with an introduction that defines genetically modified animals and notes that most are still in the research stage. It then discusses the process of genetic modification, which involves altering an animal's DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The document outlines the process of creating genetically modified mammals through gene insertion and screening offspring. It provides examples of genetically modified pigs, cows, goats, mice, sheep, and chickens. The advantages include faster growth, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Disadvantages include unintended harm, mutations, expense, and complex natural interactions.
This document discusses food spoilage, including definitions, types, causes, and examples of spoilage in different food categories like meat, dairy, fruits and vegetables. It defines food spoilage as any changes that make food unacceptable for consumption. Spoilage can be caused by physical injury, enzymatic degradation, or microbial activity. The main types are physical, chemical, and microbial spoilage. Microbial spoilage is the most common and is caused by the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds. Specific examples of spoilage in foods like meat, milk, eggs and produce are provided.
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast transformation involves delivering a vector with the gene of interest and a selectable marker flanked by chloroplast DNA sequences for homologous recombination. The vector is delivered using biolistics or PEG-mediated transformation. Transformed cells are selected using antibiotic resistance and regenerated into plants. Chloroplast transformation allows high-level expression of transgenes due to high copy number and avoids gene silencing.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
This document discusses the biosafety of genetically modified crops. It outlines the approach taken to assess safety, including potential risks like toxicity, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, and gene flow. The regulatory framework for genetically modified crops in India is also mentioned. Specific concerns discussed include Brazil nut allergy in soybean, use of antibiotic resistance marker genes, consumption of foreign DNA, and effects on biodiversity and target species. Strategies to prevent unwanted gene flow are described.
This document discusses Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins toxic to certain insect pests. It introduces Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and Bt corn, which have been genetically engineered to produce these Bt crystal proteins, providing resistance against key insect pests like the cotton bollworm and brinjal fruit and shoot borer. The document discusses the mechanisms through which Bt proteins act selectively on insect pests while being safe for humans and other organisms. It also outlines the process of developing transgenic crops and highlights advantages like reduced pesticide use and increased yields.
Golden rice is a genetically engineered variety of rice that produces beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice grain. It was developed to help address vitamin A deficiency in parts of the world where rice is a staple crop. The goals are to provide a sustainable source of vitamin A through a staple food that is accessible and can be grown locally by farmers to consume and sell. The rice was engineered by introducing two new genes that activate the biosynthetic pathway to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm of the rice grain.
Genetic mapping is based on recombination frequencies between genetic loci during meiosis. Physical mapping determines the actual distances in base pairs between sequences on a chromosome using overlapping DNA fragments. Before whole genome sequencing, physical maps were created using techniques like restriction mapping of large-insert clones, probing genomic libraries with end fragments, and chromosome walking to build contigs of overlapping sequences. This allowed sequencing of individual fragments which could then be assembled into a complete genome sequence.
Biosafety Aspect of Biotechnology ProductChoir Udin
The document discusses biosafety considerations for crops improved using modern biotechnology. It provides information on thousands of safety studies conducted over 20 years that have found GM crops to be safe. Regulations are based on international guidelines and consider local implementation. Safety is integrated into the product development process and farmers have benefited from increased yields and profits. The document also addresses claims about GM crops and provides evidence from peer-reviewed studies that they are safe and provide economic and environmental benefits.
This document discusses genome mapping and its importance. Genome mapping involves determining the locations of genes on chromosomes. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and identifying defective genes. There are two main types of mapping - linkage mapping and physical mapping. Linkage mapping determines the relative distances between genes based on recombination frequency during meiosis, while physical mapping identifies the exact locations of genes on chromosomes. Genome mapping is a useful tool that has mapped many plant genomes like rice, maize, and wheat.
Perennial possibilities for increasing food and ecosystem securitySIANI
This document discusses the potential benefits of perennial grain crops compared to annual crops. Model systems show that perennial grasslands harvested for over 75 years have higher soil carbon and nitrogen levels compared to annual wheat fields. Studies also show reductions in soil carbon stocks and aggregate stability when native grasslands are converted to annual cropland. Perennial crops could help address agriculture's impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems by diversifying crop rotations and reducing inputs. They also have potential for higher yields under certain conditions. Breeding programs are working to develop perennial versions of crops like sorghum, wheat and sunflowers to help increase food security while improving soil health and mitigating climate change. However, fully developing perennial grain crops suitable for
The document identifies different types of waste that can occur within organizations, including waiting, transportation, overprocessing, inventory, defects, motion, overproduction, and underutilized people. It provides examples of each type of waste in both manufacturing and office/administrative environments, and suggestions for how to reduce or eliminate each type of waste. The overall purpose is to help organizations identify and address different sources of inefficiency and non-value added work.
This document provides an overview of green biotechnology, which uses biological techniques to improve plants. It was introduced in 1987 with the Flavr Savr tomato. Methods discussed include tissue culture, genetic engineering, and hybridization. Genetically modified crops mentioned include cotton, soybean, and papaya. Applications include increasing crop yields, enhancing disease and pest resistance, and improving nutritional value. The future of green biotechnology may involve increasing global food production through new traits while enhancing health, safety, and reducing environmental pollution.
This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding modern biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to biotechnology and bioethics. It then discusses the various categories of ethical issues, including socio-economic issues, cultural issues, environmental issues, legal issues, religious issues, and the demerits of biotechnology tools and products. Specifically, it outlines concerns regarding animal biotechnology such as risks to human and animal welfare, and concerns regarding plant biotechnology such as potentially reducing biological diversity and disrupting ecosystems.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
E. Coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. It can exist harmlessly or cause food poisoning. E. Coli reproduces through cell division and genetic transfer between F+ and F- cells. The life cycle involves conjugation where the F plasmid transfers DNA between cells. E. Coli is widely studied due to its rapid reproduction, hardiness, and ability to accept foreign DNA, making it useful for biotechnology and protein production.
This document discusses genetically modified insects. It provides background on how genetically modified insects are created by inserting DNA from other organisms into insect genomes. The main purposes are to manage agricultural pests and spread of human diseases. The document outlines the history of using genetic modification techniques like sterile insect technique and transgenic methods. It discusses examples of genetically modified mosquitoes used against malaria and pink bollworm moths used against cotton pests. Both advantages like public health benefits and limitations like environmental risks are addressed.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified animals. It begins with an introduction that defines genetically modified animals and notes that most are still in the research stage. It then discusses the process of genetic modification, which involves altering an animal's DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The document outlines the process of creating genetically modified mammals through gene insertion and screening offspring. It provides examples of genetically modified pigs, cows, goats, mice, sheep, and chickens. The advantages include faster growth, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Disadvantages include unintended harm, mutations, expense, and complex natural interactions.
This document discusses food spoilage, including definitions, types, causes, and examples of spoilage in different food categories like meat, dairy, fruits and vegetables. It defines food spoilage as any changes that make food unacceptable for consumption. Spoilage can be caused by physical injury, enzymatic degradation, or microbial activity. The main types are physical, chemical, and microbial spoilage. Microbial spoilage is the most common and is caused by the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds. Specific examples of spoilage in foods like meat, milk, eggs and produce are provided.
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast transformation involves delivering a vector with the gene of interest and a selectable marker flanked by chloroplast DNA sequences for homologous recombination. The vector is delivered using biolistics or PEG-mediated transformation. Transformed cells are selected using antibiotic resistance and regenerated into plants. Chloroplast transformation allows high-level expression of transgenes due to high copy number and avoids gene silencing.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
This document discusses the biosafety of genetically modified crops. It outlines the approach taken to assess safety, including potential risks like toxicity, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, and gene flow. The regulatory framework for genetically modified crops in India is also mentioned. Specific concerns discussed include Brazil nut allergy in soybean, use of antibiotic resistance marker genes, consumption of foreign DNA, and effects on biodiversity and target species. Strategies to prevent unwanted gene flow are described.
This document discusses Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins toxic to certain insect pests. It introduces Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and Bt corn, which have been genetically engineered to produce these Bt crystal proteins, providing resistance against key insect pests like the cotton bollworm and brinjal fruit and shoot borer. The document discusses the mechanisms through which Bt proteins act selectively on insect pests while being safe for humans and other organisms. It also outlines the process of developing transgenic crops and highlights advantages like reduced pesticide use and increased yields.
Golden rice is a genetically engineered variety of rice that produces beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice grain. It was developed to help address vitamin A deficiency in parts of the world where rice is a staple crop. The goals are to provide a sustainable source of vitamin A through a staple food that is accessible and can be grown locally by farmers to consume and sell. The rice was engineered by introducing two new genes that activate the biosynthetic pathway to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm of the rice grain.
Genetic mapping is based on recombination frequencies between genetic loci during meiosis. Physical mapping determines the actual distances in base pairs between sequences on a chromosome using overlapping DNA fragments. Before whole genome sequencing, physical maps were created using techniques like restriction mapping of large-insert clones, probing genomic libraries with end fragments, and chromosome walking to build contigs of overlapping sequences. This allowed sequencing of individual fragments which could then be assembled into a complete genome sequence.
Biosafety Aspect of Biotechnology ProductChoir Udin
The document discusses biosafety considerations for crops improved using modern biotechnology. It provides information on thousands of safety studies conducted over 20 years that have found GM crops to be safe. Regulations are based on international guidelines and consider local implementation. Safety is integrated into the product development process and farmers have benefited from increased yields and profits. The document also addresses claims about GM crops and provides evidence from peer-reviewed studies that they are safe and provide economic and environmental benefits.
This document discusses genome mapping and its importance. Genome mapping involves determining the locations of genes on chromosomes. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and identifying defective genes. There are two main types of mapping - linkage mapping and physical mapping. Linkage mapping determines the relative distances between genes based on recombination frequency during meiosis, while physical mapping identifies the exact locations of genes on chromosomes. Genome mapping is a useful tool that has mapped many plant genomes like rice, maize, and wheat.
Perennial possibilities for increasing food and ecosystem securitySIANI
This document discusses the potential benefits of perennial grain crops compared to annual crops. Model systems show that perennial grasslands harvested for over 75 years have higher soil carbon and nitrogen levels compared to annual wheat fields. Studies also show reductions in soil carbon stocks and aggregate stability when native grasslands are converted to annual cropland. Perennial crops could help address agriculture's impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems by diversifying crop rotations and reducing inputs. They also have potential for higher yields under certain conditions. Breeding programs are working to develop perennial versions of crops like sorghum, wheat and sunflowers to help increase food security while improving soil health and mitigating climate change. However, fully developing perennial grain crops suitable for
The document identifies different types of waste that can occur within organizations, including waiting, transportation, overprocessing, inventory, defects, motion, overproduction, and underutilized people. It provides examples of each type of waste in both manufacturing and office/administrative environments, and suggestions for how to reduce or eliminate each type of waste. The overall purpose is to help organizations identify and address different sources of inefficiency and non-value added work.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and reasons for being against them. It notes that GMOs were first introduced into many processed foods in the late 1990s due to a Supreme Court ruling allowing patents on life forms. The document raises philosophical concerns about GMOs representing a "mechanical worldview" that accelerates species extinction. It also notes potential risks of GMOs including horizontal gene transfer between unrelated species, unpredictable behavior of transgenic organisms, and threats to biodiversity from GMO monocultures. The document cites a recorded death from a genetically modified food supplement and potential risks to health from GMOs.
This document defines biodiversity as the variety of plants, animals and other living things in a particular region. It notes that biodiversity is important for ecosystem productivity and human benefits like medicine and recreation. Loss of biodiversity is caused by habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, overexploitation and pollution. The document provides examples of conservation actions like using bird feeders and composting, as well as educational activities for students to identify biodiversity and ways to protect it.
Unit 3 contested planet biodiversity under threatMr Cornish
The document discusses biodiversity under threat. It defines biodiversity as the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems in an area. Biodiversity hotspots are areas with high species richness and endemism that face severe threats. Major threats include deforestation, overfishing, pollution, invasive species, mining and climate change. Managing biodiversity involves sustainable use below maximum sustainable yields and conserving biodiversity hotspots, keystone species, and ecosystems through protected areas and international cooperation.
Threat to biodiversity A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director Ge...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Threat to biodiversity A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
The document discusses waste management in the hotel industry. It defines waste and its composition. It describes the key aspects of waste management as waste minimization, recycling, processing, and disposal. It discusses various waste minimization techniques, recycling processes, processing methods like composting and biogas production, and disposal technologies like landfilling and incineration. Effective waste management ensures conservation of resources, prevention of pollution, and potential energy recovery from waste.
This document discusses genetically modified (GM) foods. GM foods are derived from organisms whose DNA has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally, often by transferring genes between unrelated species. Common GM crops include corn, canola, soybeans, and cotton. Potential benefits include improved yields and nutritional content, while risks involve possible health effects and environmental impacts if GM crops spread unchecked. The conclusion acknowledges GM foods could help address hunger but governments must regulate safely to avoid unintended harm.
Biodiversity hotspots are biogeographic regions with significant biodiversity that is threatened by humans. There are 25 hotspots identified worldwide based on having many endemic species and facing severe threats. Two of the hotspots are in India: the Western Ghats and Himalayan regions of northeast India and Myanmar. These hotspots are rich in endemic plant and animal species like reptiles, amphibians, insects and mammals. However, only a small percentage of the total land in biodiversity hotspots is currently protected.
This project highlights the importance of quarry management plans which have to integrate the establishment of invasive species populations. The researchers focused their research on the invasive species Buddleja davidii, also called Butterfly bush, which show a very strong potential for dispersion and rapidly dominate new ecosystems which strongly hamper the settlement of native species in early successions. Methods to eliminate and to control the species were also studied.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Benelux.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/invasive-species-treat-local-biodiversity-integrated-approach-buddleja-davidii-and-cyprinus
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Classification of solid waste based on source and physical nature
2. Methods for treating solid waste such as composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration
3. Management approaches for different types of waste including medical, hazardous, non-hazardous, and e-waste
Industrial waste refers to solid, liquid and gaseous emissions from industrial operations that are hazardous due to being corrosive, reactive, toxic and leading to pollution. Industrial waste can be reduced through recycling, treatment and more eco-friendly manufacturing methods. Waste management involves collecting, transporting, processing, disposing and monitoring all waste materials to reduce health and environmental impacts. Common waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, recycling, and biological reprocessing to recover organic materials. The goal of resource recovery is to delay consumption of natural resources by shifting from waste management to recycling and reusing materials.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and provides classifications of municipal solid waste including garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition waste, and more. It also describes hazardous waste. The document outlines the key components of solid waste management systems including waste identification and minimization, collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, energy recovery, and disposal. It provides details on collection services and discusses processing and disposal methods like compaction, incineration, and landfilling.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It is being threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of species. Key biodiversity hotspots that face serious threats are the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas in India. Conservation efforts include protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries for in situ conservation and ex situ conservation in zoos and seed banks.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. The document then describes how GMOs are produced through inserting or deleting genes from different species. It provides examples of genetically modified plants, microbes, mammals, and fish that have been created for various purposes like producing useful goods, scientific research, and improved crops. The document also discusses the principles of genetic engineering compared to traditional breeding and lists some pros and cons of genetic modification.
This document summarizes waste management issues in Pakistan. It categorizes different types of waste and identifies hazardous waste. It discusses problems with waste collection and disposal from hospitals and municipalities. Waste is often burned openly or dumped in improperly designed landfills, polluting the environment. The role of local governments in waste management is outlined, though capacity is limited. It concludes more attention and education is needed from the government to adopt best practices that reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
Genetically Modified Crops – A Potential Risk for Sustainable Agriculture.PDFGordana Zdjelar
This document discusses genetically modified crops and their potential risks and impact on sustainable agriculture. It notes that GM crops were developed to expedite crop improvement for food quality and solve problems in commercial agriculture like disease and weed management. However, their introduction has raised debates about environmental and food safety issues. The most common GM crop is herbicide-tolerant soybean, which occupies 50% of the global biotech area. A major problem is the outbreak of glyphosate-resistant weeds caused by overuse of herbicides on GM soybean crops.
This document discusses several global environmental issues and concerns for the 21st century, including climate change, natural resource depletion, ozone depletion, and loss of biodiversity. It then summarizes the role of agricultural biotechnology in addressing issues of sustainability, crop productivity, and food security. The document outlines how biotechnology can be used to develop stress-tolerant and higher-yielding crop varieties, as well as transfer useful traits from wild plants. However, it notes biotechnology must be properly regulated and accompanied by risk assessment. The document provides examples of how biotechnology has been applied in agriculture, including Bt technology to engineer pest-resistant crops like cotton. It concludes that biotechnology has the potential to increase food production but that both
Proposal to Test the Efficacy of Insect Resistance Management Strategies in B...Lauren Kelley
The proposal aims to test the efficacy of two insect resistance management (IRM) strategies - refuge strategy and pyramid strategy - in delaying resistance to Bt corn in pest insects through field experiments. The refuge strategy involves planting non-Bt corn refuge fields near Bt corn fields, while the pyramid strategy uses a seed mixture of Bt corn containing multiple toxins. Experiments will compare insect survival on Bt corn under each strategy. Results could help select the most efficient IRM strategy and inform regulatory guidelines to delay pest resistance and ensure sustainable agriculture.
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects anubhav aryal
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism's genes. While proponents argue GMOs can increase crop yields and resistance to pests, there are also many potential risks and uncertainties. These include unintended harm to other organisms from toxic genes, the development of undesirable traits in GMOs, reduced biodiversity as only a single type of plant is grown, and gene contamination of other species. The long-term and indirect effects of GMOs on ecosystems, soil microbes, and human and animal health are difficult to predict due to the unpredictability of where genes insert into genomes and whether they spread from GMOs. The precautionary principle argues that given these uncertainties, commercialization of
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism's genes. While proponents argue GMOs can increase crop yields and resistance, there are also many risks and uncertainties. Gene transfer techniques are unpredictable, resulting in unintended effects on the recipient organism's metabolism, physiology, and the environment. Once released, there is no recalling GMOs or predicting how they will interact with ecosystems. Due to these uncertainties and the possibility of long-term harms, a precautionary approach is prudent when developing and releasing GMOs.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering. While GMOs aim to improve traits like pest resistance, there are many potential risks and uncertainties. Gene transfer techniques are unpredictable and may lead to unintended effects on an organism's metabolism, physiology, or the environment. Once released, GMOs could transfer genes to wild species and their effects on ecosystems are difficult to predict. Given these uncertainties, a precautionary approach is prudent until long-term safety can be established.
Environmental issues associated with transgenic cropsSheetal Mehla
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
GM crops are debated for their environmental impacts. Potential benefits include reduced pesticide use from Bt crops and conservation tillage from herbicide-tolerant varieties. However, risks include Bt toxin harming non-target species like butterflies, the development of pest resistance, and herbicide-tolerant weeds. Comprehensive environmental assessments are needed to understand both risks and benefits of each GM trait.
This ppt have a detailed source about the Biosafety issues in Biotechnology and their implements over by the government. It have a topics about the issues in antibiotic resistance gene , GMO crops etc.
Agricultural biotechnology refers to genetic engineering and conventional breeding techniques used to modify plants, animals, and microbes for agricultural purposes. Genetic engineering allows for traits not achievable through conventional breeding. Key techniques include recombinant DNA, genome editing, and cloning. Most commercial applications provide production benefits like herbicide tolerance and pest resistance. While initially controversial, major scientific organizations have found genetically engineered foods to be as safe as non-genetically engineered foods.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how GMOs are created through genetic engineering techniques and the purposes of modifying plants. Both potential benefits of GMOs include increased crop yields and disease resistance, while risks include unintended gene transfer and impact on other organisms. The document also reviews European Union regulations around GMOs.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how genetic engineering techniques are used to transfer genes between organisms, including across species boundaries. Both the potential benefits of GMOs such as disease resistance in crops and production of medical substances are covered, as well as risks like unintended environmental impacts and possible human health effects. EU regulations around GMOs are also summarized.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how genetic engineering works to transfer genes between organisms and its applications in agriculture, including increasing crop resistance to diseases and insects. Both the potential benefits of GMOs such as higher crop yields and the risks related to unintended environmental and health impacts are addressed.
The document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and their potential benefits and controversies. It argues that GMFs are acceptable if they are proven to be safe for human health and not harmful to the environment based on scientific evidence and international risk assessments. The document notes potential benefits of GMFs for crops, animals, the environment, and increasing global food security. However, it also acknowledges controversies around GMFs regarding their safety, corporate control of the food system, and ethics. It provides an overview of the regulatory system for GMFs in the Philippines and an example of a farmer who increased his yields and income through growing insect-resistant Bt corn. In conclusion, the document expresses support for GMF
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. This document discusses GMOs and their benefits and risks. It explains how GMOs differ from traditional selective breeding through being more precise and able to introduce genes between unrelated species. Potential benefits include higher crop yields, drought/pest resistance, and improved nutrition. However, risks include possible human and environmental impacts if GMO genes spread widely. The document outlines several specific risks and ethical concerns around GMO usage.
This document outlines the potential negative impacts of genetically modified (GM) foods on society. It discusses health risks like allergic reactions and increased toxicity. Environmental hazards are also presented, such as the impact on soil and increased "super weeds." Finally, the document notes some economic, political and social threats of GM foods, including issues for religious dietary reasons. While GM foods could help address hunger, there are challenges around safety testing and regulation that must be addressed carefully to avoid unintended harm.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Objectives:
Define Genetically Modified
Organisms & Biodiversity
Identify threats to Biodiversity
Enumerate advantages &
disadvantages of GMO
Cite examples of GMO
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Definition of Terms
Genetically Modified Organisms
• Genetically Modified Organisms are the ones in
which the genetic material (DNA) has been
altered in such a way as to get the required
quality. This technology is often called „gene
technology‟, or „recombinant DNA technology‟ or
„genetic engineering‟ and the resulting organism
is said to be „genetically modified‟, „genetically
engineered‟ or „transgenic’ (Sabha, 2009).
10. Definition of Terms
Biological Diversity
• Biological diversity as a concept refers to the
variety and variability of living organisms
(Millenium Ecosystem Assesment, 2005).
18. Threats to Diversity
Further signs of stress in the
global biodiversity is that the
population size or range (or both)
of the majority of species across
a range of taxonomic groups is
declining (MEA 2005).
Currently, estimated species
extinction rates are 1,000 times
higher than background rates
typical of the planet‟s history
(MEA 2005; Lövei 2007). A total
of 10–30% of mammal, bird, and
amphibian species are currently
threatened with extinction
(Secretariat CBD 2006).
19.
20. Advantages of GMO
Increase in agricultural activity
• This would be an important benefit, in a world in which
demand on lands is increasing. Commercial aquaculture
also utilises GM technology, to increase species growth
and adaptability. (Royal Society of Canada, 2001)
21. Advantages of GMO
Carbon-storage and climate change
• Benefits may accrue from the use of GM trees. As
disputes concerning the value of “carbon sequestration”
within the climate change analysis have been generally
resolved, the use of these trees is generally
expected, and some has already begun. Recent
research by WWF shows that since 1988 there have
been 184 GM tree field trials globally (Asante-
Owusu, 1999).
22. Advantages of GMO
Minimisation of pesticide use
• Here also, the environmental benefit can be
significant, given the role of agricultural pesticides in
species extinctions, and in the contamination of critical
ecosystems.
23. Advantages of GMO
“Edible vaccines”
• It has been noted that diarrhoea caused by bacteria is one of
the leading sources of infant mortality, particularly in the
developing world, where obtaining injections in time may be
difficult. Recent animal studies involving transgenic bananas
and tomatoes, which produce vaccines against cholera or to
address specific disease agents responsible for many
prevalent kinds of diarrhoea, are producing encouraging early
results. In future, such food vaccines might also be able to
suppress auto-immunity (a condition in which the body‟s
defences mistakenly attack normal uninfected tissue).
(Arntzen, 1995)
24. Advantages of GMO
Intentionally “invasive” uses
• GM insects have been developed, with a variety of
objectives, such as to reduce populations of insect pests
whose damage to agricultural crops is particularly
high, and to inhibit negative traits in “wild” insects
(including the trait which allows anopheles mosquitoes
to host the malaria parasite.) (Zitner,2001)
25. DISadvantages of GMO
Genetic contamination/interbreeding
• GMOs could possibly interbreed with other sexually
compatible species within the area in which the GMOs
were introduced. Some experiments have shown that
the rate of cross-pollination between conventional and
GM varieties of potatoes are generally low and become
negligible when the separation distance exceeds 10
metres (Rogers, 1995).
26. DISadvantages of GMO
Genetic contamination/interbreeding
• By contrast, Danish field trials have shown that oilseed
rape modified for herbicide tolerance can easily cross
with wild Brassica species such as wild mustard
(Chevre, 1997). Consequently, cross-pollination
between GM and non-GM oil seed rape has been
detected at distances of up to 2 km.
27. DISadvantages of GMOfa
Competition with natural species
• One trait that is often promoted by GM crop developers
is increasing productivity through faster growth. Fast
maturation, however, can serve as a significant
competitive advantage, which might allow an organism
to become invasive (spread into new habitats and cause
ecological or economic damage). Even where there is
no likelihood that a given GM species will interbreed
with wild species in the area, it may out-
compete, forcing them into decline and possible
extinction.
28. DISadvantages of GMO
Increased selection pressure on target and non-target
organisms
• Forty years of empirical evidence from the
U.S., Japan, Central America and China demonstrates
that the use of the pesticides consisting of Bt toxin (a
naturally occurring pesticide, now incorporated in
numerous crops for resistance to certain insects) has
allowed some agricultural pests (such as the diamond
back moth Plutella xylostella) to evolve distinct toxin
resistant populations. (Tabashnik, 1994)
29. DISadvantages of GMO
Impossibility of follow-up
• One example involves the introduction of barn owls in the
Seychelles, to control the population of inadvertently
introduced European rats. The owls (natural predators of
the rat species in their native surroundings) found other, in
some cases endangered, species much easier to catch.
They were able to out-compete native species that preyed
on these animals, and eventually represented a much more
serious threat to the island ecosystem than the rats they
were imported to control. (FAO,1993)
30. DISadvantages of GMO
Invasive Alien Species
One way to assess the potential invasiveness of GM
crops is through the IPPC‟s (International Plant
Protection Convention) Invasive Species and Pest
Management risk criteria:
• Changes in adaptive characteristics (that may
increase the potential for establishment and spread);
• Adverse effects of gene transfer/flow (that may result
in the establishment and spread of pests, or the
emergence of new pests);
• Adverse effects on non-target organisms;
• Genotypic or phenotypic instability (that could result
in the establishment and spread of organisms with
new pest characteristics).
31.
32. Insect Resistance
• Crops that have insect resistance represented 16.2 per cent of
the global area planted in 2005 (James, 2005). They are often
known as Bt crops due to the protein genes that are introduced
into a plant following extraction from a bacterium known as
Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterium is found naturally in
soil and has been used in organic agriculture for insecticide
preparations because it is toxic to specific groups of insects
(Prakesh, 2005). Bt kill insects with toxins called insecticidal
crystal proteins or delta endotoxins. Delta endotoxins
rapidly paralyze the insect‟s digestive system, so damage to
the plant stops soon after the insect is exposed to the toxin
(Colorado State University Extension, 2010).
34. Bt Eggplant
• Genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been
inserted into the DNA of the eggplant so that it produces a
protein called Cry1Ac, which is a toxin. Importantly, there are
no commercial food crops with this type of Bt gene. For
Cry1Ac, there is concern over its potential allergenicity.
Moreover, the Bt toxins in GE eggplant are specifically toxic to
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), but not all of these are
pests (Dr. Janet Cotter, 2011).
35. Bt Potato
• One of the most consequential potato plant pests is the potato
beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), which often becomes
resistant to chemical insec-ticides. Modified potatoes carrying
gene Cry3A originating from bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis
were produced to control this beetle. This gene product is a
toxic protein formed in leaves of these plants; after ingestion
by a potato beetle, it passes on to its intestines and thus
causes the death of the pest
(Pribylova, Pavlik, Bartos, 2006).
36. GM Potato
• Potato plants resistant to increased soil salt levels were
produced by insertion of a gene for glyceralde-hyde-3-
phosphate-dehydrogenase (GPD) from oyster mushroom
(Pleurotus sajor-caju) into potato plant genome. The effect
of the protein was tested by culti-vation of potato plants in
sodium chloride containing soil. Whereas GPD-free potato
plants died in several days, transgenic plants exhibited a high
tolerance to the presence of salts (Jeong et al., 2001).
38. Biofortification
• It is the adding of essential nutrients, vitamins and metabolites
with plants during their growth and development, thereby
making these additives more readily available for
human/animal consumption.
• Recently it was divided into agronomic and genetic
fortification. The first one uses soil and spray fertilizers
enriched by individual essential elements (eg Fe, Zn and
Se). This approach has been adopted with success in Finland
for enrichment of crops by Se. On the other hand, the
genetic pcfortification present the possibility to enrich food
crops by selecting or breeding crop varieties, which
enhanced Se accumulation characteristics (Broadley, et.
al., 2006).
40. Golden Rice
• Originally, the scientists who developed the rice had expected grains to be
red due to the genes they had inserted. Rice grains were supposed to
generate red carotenoids, so-called lycopenes like those found in
tomatoes. The authors revealed in their study that the original genes of
the plant unexpectedly caused the lycopenes to be converted into yellow
carotenoids. The yellow color giving the rice its name (Golden Rice) was
the outcome of an unintended reaction, caused by interactions between
inserted genes and the genome of the plants (Schaub et al., 2005).
42. Golden Rice
The b-carotene in GR is as effective as pure b-carotene in oil and better
than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of
approximately 100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide
approximately 60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of
vitamin A for 6–8-y-old children (Guangwen Tang, Yuming Hu, Shi-an
Yin, Yin Wang, Gerard E Dallal, Michael A Grusak, and Robert M
Russell, 2012).
43. Control or Chaos?
Unwanted and uncontrollable spread of GM plants is a highly
visible process on a global scale. By the end of 2006, over 100 cases of
confirmed, unwanted contamination and 26 cases of illegal releases
were registered (mostly by civil society organisations). A total of 39
countries on five continents have been affected, almost twice the
number of countries that currently grow GM crops. In 2005, there were
seven documented cases of contamination and eight illegal releases. In
2006, the number of contamination cases more than doubled to 15.
Most prominently, two unapproved GM events were found in rice (a
herbicide-tolerant transgene from the USA and a Bt transgene from
China) – these were detected at the consumer level (in shipments
intended for human consumption). More problematic is the detection of
plants with GM traits that have not yet been commercialised.
44. • Due to their reproductive
Glofish biology, fish are relatively
simple to genetically
modify and have thus been
the main focus of GM
animal research, with more
modified species than all
other vertebrates
combined. One GM fish is
already commercially
available in the USA for
aquariums – the Glofish, a
Zebra danio modified to
produce a red fluorescent
protein.
45. Glofish • Transgenic zebrafish
contained the gene
(dsRed) coding for the red
fluorescent
protein, originally isolated
from the marine sponge
Discosoma striata.
• Their color is caused by
high concentration of red
fluorescent protein (RFP)
in fish muscle (Gond et.
Al., 2003).
46. AquAdvantage®
Salmon
• GM salmon that can reach adult size three times faster than their non-
GM relatives (IUCN The World Conservation Union).
47. AquAdvantage®
Salmon
• Escaped genetically engineered salmon are likely to
compete with wild fish, including endangered Atlantic
salmon, for habitat, food, and mates (Ford JS and Myers
RA. 2008).
48. AquAdvantage®
Salmon
• Research published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences found that the release of just 60
genetically engineered fish into a wild population of 60,000
could lead to the extinction of the wild population in less than
40 generations (Howard RD, DeWoody JA, Muir
WM., 2004).
49. AquAdvantage®
Salmon
• However, Aquabounty claimed that AAS will be grown as
sterile, all-female populations in land-based facilities with
redundant biological and physical containment.
• As a result, AquAdvantage® Salmon cannot escape or
reproduce in the wild and pose no threat to wild salmon
populations.
50. AquAdvantage® Salmon
• Six chemicals (folic acid, niacin, vitamin
B6, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc) are present in
genetically engineered salmon at values that differ by
more than 10 percent from conventional farmed
salmon, indicating potential food quality differences
among the two kinds of fish.
51. AquAdvantage® Salmon
• The omega 3/omega 6 ratio in genetically engineered
salmon is more than 12 percent less than in conventional
farmed salmon, a difference that could be of interest to
seafood consumers looking to maximize omega 3 levels
in their own diets.
52. AquAdvantage® Salmon
• Data indicate there may be higher levels of allergy-
producing compounds in genetically engineered
salmon, meaning the fish may pose a greater food
allergy threat. Given the limited sample sizes, more study
is needed to definitively rule out this concern.
53. AquAdvantage® Salmon
• Levels of Insulin-like Growth Hormone (IGF-1) are
elevated in genetically engineered salmon compared to
conventional farmed salmon. The long-term health
impacts of this are unclear, but IGF-1 is a known
carcinogen.
54. Synthesis
In general, Biodiversity cannot fully be replace by
Genetically Modified Organisms due to the
following reasons: firstly, GMO itself may causes
alteration to ecological balance; second, there is no
any supportive studies which can prove that it may
actually sustain life, the way that the natural
environment can; and lastly, there is no perfect
assurance that GMO can actually exist for a
lifetime without a failure with its function.