Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in District Swat, Pakistan and its management through host resistance | JBES
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
Laboratory manual for fusarium research 3rd edition Lester BurgessMarcos Buitrago
Authors of this laboratory manual are Lester W. Burgess, Brett A. Summerell, Suzanne Bullock, Kathryn P. Gott and David Backhouse.
Fusarium Research Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney
August, 1994
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The objectives of this study were to detect and characterize the phytoplasma in tissues of diseased hibiscus plants using Dains’ stain light microscopy and molecular based techniques. Molecular characterization was performed using the DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA fragment of the isolated phytoplasma genome. This work concerning phytoplasma associated witches' broom (group 16SrII) diseases of hibiscus plants is achieved for the first time in Egypt.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...YogeshIJTSRD
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on lettuce from wastewater irrigated fileds in the town of Yaounde was investigated. Lettuce samples were collected from three agricultural fields located in three districts Ekounou, Ezazou and Nkolbisson , over a period of four months. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and kanamycin were determined. Isolated bacteria presented highest resistance to amoxicillin 95.8 and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin 89.2 . The resistance rate of bacteria was the highest in March 93.1 , and lowest in May 89.9 . Antibiotic resistant bacteria identified were belonged to the genus Salmonella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Shigella, klebsiella, Pseudomonas, citrobacter, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Streptococcus. Bacillus cereus was the most abundant 17.5 . The identified isolates were all multidrug resistant, except Lactobacillus which was only resistant to amoxicillin. The obtained results demonstrate the health risk posed by the cultivation and consumption of lettuce from urban agriculture in the city of Yaounde, which could constitute a strong vector for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui | Merveille Tamema Masse | Blaise Pascal Bougnom "Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agriculture in the City of Yaounde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39971.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39971/antibiotic-enteric-resistant-bacteria-are-abundant-on-lettuce-from-urban-agriculture-in-the-city-of-yaounde/brunelle-tchakounte-betbui
Severity of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L...AI Publications
The purpose of this research was to describe the Tomato brown rugose fruit virus, from three isolates collected in the field and also to use a diagrammatic scale of severity for its evaluation. The isolation was carried out with the collection of 200 ha-1 leaflets, according to a statistical method, from commercial greenhouses. Agdia® immunological strips were used to confirm the symptoms and the virus was identified by RT-PCR. A completely randomized experimental design was established in tomato plants var. Río Grande®, with three treatments or isolates and five repetitions: Blindom F1® tissue, Quiroga® Enza zaiden tissue and Quiroga® Enza zaiden fruit; Controls with phosphate buffer and buffer+celite were used as negative control. The trial began with the inoculation of 45-day-old tomato plants, where only the primary leaves were inoculated. Fertilization was carried out twice a week using macro and microelements from commercial companies. To quantify the percentage of damage to foliage and fruit, a diagrammatic scale of severity was used. The three isolates evaluated differed in the symptoms produced by ToBRFV, where; The Fruto Quiroga® Enza zaiden isolate stood out, with a higher incidence, severity and shorter incubation period compared to the two isolates evaluated.
The objectives of this study were to detect and characterize the phytoplasma in tissues of diseased hibiscus plants using Dains’ stain light microscopy and molecular based techniques. Molecular characterization was performed using the DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA fragment of the isolated phytoplasma genome. This work concerning phytoplasma associated witches' broom (group 16SrII) diseases of hibiscus plants is achieved for the first time in Egypt.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Floating Row Covers Exclude Insects affecting Fall Grown Squash; Gardening Guidebook for Florida www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ University of Florida, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...YogeshIJTSRD
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on lettuce from wastewater irrigated fileds in the town of Yaounde was investigated. Lettuce samples were collected from three agricultural fields located in three districts Ekounou, Ezazou and Nkolbisson , over a period of four months. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and kanamycin were determined. Isolated bacteria presented highest resistance to amoxicillin 95.8 and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin 89.2 . The resistance rate of bacteria was the highest in March 93.1 , and lowest in May 89.9 . Antibiotic resistant bacteria identified were belonged to the genus Salmonella, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Shigella, klebsiella, Pseudomonas, citrobacter, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Streptococcus. Bacillus cereus was the most abundant 17.5 . The identified isolates were all multidrug resistant, except Lactobacillus which was only resistant to amoxicillin. The obtained results demonstrate the health risk posed by the cultivation and consumption of lettuce from urban agriculture in the city of Yaounde, which could constitute a strong vector for antibiotic resistance dissemination. Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui | Merveille Tamema Masse | Blaise Pascal Bougnom "Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agriculture in the City of Yaounde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39971.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39971/antibiotic-enteric-resistant-bacteria-are-abundant-on-lettuce-from-urban-agriculture-in-the-city-of-yaounde/brunelle-tchakounte-betbui
Antibiotic Enteric Resistant Bacteria are Abundant on Lettuce from Urban Agri...
Similar to Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in District Swat, Pakistan and its management through host resistance | JBES
Severity of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L...AI Publications
The purpose of this research was to describe the Tomato brown rugose fruit virus, from three isolates collected in the field and also to use a diagrammatic scale of severity for its evaluation. The isolation was carried out with the collection of 200 ha-1 leaflets, according to a statistical method, from commercial greenhouses. Agdia® immunological strips were used to confirm the symptoms and the virus was identified by RT-PCR. A completely randomized experimental design was established in tomato plants var. Río Grande®, with three treatments or isolates and five repetitions: Blindom F1® tissue, Quiroga® Enza zaiden tissue and Quiroga® Enza zaiden fruit; Controls with phosphate buffer and buffer+celite were used as negative control. The trial began with the inoculation of 45-day-old tomato plants, where only the primary leaves were inoculated. Fertilization was carried out twice a week using macro and microelements from commercial companies. To quantify the percentage of damage to foliage and fruit, a diagrammatic scale of severity was used. The three isolates evaluated differed in the symptoms produced by ToBRFV, where; The Fruto Quiroga® Enza zaiden isolate stood out, with a higher incidence, severity and shorter incubation period compared to the two isolates evaluated.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Potentials of Compost Tea of Certain Botanicals for Minimizing Root- Knot and...Premier Publishers
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on eggplant to assess the impact of compost tea derived from plant residues namely rice hull (RHC), rice straw (RSC), tomato (TC), potato (PC), citrus (CC), and guava(GC) as well as city waste (CWC) compost on eggplant biomass and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Screened composts were introduced to plants as drenching application. Results indicated that percentage of increase in total plant fresh weight of eggplant infected with such nematodeswere more pronounced (P<0.05) with compost teas of RSW. Drenching the soil with RHC (Rf=0.7) and PC (Rf=0.9) were also effective in suppressing densities of M. incognita as well as number of galls, and eggs/ root. However, population densities and fecundity of R. reniformis were significantly reduced following the introduction of GC. Only, total phenol showed remarkable increment in plants treated with PC, GC and RSC compared to untreated inoculated plants.
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: A total of nine cucumbers, each of Garden egg and pawpaw samples were collected from Wurukum, High level and Wadata markets and cultured on appriopate agar, for colony count and isolation of bacteria according to their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that garden egg from High Level Market had the highest bacterial count (1.9x105cfu/g) and the least was pawpaw from High Level Market (1.1 x 105 cfu/g). However, it was not statistically significant. The bacteria isolated were; Propianol bacteria (23.3%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.7%), Bacillus spp (10.0%) and Corynebacteria (13.3%). The fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus (10%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20%), Aspergillus nidulus (10%), Aspergillus terreus (20%) and mucor (40%). The result of this study shows fruits sold in Wurukum, High Level Market and Wadata Market are contaminated and may cause harm to consumers, so measures such as proper handling should be taken to control the contamination of these fruits.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Microbial Effect of Refuse Dump on the Composition of Leafy Vegetables Grown ...IJEAB
Microbial quality of vegetables grown in the vicinity of dumpsite along river Benue basin Yola Adamawa state was investigated to determine the effect of the wastes. A total of twenty samples were studied, from each of vegetable, soil and water at different distances 50, 100 and 200m from the dumpsite. Microbial analysis showed that total bacterial, mold and yeast, and coliform bacteria counts exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100ml guideline for water used in fresh produce. The result shows that total bacterial count was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from 4.3 x 105 – 4.78 x 106 followed by irrigation water ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 3.66 x 106 and the least was the vegetable ranging from 1.0 x104 – 9.0 x 104. Coliform bacteria count was found to be higher in the irrigation water ranging from 2.0 x 104 – 1.2 x 105 followed by the vegetables ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 2.0 x 104 and no growth of coliform was found in the soil. Mold and yeast was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from1.0 x 104 – TNC and was absent in the vegetables and water respectively. The higher level of microorganism observed in the dump site vegetables compared with the control vegetables show that refuse dump contribute to the microbial load in the study site. This implies that the microbial quality of vegetables may pose a health risk to the people who consume them if not properly prepared.
TEST SENSITIVITY OF SOME POTATO VARIETIES CULTIVATED IN IRAQ TO SOFT ROT DISEASE CAUSED BY PECTOBACTERIUM CAROTOVORUM AND ITS RELATION WITH CONTENTS OF DRY MATTERS, STARCH AND CALCIUM OF TUBERS
Similar to Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in District Swat, Pakistan and its management through host resistance | JBES (20)
Preliminary checklist of desmids from Kokrajhar District, Assam, India | Jbes INNS PUBNET
This paper presents a precursor in the investigation of the desmids of Kokrajhar District, Assam, India. The present study deals with the diversity of desmids from different freshwater habitats of the district. For this study samples were collected randomly from 12 different habitat around the district during January 2018 to April 2019. Seventy one species were observed comprising eleven genera: Actinotaenium (1), Arthrodesmus (3), Bambusina (1), Closterium (12), Cosmarium (16), Desmidium (4), Euastrum (6), Gonatozygon (1), Hyalotheca (1), Micrasterias (6), Netrium (1), Onychonema (1), Penium (1), Pleuroteanium (5), Spirotaenia (1), Staurastrum (6), Triplocerus (1) and Xanthidium (4). Among the observed taxa some appeared to be the new records for the state of Assam, India.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
In vitro antimalarial activity of essential oils of Deverra scoparia Coss. & ...INNS PUBNET
The essential oils of the plant Deverra scoparia Coss. & Dur. (Apiaceae) used in traditional medicine in Algeria were subjected to testing the antimalarial activity. Their potential ability to inhibit the in vitro proliferation was evaluated in two strains of Plasmodium falciparum; chloroquine-resistant (K1), and chloroquine-sensitive (3d7) strains. The essential oils displayed good antimalarial activity with IC50 values 1.51 ± 0.71 μg/mL and 0.93 ± 0.89 μg/mL against the 3d7 chloroquine-sensitive and the K1 chloroquine-resistant strains respectively. So, Devera scoparia presented a potential source of antimalarial molecules.
Implementation of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in crabmeat ...INNS PUBNET
Blue Swimming Crab or Portunus Pelagicus is one of the most valuable fisheries commodities of Indonesia. The crab is very potential fisheries product due to its high demand on global market. On the other hand, the crab is a perishable product that is likely to spoil and decay. Therefore, it is important to apply quality assurance system to guarantee the food safety of the crab. Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) is a world-recognized, effective, and preventive food safety management system. This study aims to determine how the implementations of quality control in terms of the HACCP system in crabmeat plant in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. Method of this research was observation in production line of crabmeat pasteurized processing and interview towards employees and management. HACCP model was set up based on the actual conditions in the plant. The HACCP system was based on seven principles as follow: 1. Conduct a hazard analysis. 2. Determine the critical control points (CCPs). 3. Establish target levels and critical limit(s). 4. Establish a system to monitor the CCPs. 5. Establish the corrective action to be taken when monitoring indicates that a particular CCP is not under control. 6. Establish procedures to verify that the HACCP system is working effectively. 7. Establish documentation concerning all procedures and keep records. The most important identified CCPs were receiving, metal detecting, seaming, pasteurizing, chilling and chill storage. Based on this research and findings, the authors recommend for implementation of HACCP system in crabmeat pasteurized processing industries.
Increasing students’ environmental attitude through Visual and Performance Ar...INNS PUBNET
Visual and performance arts are effective media of communicating environmental and ecological issues. The need for effective communication to increase collective action and environmental attitude of students is the most pressing in the context of deteriorating environment. To assess the effectiveness of visual and performance arts as media of increasing environmental attitude of students, this study was conducted. It employed experimental research design. The participants of the study were the randomly sampled college students taking up MAPEH courses in one campus of a state university in region 02, Philippines. Result of the study showed that employing visual and performance arts learning activities are interesting. Ultimately, the used of visual and performance arts learning activities significantly increased the environmental attitude of students along attitude towards nature enjoyment, support for conservation policies, human utilization of nature, and attitude towards personal conservation behavior. Allowing the students to be exposed to the different environmental-based visual and performance arts learning activities where their direct learning experience is involved significantly increased their environmental construct. Further, the results reveal that both visual and performance-based learning activities developed positive environmental attitudes, greater environmental awareness, increased knowledge and understanding of nature, and are more likely to participate in environmental stewardship activities.
Multiple shoot induction from the nodal cultures of teasle gourd (Mo...INNS PUBNET
Momordica dioica is a dioecious cucurbit. The fruits are used as costly vegetable in southern part of India. The
biotypes were collected form Warangal and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. When the nodal region
were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine BAP +2.0 mg/l L-Glutamic
acid, the explants produced little amount of callus and shoot buds. The shoot buds on successive subcultures for twice on the same medium produced multiple shoots. Shoot proliferation was further continued even after six months.
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Water quality and risk assessment of tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidn...INNS PUBNET
Bukidnon, Philippines being identified as an agricultural province needs to ensure water sustainability vital to support its agroeconomy. This study considered Tigua River with three river tributaries and Salug River with single station in San Fernando, Bukidnon. Analysis employed single sampling technique to initially assess river tributaries. Studied water quality parameters were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidizing redox potential (ORP), turbidity, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) using portable pre-calibrated meters. Nitrates were also determined using Bruccine colorimetric method. Analyzed heavy metals in total form were copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) using Flame-Atomic absorption spectrophometry (AAS). Overall, studied river tributaries passed national regulation with risk quotient (RQ) showing no potential pollution. Heavy metals were below detection limit indicating less traceable quantities in river tributaries. Salinity, conductivity, and TDS showed positive correlation. The study was preliminary and further monitoring may be needed.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Improving the germination of somatic embryos in date palm Berhi cultivar in v...INNS PUBNET
Embryogenic suspension cultures of Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) allow mass propagation of somatic embryos; Partial desiccation (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours) and low temperature (0°C for 2 hr, 0°C for 4 hr, 4°C for 24 hr and 4°C for 48 hr) treatments were applied to improve germination of somatic embryos in vitro of date palm cultivar Berhi with or without AC. The highest germination percentage was achieved when embryos were desiccated for three hours as well as treatment of low temperature in 4°C for 24 hr. Also, the results proved that found activated charcoal) AC) in liquid media produced the highest somatic embryos number and weight and improving percentage of germination. Further, Partial desiccation and low temperature increased embryos proline content. The improvement of the germination of somatic embryos via low temperature and especially via partial desiccation embryos somatic is successful can be used for the purpose of commercial propagation especially for Berhi cultivar.
Evaluation of systematic random sampling method for quantitative estimation o...INNS PUBNET
Knowledge and recognition of existence or absence and real type and amount of rare and thick trees in natural stands for studying silviculture, forest management, biodiversity, etc. can be useful. Recognition of number of
trees distribution in different diametric classes is necessary not only in the study of progress circumstance of forest stand but also in composing database for value tables and growing stock. Study the importance of number
of trees distribution in different classes cannot be ignored in judgment quality of performed cultural operations, method selection and cultural operations appropriate to forest stands in the future. In order to evaluate SRS method for quantitative estimation of rare and thick trees, three compartments (312,313,319) of Gorazbon district in Kheyroud -Kenar, Naushahr forest were selected. SRS was employed for estimation of number & basal area per hectare in rare and thick species but full callipering methods for accurate measurement of the abovementioned attributes. Results of this study showed that SRS method has underestimated some species such as Wild cherry (Cerasus avium), Mountain elm (Ulmus glabra Hudson), Cappadocian maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled), Large-leaved lime tree (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) and Velvet maple (Acer velutinum) and overestimated others such as Chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.M.), Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn), and Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) spices. SRS method did not have an accurate estimation for number of trees distribution per hectare in diametric classes more than 100 for Chestnut-leaved oak, Common hornbeam and Velvet maple spices.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
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Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in District Swat, Pakistan and its management through host resistance | JBES
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
130 | Khan et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in District Swat,
Pakistan and its management through host resistance
Aftab Ali Khan1
, Abdul Rafi1
, Asma Akbar*2
, Zahoor Ahmad3
, Azra Nadeem1
1
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Adaptive Research Program, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Article published on August 30, 2020
Key words: Tomato, Bacterial spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Host resistance
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy
losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of
bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal
(71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato
germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while
severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits
obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average
numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes.
Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest
susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in
some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an
important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
*Corresponding Author: Asma Akbar asmaakbar139@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 130-143, 2020
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
131 | Khan et al.
Introduction
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an
important vegetable and fruit crop (Akbar et al., 2018)
after potato both in consumption and production
worldwide (Lemma et al., 1992). It is consumed as a
raw or as an ingredient in a number of dishes and
drinks (Anonymous, 2009). Tomato contains essential
amino acids, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins and
sugars (Akbar et al., 2018). The metabolites of tomato
have reducing effect on acidity of urine when compared
to orange juice (Saywell et al., 1933). Furthermore,
lycopene contents in tomato act as an antioxidant and
play great role in prevention of cancer heart diseases
and many other health problems (Miller et al., 2002)
(Akbar et al., 2018).
In terms of production China is in the list of top
tomato producing country and accounts for one
quarter of tomato acreage of the world. Furthermore
Asia and Africa is shares approximately 65% to the
world tomato production (FAO, 2008). Under divers
agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan tomatoes are
cultivated over 52.8 thousand hectares with the
annual production of about 529.9 thousand tons
Pakistan (Agriculture statistics of Pakistan, 2011-12).
The tomato production of Baluchistan is more (45%)
as compared to other provinces like KP which 35%
followed by Punjab 14% and Sindh 10%. (Anonymous,
2007). In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, tomato occupied an
area of 16.5 thousand hectares with the average yield
of 9.8 tons/ha (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2012).
Off season tomatoes are grown in the frost-free area
of the Katha, Sughral in Punjab province and Dargai
area in KP (Burney, 1995).
In Pakistan tomato yield is very low when compared
to other leading tomato growing countries like USA,
India and is much less than world average production
which is 36 ton/ha. Low tomato production is
attributed to several insect’s attack and diseases.
Different fungal, bacterial, and viral and nematodes
diseases occur in tomato. Among those bacterial
diseases, tomato spot is one of the destructive disease.
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria
causes a heavy loss than any other bacterial disease.
In 1921 bacterial spot was reported by Doidge in USA
and South Africa for the first time and later reported
on capsicum for the first time in Florida in 1923 by
Gardner (Jones et al., 2004).
Xanthomonas vesicatoria is having rod shape, motile
aerobic and gram negative and having single or polar
flagellum (Thieme et al., 2005). On Nutrients Agar
colonies are circular, wet,
The pathogen can affect all above ground parts of
tomato including stem, leaf, fruit, etc. Lesions on
leaves are small (<3mm in diameter) brown and
circular with water-soaked margins. Lesion on fruits
begin as raised blisters. Older lesions are brown, scab
like and sunken in the middle.
Keeping in view the importance of this disease in our
province particularly in tomato growing areas of
district swat, the study was planned with the
following objectives.
1. To determine the incidence of bacterial spot
caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato
growing areas of District Swat.
2. To isolate and identify the pathogen through
biochemical tests.
3. To screen tomato germplasm for resistance to
bacterial spot.
Material and methods
Assessment of disease incidence and samples collection
Survey was conducted in tomato growing areas of
district Swat for bacterial spot of tomato incidence.
The district was divided into three different areas and
in each tehsil three locations were surveyed and two
fields in each location were selected at a well apart
distance i.e., 5 to 10Km (Table 1). To find out disease
incidence 10 plants from 2 to 3 spots in each field
were randomly selected and their average is obtained.
The disease incidence was determined by using the
following formula.
Disease incidence (%) =
No of diseased plants
Total no. of plants observed x 100
To isolate pure culture of the causal bacterium
diseased samples were collected at the
same locations. Samples were kept in bags, properly
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
132 | Khan et al.
labeled and brought to plant pathology laboratory
at Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Swat and
stored at 4oC for further processing.
Table 1. Tomato growing areas of district Swat
visited for disease incidence and samples collection.
SL Locality Tehsil
1 Jawand
Kabal
2 Nasrat
3 Sogaley
4 Ghari
Barikot
5 Parrhi
6 Dadahara
7 Charbagh
Charbagh
8 Gulibagh
9 Alabad
Experiment In-vitro
Isolation and identification of pathogen
The technique developed by Chiejina. (2008) which is
used to isolate bacterium. 2mm thin sections were cut
from infected fruits and leaves and sterilized in
70% ethyl alcohol. After sterilization, the pieces were
washed three times with sterilized distilled water and
blotted dried on paper towels aseptically. Then 4-5
sterilized pieces were placed on Nutrient agar (NA)
plates. Plates were kept at 30oc in incubator for 24 to
48 hours upside down. To obtain pure culture a
smear of well grown colony was steaked on NA
medium and incubated for 24 to 48hours. Then the
isolates obtained from samples were subjected for
identification using gram staining reaction (Schaad.,
1988), Hypersensitive response test (James et al.,
1996), (Sahin et al., 1996) and through use of various
biochemical tests by (Holt et al., 1994) such as KOH
test (Ryu, 1940; Suslow et al., 1982), Catalase test (He
et al., 1993), Oxidase test (Schaad, 1988) and Starch
hydrolysis test (Sands, 1990).
Experiment in-vivo for screening germplasms
against Bacterial spot
Nursery preparation and transplantation for
screening tomato germplasms
For this purpose, diseased free seeds of different
available tomato germplasms (13) were sown initially
in trays. Trays were maintained in screen house for
four weeks till germination of seeds.
After four weeks, transplantation was done in the
field at ARI (Agriculture Research Institute) Mingora
Swat. Six plants per plot were planted, the distance
from plant to plant was 45cm and the rows distance
was 90cm in a randomized complete block design.
The management practices for fertilization, insect and
foliar fungal diseases were done according to
standard recommendations (Ivors et al., 2013).
Copper was sprayed on control plants to control
bacterial pathogens.
Table 2. Tomato germplasms and its source,
evaluated for resistance against bacterial spot.
SL Germplasms Source
1 AVTO 9802 ARI Swat
2 1405 --
3 1409 --
4 1455 --
5 AVTO 1003 --
6 AVTO 1130 --
7 9708 --
8 1429 --
9 1288 --
10 U-RO --
11 Rio-Grande Market
12 Red stone --
13 Roma --
Inoculum preparation and inoculation
A 3-days old culture of Xanthomonas vesicatoria was
flooded with SDW (sterilized distilled water). The
colonies were scrapped by using a glass slide. The
colonies concentration in suspension was adjusted to
OD 600 and abs 0.3 with spectrophotometer. Plants
were inoculated with suspension in the field by using
a sprayer after 30 days of transplantation. Inoculation
process was done in morning time to increase the
chances of infection. Bacterial spot symptoms
developed in about 14 to 21 days on leaf surface.
Data on the following Parameters was recorded and
statistically analyzed using statistic 8.1 software. The
determined were subjected to ANOVA at the least
significant difference Test (at 5% significance level)
(steel et al., 1997).
Disease severity
After four weeks of inoculation Plants were calculated
for foliar bacterial disease severity according to the
following scale, adopted by Suárez-Estrella1 et al., 2014.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
133 | Khan et al.
Table 3. Disease Severity Scale used for grading
germplasm resistance.
Disease
rating
Symptoms Category
0 Symptomless Plants Resistant
1
Mildly infected plants (<50%
of spotted leaves)
Moderately
Resistant
2
Highly infected plants (>50%
of spotted leaves but plants
not dead)
Susceptible
3 Dead plants
Highly
Susceptible
(Suárez-Estrella1 et al., 2014).
Number of fruits per plant
Number of fruits per plant was counted after each
picking. Mean number of fruits per plant were calculated
after the last picking and were analyzed statistically.
Plant height
The growth of a plant is highly reflected by plant
height which contributes to the final yield. Statistical
results of data pertaining to the plant height (cm)
were measured at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting.
Weight of fruits
The disease affects the weight of the fruits as well, so
data about the weight of fruits at maturity was
calculated through digital balance.
Statistical analyses
Analyses of variance of RCBD was performed using
Statistical Software statistix 8.1. Least Squares of
Means were calculated, and lines were separated
using LSD at P = 0.05 levels (Steel et al., 1997).
Disease severity on leaves and fruits were calculated
on ten severely infected leaves and fruits of each plot.
Results
Incidence of bacterial spot in tomato growing areas
of Swat
Survey was done for incidence of bacterial spot
disease in different growing areas of Swat. A total of
nine locations were visited in the district. Highest
bacterial spot incidence was found for tehsil Kabal
which was 71.6%, followed by tehsil Charbagh 61.6%
and in tehsil Barikot 58.3% disease incidence was
recorded (Table 4).
Table 4. Incidence of Bacterial Spot disease in
Tomato growing areas of District Swat.
SL Areas Incidence (%)
1 Kabal 71.6 A
2 Charbagh 61.6 B
3 Barikot 58.3 B
4 LSD Value 3.60
Experiments in vitro
Isolation and purification
Small pieces of diseased leaves/fruits samples, placed
on Nutrient Agar plates and re-streaking was done.
Bacterial colonies were obtained at 30ºC after 48
hours of incubation. (Fig.1). The visual observation
was made visually to identify the pathogen
(Xanthomonas vesicatoria) through colonies
morphology. The color of colonies was light yellow to
yellow. The colonies shape was found to be mucoid
and convex. A total of 9 isolates were obtained which
were used further (Table 5).
Table 5. Morphology of bacterial colonies obtained
after 24 hours grown on NA medium.
SL Locality
Colony/24 hour
Mucoid, convex,
Yellow colony
1 Jawand yes +
2 Nasrat yes +
3 Sogaley yes _
4 Garrhi yes +
5 Pharri yes +
6 Dadahara yes +
7 Charbagh yes _
8 Gulibagh yes +
9 Alabad yes +
+= Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv)
-= bacterial culture other than Xv
Hypersensitive response test
HR-inducing ability of the isolates was tested on
tobacco plant. Complete collapse of tissue followed by
necrosis after 24 hours was found as positive (Fig. 2)
(Table 6). Out of nine isolates, seven showed H.R
response. However, isolate representing Tehsil Kabal
showed sever HR response that was used for
inoculation in In-vivo experiments.
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
134 | Khan et al.
A
F
E
D
C
B
Fig 1. Isolation of pathogen from leaves and fruits samples and inoculation on NA medium. A & B (Isolation and
inoculation), C& D (Bacterial culture), E (Bacterial colonies), F (Gram staining).
Table 6. Hypersensitive Response of bacterial
isolates on tobacco plants 24 hours after inoculation.
SL Isolates Hypersensitive Response
1 I. k1. +
2 I. k2 +
3 I. k3 +
4 I. c1 +
5 I. c2 +
6 I. c3 _
7 I. b1 +
8 I. b2 _
9 I. b3 +
The symbol “+” = express positive result that the
bacterium is pathogenic while the symbol “_” denotes
a negative result.
Fig 2. Hypersensitive Response on Tobacco plants 24
hours after inocultaion with representative bacterial
isolates. B(bacteria) W(water).
Biochemical characterization of pathogen
The biochemical characterization results have been
shown (Table 7). The bacterial stained mounts were
observed under light microscope using oil immersion in
gram staining. Xanthomonas vesicatoria isolates were
found pinkish in color and termed as gram negative.
KOH test
Thread like slime was formed from viscous
suspension when picked up by the toothpick during
KOH test (Fig. 3a), indicating that the bacterium was
Gram-negative.
Catalase test
The bacterium produced bubbles by dropping
Hydrogen peroxide on smear of culture indicating the
bacteria as catalase positive (Fig. 3b).
Oxidase test
The Xanthomas vesicatoria was characterized as
oxidase negative that gave no color after 60 seconds
(Fig. 3d).
Starch hydrolysis test
After incubation of seven days at 30ºC a clear zone
around the colonies was formed on starch medium
when Lugol’s Iodine was applied. This test indicated
that the bacterium hydrolyzed the starch which was
present in the nutrient agar medium (Fig. 3c)
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
135 | Khan et al.
Table 7. Bio-chemical characterization of bacterial
isolates.
SL Isolates
Gram
reaction
KOHCatalaseOxidase
Starch
Hydrolysis
1 Isolate.k1 _ + + _ +
2 Isolate.k2 _ + + _ +
3 Isolate.k3 _ + + _ +
4 Isolate.c1 _ + + _ +
5 Isolate.c2 _ + + _ +
6 Isolate.c3 _ + + _ +
7 Isolate.b1 _ + + _ +
8 Isolate.b2 _ + + + +
9 Isolate.b3 _ + + _ +
The symbol “+” = denotes a positive result while the
symbol “_” denotes a negative result.
Fig. 3. Identification of the bacterium through
different bio-chemical tests i.e KOH Test (a), Catalase
Test (b), Starch Hydrolysis (c), Oxidase Test (d).
Experiment in vivo
Disease severity
There was high Bacterial Spot disease pressure in the
field. Disease symptoms were seen on all parts of a
plant (Fig. 4). ANOVA of the field study demonstrated
that there were significant differences among tomato
lines for foliar (P=0.00) (Table 8) and fruit disease
scores (P=0.00) (Table 9). Mean data exhibited that
the foliar disease severity among the germplasms
ranged from 3.333 to 73.333 and the mean data for
fruit disease severity ranged from 18.333 to 30.667.
LSD of the severity of tomato germplasms in the field
for fruit was 2.0728 (Table 9) and LS means of BS
disease score on leaves was 4.6685 (Table 8). Tomato
lines 1288 showed highest level of resistance among
the germplasms and followed by Redstone, Rio-
Grande respectively, while in contrast the line 9708
was found highly susceptible to BS disease followed
by AVTO-9802, AVTO-1130 etc. respectively.
Table 8. Disease severity of Leaves recorded on
tomato lines.
SL Germplasms Severity
(Foliar)
Conclusion
1 9708 73.333 A Susceptible
2 AVTO-9802 63.333 B Susceptible
3 AVTO-1130 53.333 C Susceptible
4 1455 43.333 D Moderately resistant
5 1409 36.667 DE Moderately resistant
6 1405 33.333 EF Moderately resistant
7 AVTO-1003 33.333 EF Moderately resistant
8 U-RO 26.667 FG Moderately resistant
9 Roma 23.333 GH Moderately resistant
10 1429 16.667 HI Moderately resistant
11 Rio-Grande 13.333 I Moderately resistant
12 Redstone 10.000 IJ Moderately resistant
13 1288 3.333 J Moderately resistant
LSD Values 4.6685
Table 9. Disease severity of Fruits recorded on
tomato lines.
SL Germplasms Severity (Fruits)
1 9708 30.667 A
2 AVTO-9802 30.000 AB
3 AVTO-1130 29.667 AB
4 1455 29.000 ABC
5 1409 27.667 ABC
6 1405 27.000 ABC
7 AVTO-1003 26.667 ABC
8 U-RO 26.000 BC
9 Roma 26.000 B C
10 1429 25.333 C
11 Rio-Grande 20.667 D
12 Redstone 19.667 D
13 1288 18.333 D
LSD Values 2.0728
Fig 4. Tomato leaves and fruits showing typical
bacterial spot symptoms.
Number of fruits per plant
The germplasm displayed highly significant difference
(p=0.001) for number of fruits per plant (Table 10).
Mean data showed that number of fruits among the
tomato germplasms ranged from 34 to 6.67.
Maximum fruits were collected from line 1288 (34),
followed by Redstone, (28.3), Rio-Grande (22.6).
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
136 | Khan et al.
While minimum number of fruits were picked from
line 9708 (6.6), followed by AVTO-9802 (8.6), AVTO-
1130 (9.6), 1455 (10.3) respectively.
Table 10. No of Fruits of 13 germplasms of tomato.
SL Germplasms
No of
Fruits/plant
Control
1 1288 34.000 A 35 A
2 Redstone 28.333 AB 31 B
3 Rio-Grande 22.667 BC 35 A
4 1429 19.667 BCD 25 DE
5 Roma 18.333 CDE 29 BC
6 U-RO 16.333 CDEF 26 CD
7 AVTO-1003 15.333 CDEFG 22 EF
8 1405 13.333 DEFG 21 FG
9 1409 12.667 DEFG 20 FGH
10 1455 10.333 EFG 18 GH
11 AVTO-1130 9.667 EFG 17 H
12 AVTO-9802 8.667 FG 18 GH
13 9708 6.667 G 10 I
LSD Values 4.5031 1.6845
Plant height
Significant differences (0.00) among the germplasms
were observed for plant height (Table 11). Plant height
ranged from 45.7cm to 79.5cm. Minimum plant
height was recorded for line 9708 (45.7cm), followed
by AVTO-9802 (56.7cm), AVTO-1130 (60.9cm), 1455
(63.5cm) respectively. However, maximum plant
height (79.5cm) was recorded for Redstone followed
by line 1288 (78.7cm), and Rio-Grande (76.2cm).
Table 11. Plant height (cm) of 13 germplasms of
tomato.
SL Treatment Plant height Control
1 Redstone. 1 79.587 A 80 B
2 1288. 2 78.740 A 80 B
3 1429. 3 76.200 AB 77 BC
4 Rio-Grande. 4 76.200 AB 80 B
5 Roma. 5 74.507 ABC 76 BC
6 U-RO. 6 72.813 BCD 85 A
7 AVTO-1003. 7 71.967 BCD 72.46 CDE
8 1405. 8 70.273 CD 75 CD
9 1409. 9 68.580 DE 73 CDE
10 1455. 10 63.500 EF 71 DE
11 AVTO-1130. 11 60.960 FG 70 E
12 AVTO-9802. 12 56.727 G 73 CDE
13 9708. 13 45.720 H 65 F
LSD Values 2.5598 2.2632
Weight of fruits
Mean squares revealed highly significant difference
(0.00) among germplasms for fruits weight (Table
12). Weight of fruits ranged from 215.6 to 470.0 in
which line 9708 displayed low weighted fruits
followed by AVTO-9802, AVTO-1130,1455
respectively, while in contrast, maximum fruits
weight was found for line 1288 followed by Redstone,
Rio-Grande.
Table 12. Weight (g) of Fruits of 13 germplasms of
tomato.
SL Treatment Fruit weight Control
1 1288 470.00 A 470 A
2 Redstone 460.00 A 476 A
3 Rio-Grande 405.00 B 402 B
4 U-RO 383.33 BC 380 CD
5 1429 381.67 BC 392 BC
6 1409 375.00 BCD 370 D
7 1405 372.00 CD 375 D
8 Roma 348.33 DE 340 E
9 AVTO-1003 316.6 EF 321 F
10 1455 305.0 F 306 FG
11 AVTO-1130 285.00 F 296 G
12 AVTO-9802 225.0 G 255 H
13 9708 215.67 G 237 I
LSD Values 15.501 8.1072
Discussion
Survey was determined to find out disease incidence
(%) in tomato growing areas of district Swat.
Incidence percentage of bacterial spot was 71.6%,
61.6% and 58.3% for Tehsil Kabal, Charbagh and
Barikot. Incidence of disease in Kabal was on top
among the three regions of the district. This could be
because of inoculum buildup due to successive
tomato cropping in environmental conditions, mostly
moisture and temperature favored bacterial spot
disease as compared to Charbagh and Barikot.
Various biochemical tests like Gram reaction, Starch
hydrolysis, Oxidase, Catalase and KOH tests
characterized the Xanthomonas vesicatoria as gram
negative, catalase positive and oxidase negative
bacteria. Some of the isolates were not positive
according to biochemical tests so may be those were
the pathogens of bacterial speck or other bacterial
diseases. In oxidase test the isolate (ib2) showed as
oxidase positive which means that was pseudomonas
spp the cause of bacterial speck. Our results correlate
with the work of Mubeen et al. (2015), Vernière et al.
(1998) and Suslow et al. (1982) who used Gram
staining, Starch hydrolysis, Tween 80 hydrolysis,
Gelatin Liquefaction, KOH test, Kovacs’ Oxidase and
Fluorescent Pigmentation tests for identification of
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
137 | Khan et al.
Xanthomonas axonopodis campestris pv. citri.
Vernière et al. (1998) also used several biochemical
tests to identify and differentiate pathotypes of citrus
canker bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis citri.
Bacterial spot symptoms were seen on leaves and
fruits. The appearance of the fruit symptoms
generally appears when the disease pressure is high.
When hair of fruit fall from the fruit, there is an injury
or opening left for the bacteria to enter through the
fruit surface and cause raised black lesions.
Significant differences among the germplasm were
observed for disease resistance. Most of the lines were
moderately resistant to susceptible according to the
scale reported by Suarez et al. (2014). Ten lines, in
which lines 1288, 1429, AVTO-1003, 1405, 1409 and
1455 and in commercial varieties Red-stone, Rio-
Grande, Roma and U-RO were moderately resistant.
These lines were resistant as compared to the rest of
lines and variety because they may have resistance
genes to bacterial spot while another three lines were
found susceptible including lines 9708, AVTO-9802
and AVTO-1130. The symptoms were found more as
compared to fruits because the plants were inoculated
at the early stage and fruits were not produced and
other reason for more symptoms on leaves could be
the stomata through which the bacteria easily enter as
compared to fruits. These results are in uniformity
with the findings of Bhattarai et al. (2014) who
screened 63 varieties for resistance to Bacterial spot,
where eleven genotypes were found resistant. Similar
results were obtained by Wang (1992) where different
genotypes were tested both in greenhouse and field.
Our results are also in similarity of Alballat et al.
(2016), five out of 35 hybrids were found resistant.
Phenotypic traits were measured i-e, plant height,
number of fruits, and weight of fruits. Significant
differences were found for all the traits among the
germplasm because the disease effects the plant
height as well when compared with control. For plant
height the best result was recorded (79.5cm) for
commercial variety Red-stone followed by 1288, Rio-
Grande, 1429, Roma, U-RO, AVTO-1003, 1405, 1409,
and 1455. (78.7, 76.2, 76.2,74.5,72.8,71.9,70.2,68.5
and 63.5). While the minimum plant height was
recorded 45.7cm for 9708 followed by AVTO-9802,
AVTO-1130 and 1455. (56.7cm, 60.9cm, 63.5cm).
More number of fruits were found for line 1288 which
was 34 followed by Red-stone, Rio-Grande, 1429,
Roma, U-RO, and 1405, while less number of fruits
was recorded for line 9708 followed by AVTO-9802,
1455, and 1409. Fruit weight was found more for
(470g) line 1288 while the minimum result for fruit
weight was shown by 9708 (215.6). The results of these
phenotypic traits are in similarity with the findings of
Bhattarai et al. (2014), in which the traits measured
were growth type, height, leaf type, leaf color, fruit
shape, fruit size. The findings of this study
demonstrated that screening is an effective step in the
management of tomato bacterial spot. It’s also reported
that host genetic resistance is the most effective
strategy in managing bacterial -speck and -spot
diseases Jones et al. (1986) and Hulbert et al. (2001).
Survey was conducted in tomato growing areas of
swat for bacterial spot incidence. Severe incidence
was found in Tehsil Kabal (71.6%), Tehsil Charbagh
(61.6%), and Tehsil Barikot (58.3%). Samples were
collected from same tomato fields of District Swat,
visited for bacterial spot incidence.
The experiment was carried out at Agriculture
Research Institute Mingora Swat. The collected
samples were brought to laboratory for further
isolation and identification. Physiological and
biochemical tests were done for the identification of
the bacterium. The bacterium was confirmed as
Xanthomonas vesicatoria through different
biological tests, such as gram reaction, KOH, catalase,
oxidase and starch hydrolysis test.
While in vivo study, 13 germplasms were planted in a
RCB design with 3 replications in the field. Nursery
was raised in greenhouse and then transplanted into
field after 27 days of sowing. For inoculation purpose,
A 3-days old culture of Xanthomonas vesicatoria was
flooded with SDW (sterilized distilled water). The
colonies were scrapped by using a glass slide. The
colonies concentration in suspension was adjusted to
9. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
138 | Khan et al.
108 CFU/ml, OD 600 with spectrophotometer. Plants
were inoculated with suspension in the field after 30
days of transplantation. Bacterial spot symptoms
developed in about 14 to 21 days on leaf surface.
Data were recorded according to the parameters. The
variability for all the traits was studied. The
germplasms revealed high significant difference
(p=0.00) for disease severity, incidence, plant height,
fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. Average
of varieties were moderately resistant according to
scale for foliar severity but among 13 varieties the
minimum disease severity was revealed (3.3%) by
1288 while the maximum disease severity was shown
(73.3%) by 9708. For fruit severity, the germplasm
9708 showed severity of 30.6% while the severity of
1288 was 18.3%. The best result for number of fruits
(34), fruit weight (470 gram) and plant height
(78.4cm) after Redstone was displayed by 1288. Thus,
it is concluded that the breeding line 1288 showed
best result among all the germplasms evaluated and
should be used in future to prevent significant losses
of bacterial spot disease.
Conclusions
In the light of present research work, it is concluded
that the Bacterial spot disease is widespread in
district Swat and severely affected tomato crop. In
screening for disease resistance, the line 1288
exhibited more resistant among all the germplasms
evaluated. 1288 was tallest, had heavy fruits and
having more number of fruits per plant. The second
resistant was commercial variety, Redstone and the
then Rio-Grande. Further, most of the lines were
moderately resistant to susceptible.
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