The document outlines strategies for developing drought-smart future crops. It discusses omics tools like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that can be used to identify genes and pathways related to drought tolerance. Transgenic approaches like genetic engineering can introduce drought tolerance genes. Conventional breeding and speed breeding can combine traits from parental lines. Integrating these modern techniques with traditional methods like agronomic practices can help develop crops with improved drought resistance and yield stability under water scarcity. A case study identifies genomic loci, genes and transcription factors in maize affecting seminal root length under drought. Future work may combine genome editing, phenomics and speed breeding to rapidly deliver climate-smart crops.
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
This document provides an outline for a seminar on enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops through conventional and molecular breeding approaches. It discusses several abiotic stresses that impact vegetable crops like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. It covers mechanisms of stress tolerance, screening criteria for stress tolerance, sources of tolerance, and breeding methods used to develop stress-tolerant varieties through conventional approaches like selection and hybridization as well as modern molecular breeding approaches like marker-assisted selection, somaclonal variation, and genetic engineering. It also presents three case studies on developing drought tolerance in tomato, evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance, and waterlogging tolerance mechanisms.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Breeding for Development of Climate Resilient Chickpea.pptxKanshouwaModunshim
The breeding for the development of Climate Resilient Chickpea is a critical initiative aimed at enhancing the productivity and adaptability of chickpea genotypes under challenging environmental conditions. Chickpea, a vital pulse crop globally, faces yield limitations due to the combined impact of heat, cold, drought, and salinity stresses. The average yields, currently far below the potential, necessitate the development of highly productive and resilient chickpea cultivars. Traditional breeding methods and modern genomic resources, including molecular markers, genetic maps, and QTL identification, have been instrumental in enhancing grain yields and stress adaptation. Marker-assisted backcrossing has successfully produced cultivars like Pusa Manav, demonstrating the effectiveness of genomic technologies. Additionally, the adoption of gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, holds promise in accelerating genetic gain for stress-related traits.
This document provides an overview of approaches to improve drought resistance in potatoes through biotechnology. It discusses how drought affects potato production by reducing photosynthesis and increasing reactive oxygen species. Conventional breeding has focused on traits like root depth but is slow. Mapping quantitative trait loci and marker-assisted selection help identify drought resistance genes. Transgenic approaches allow incorporating resistance genes from other species. Several genes have been transferred to improve drought tolerance in potatoes, including genes for trehalose, glycine betaine, and superoxide dismutase.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
This document provides an outline for a seminar on enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops through conventional and molecular breeding approaches. It discusses several abiotic stresses that impact vegetable crops like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. It covers mechanisms of stress tolerance, screening criteria for stress tolerance, sources of tolerance, and breeding methods used to develop stress-tolerant varieties through conventional approaches like selection and hybridization as well as modern molecular breeding approaches like marker-assisted selection, somaclonal variation, and genetic engineering. It also presents three case studies on developing drought tolerance in tomato, evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance, and waterlogging tolerance mechanisms.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Breeding for Development of Climate Resilient Chickpea.pptxKanshouwaModunshim
The breeding for the development of Climate Resilient Chickpea is a critical initiative aimed at enhancing the productivity and adaptability of chickpea genotypes under challenging environmental conditions. Chickpea, a vital pulse crop globally, faces yield limitations due to the combined impact of heat, cold, drought, and salinity stresses. The average yields, currently far below the potential, necessitate the development of highly productive and resilient chickpea cultivars. Traditional breeding methods and modern genomic resources, including molecular markers, genetic maps, and QTL identification, have been instrumental in enhancing grain yields and stress adaptation. Marker-assisted backcrossing has successfully produced cultivars like Pusa Manav, demonstrating the effectiveness of genomic technologies. Additionally, the adoption of gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, holds promise in accelerating genetic gain for stress-related traits.
This document provides an overview of approaches to improve drought resistance in potatoes through biotechnology. It discusses how drought affects potato production by reducing photosynthesis and increasing reactive oxygen species. Conventional breeding has focused on traits like root depth but is slow. Mapping quantitative trait loci and marker-assisted selection help identify drought resistance genes. Transgenic approaches allow incorporating resistance genes from other species. Several genes have been transferred to improve drought tolerance in potatoes, including genes for trehalose, glycine betaine, and superoxide dismutase.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Precision Breeding for Climate-Smart Crops - Integrating Genome Editing and B...Sudip Kundu
Climate change poses a serious threat to global food security, demanding innovative solutions. Precision breeding, leveraging the power of genome editing and bioinformatics, presents a promising approach to develop climate-smart crops. This presentation explores the exciting convergence of these technologies, unveiling their potential to unlock resilient and adaptable crops for a changing world.
Key topics covered:
Climate change challenges: Explore the growing threats to agriculture, including rising temperatures, droughts, floods, and pests.
Precision breeding fundamentals: Demystify genome editing techniques like CRISPR and their role in targeted genetic modifications.
Bioinformatics in action: Discover how computational tools analyze vast genetic data, guiding precise interventions in crops.
Developing climate-smart crops: Learn how scientists harness this combined power to breed for traits like heat tolerance, water efficiency, and disease resistance.
Real-world applications: Witness case studies showcasing the development of climate-resilient crops like wheat, rice, and maize.
Future outlook: Discuss the ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and potential breakthroughs shaping the future of precision breeding.
Join us on this journey to explore how precision breeding can:
Boost food security in a changing climate
Empower farmers and ensure sustainable agriculture
Shape a brighter future for generations to come
Don't miss this insightful presentation. Share it with your network and engage in the discussion!
#ClimateSmartCrops #PrecisionBreeding #GenomeEditing #Bioinformatics #FoodSecurity
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Breeding for improved drought tolerance in major crop (Maize, Sorghum, Red gram)bidush
This document discusses breeding methods for improved drought tolerance in major crops like maize, sorghum, and redgram. It begins with definitions of drought and describes past and present drought trends. It then discusses the effects of drought on various crops and their response mechanisms. Various sources of drought tolerance are identified in wild relatives. The genetics and quantitative trait loci governing drought tolerance are described for different crops. Methods for creating drought environments, phenotyping traits, and conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing drought tolerant varieties are explained. Promising drought tolerant varieties and future strategies are also mentioned.
Abstract
More than 300m people below the poverty line in developing countries depend on root, tuber and banana crops for food and income, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is working globally to harness the untapped potential of those crops in order to improve food security, nutrition, income, and climate change and variability resilience of smallholder production systems. RTB is changing the way research centres work and collaborate, creating a more cohesive and multidisciplinary approach to common challenges and goals through knowledge sharing, multidirectional communications, communities of practice, and crosscutting initiatives. Participating centres work with an array of national and international institutions, non-governmental organisations, and stakeholders’ groups. RTB aims to promote greater cooperation among them while strengthening their capacities as key players. Because the impact of RTB research is highly dependent on its adoption by users, the programme’s research options are designed and developed together with partners, clients, and other stakeholders, and are informed by their needs and preferences. Climate change will have multiple impacts on poverty and vulnerability. Recent studies by the World Bank suggest that one of the most significant routes for this impact will be through increased food prices, which may undo progress in poverty reduction and will make achieving Sustainable Development Goals increasingly difficult. This underlines the urgency of investment in mid- to long-term strategic research to improve climate resilience. The presentation looks at progress in understanding the current trends and forecasting the changes that may occur to guide research; it examines some of the critical issues that will face potato and sweetpotato farmers; and ends with a plea for climate-smart research and breeding. And though this includes many of the things we already do, we need to do them faster, better, and smarter.
1. Climate change will increase food prices, worsening poverty, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where roots and tubers are a major staple crop.
2. Breeding climate-smart varieties of roots and tubers is essential to dampening food price rises and hunger under climate change.
3. A new paradigm of genomics-assisted climate-smart breeding is needed to identify key drought and heat tolerant traits, develop climate-smart varieties faster and better, and ensure widespread adoption through seed systems.
This document outlines a strategy for developing climate-smart potato varieties for Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses understanding farmer adoption challenges, appraising germplasm resources, exploring drought and heat tolerance mechanisms, and an integrative breeding design. The strategy emphasizes understanding diverse farmer environments and preferences, defining reasonable "target yields", using recurrent selection and progeny testing to combine traits, and introducing diverse varieties for farmers to choose from. The overall goal is to breed varieties that adapt well to specific climate conditions while meeting farmer and market preferences.
Cloning and characterization of full length candidate genesICRISAT
This document discusses cloning and characterization of candidate genes for physiological traits. It defines candidate genes as genes of known biological function involved in trait development or expression. It describes how candidate genes are identified and developed, and how genes are then cloned using restriction enzymes and vectors to replicate the target gene. Gene characterization is described as determining the expression of heritable traits through molecular analysis and genotyping. Three case studies demonstrate identifying drought tolerance genes in cassava, a dehydrin gene conferring stress tolerance in bajra, and isolating a phytocystatin gene for pest and disease resistance in turmeric.
The document describes two case studies on breeding for drought resistance in rice. The first case study details a crossing program between a drought tolerant donor variety (Nagina 22) and three susceptible varieties (Swarna, IR64, MTU1010). QTL analysis identified a major QTL (qDTY1.1) on chromosome 1 that increased yield under drought stress in the progenies. The second case study describes a crossing between a susceptible (Danteshwai) and tolerant landrace (Dagaddeshi) followed by QTL mapping, which identified 20 QTL for yield under different drought conditions, with some located on chromosomes 1, 3 and 11. The identified QTL and genomic regions can help breed
The document describes several methods for developing transgenic plants, including direct gene transfer methods like microinjection and electroporation, and indirect methods using Agrobacterium. It also discusses some achievements of transgenic plants, including improved nutritional quality, insect and disease resistance, and herbicide tolerance. A new study is described that develops a double right border binary vector to more easily produce transgenic plants without selectable marker genes. This allows the marker gene to be separated from the gene of interest to generate "clean" transgenic plants.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Biotechnology improvement tools in sugarcane crop improvement vishwas chaudhari
Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It is cultivated widely in India and other parts of the world. The document discusses the importance of sugarcane as a cash crop and its production in India. It also summarizes the use of biotechnological tools like tissue culture and genetic transformation that can help address challenges in sugarcane production like abiotic and biotic stresses and develop improved varieties.
What Remains to be Discovered: Unlocking the Potential of Modern BiosciencesSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING METHODS FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS and DESIGNER PLANT TY...Komal Kute
A growing world population is expected to cause a "perfect storm" of food, feed, and biofuel. Under the climate change scenario, it is a challenge for agricultural scientists to ensure food and nutritional security for an ever-increasing population with limited and rapidly depleting resources. However, researchers are now observing that conventional breeding methods will not be sufficient to meet projected future demands for foods. To overcome these constraints, plant breeding has evolved over the past two decades towards a much closer integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) tools and technologies.
The "phenotyping revolution" targets extremely precise and accurate measurements of very specific traits in large populations in the field. Sorghum breeding is not new to this advancement, which obviously implies significant shifts in the breeding programs. First, it indicates breeders integrate trait assessment with traditional yield and agronomic evaluation, emphasising that breeding programmes are opened up to new or other disciplines. It additionally requires that these new or other disciplines think about and conceptualise their own actions and orientations from the perspective of how they may fit into a breeding methodology. In this instance, the four primary sorghum breeding domains—staying green and transpiration limitation under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD); nodal root angle and depth; grain mineral content (Fe, Zn); and grain and stover quality traits—are tightly correlated with HTP. These ongoing initiatives focus on value of the particular trait and why it is considered by breeders; how it is measured with HTP approaches (method, throughput, cost, simplicity) and finally, how these traits are currently being embedded in the breeding program. Through various research, it became evident there are several other avenues of technology that, although not yet routinely implemented, could bring about a major benefit to the breeding programme’s endeavour to increase the rate of genetic gains. Here, we discuss the use of drone imaging for yield trial quality control and pinpoint plot heterogeneity, the integration of quality analysis into the assessment of agronomic traits in the field, and the use of X-ray spectroscopy to assess grain or crop architecture traits.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
CROP MODELING IN VEGETABLES ( AABID AYOUB SKUAST-K).pptxAabidAyoub
crop modeling is future in agriculture to tackle changing environment conditions and increase food security in the world. These models incorporate various factors such as climate, soil characteristics, agronomic practices, and crop physiology to predict crop yields, water usage, nutrient uptake, and other important parameters. Crop modeling helps in understanding the complex interactions between different variables affecting crop growth and assists farmers, researchers, and policymakers in making informed decisions related to crop management, resource allocation, and risk assessment.
Role of AI in crop modeling: Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in enhancing crop modeling by leveraging advanced computational techniques to improve model accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. One of the most important aspects of precision farming is sustainability. Using artificial neural networks (ANNs), a highly effective multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. The most common type in crop modeling is DSSAT , DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer).The Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) is a software application program that comprises crop simulation models for over 42 crops (as of Version 4.8.2) as well as tools to facilitate effective use of the models. The tools include database management programs for soil, weather, crop management and experimental data, utilities, and application programs. The crop simulation models simulate growth, development and yield as a function of the soil-plant-atmosphere dynamics.DSSAT and its crop simulation models have been used for a wide range of applications at different spatial and temporal scales. This includes on-farm and precision management, regional assessments of the impact of climate variability and climate change, gene-based modeling and breeding selection, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and long-term sustainability through the soil organic carbon and nitrogen balances.In conclusion, crop modeling stands as a crucial tool in modern agriculture, offering a systematic approach to understanding and predicting crop growth dynamics in diverse environmental conditions. By simulating the complex interactions between various factors influencing crop development, including climate, soil properties, agronomic practices, and genetic traits, crop models provide valuable insights for farmers, researchers, and policymakers.
Application of bioinformatics in agriculture sectorSuraj Singh
This document summarizes the application of bioinformatics in the agriculture sector. It discusses how bioinformatics is used to analyze vast amounts of agricultural data to develop stronger, more drought and disease resistant crops with improved nutritional quality. Specific applications mentioned include developing renewable energy crops, insect resistant crops using Bt genes, golden rice with increased vitamin A, drought tolerant crops, and using omics data for plant breeding. It also discusses using bioinformatics to study plant diseases, synteny between crops like rice and Arabidopsis, and software/tools used in bioinformatics.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Rockwool and coco coir performed the best as growing substrates for lettuce in a hydroponic system. Plants grown in coco coir had the tallest height and longest roots, while rockwool produced the most leaves and heaviest fresh biomass. All substrates maintained a similar alkaline pH in the water. While rockwool performed best, coco coir is a suitable alternative growing substrate that does not significantly differ from rockwool for hydroponically grown lettuce.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Precision Breeding for Climate-Smart Crops - Integrating Genome Editing and B...Sudip Kundu
Climate change poses a serious threat to global food security, demanding innovative solutions. Precision breeding, leveraging the power of genome editing and bioinformatics, presents a promising approach to develop climate-smart crops. This presentation explores the exciting convergence of these technologies, unveiling their potential to unlock resilient and adaptable crops for a changing world.
Key topics covered:
Climate change challenges: Explore the growing threats to agriculture, including rising temperatures, droughts, floods, and pests.
Precision breeding fundamentals: Demystify genome editing techniques like CRISPR and their role in targeted genetic modifications.
Bioinformatics in action: Discover how computational tools analyze vast genetic data, guiding precise interventions in crops.
Developing climate-smart crops: Learn how scientists harness this combined power to breed for traits like heat tolerance, water efficiency, and disease resistance.
Real-world applications: Witness case studies showcasing the development of climate-resilient crops like wheat, rice, and maize.
Future outlook: Discuss the ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and potential breakthroughs shaping the future of precision breeding.
Join us on this journey to explore how precision breeding can:
Boost food security in a changing climate
Empower farmers and ensure sustainable agriculture
Shape a brighter future for generations to come
Don't miss this insightful presentation. Share it with your network and engage in the discussion!
#ClimateSmartCrops #PrecisionBreeding #GenomeEditing #Bioinformatics #FoodSecurity
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Breeding for improved drought tolerance in major crop (Maize, Sorghum, Red gram)bidush
This document discusses breeding methods for improved drought tolerance in major crops like maize, sorghum, and redgram. It begins with definitions of drought and describes past and present drought trends. It then discusses the effects of drought on various crops and their response mechanisms. Various sources of drought tolerance are identified in wild relatives. The genetics and quantitative trait loci governing drought tolerance are described for different crops. Methods for creating drought environments, phenotyping traits, and conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing drought tolerant varieties are explained. Promising drought tolerant varieties and future strategies are also mentioned.
Abstract
More than 300m people below the poverty line in developing countries depend on root, tuber and banana crops for food and income, particularly in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is working globally to harness the untapped potential of those crops in order to improve food security, nutrition, income, and climate change and variability resilience of smallholder production systems. RTB is changing the way research centres work and collaborate, creating a more cohesive and multidisciplinary approach to common challenges and goals through knowledge sharing, multidirectional communications, communities of practice, and crosscutting initiatives. Participating centres work with an array of national and international institutions, non-governmental organisations, and stakeholders’ groups. RTB aims to promote greater cooperation among them while strengthening their capacities as key players. Because the impact of RTB research is highly dependent on its adoption by users, the programme’s research options are designed and developed together with partners, clients, and other stakeholders, and are informed by their needs and preferences. Climate change will have multiple impacts on poverty and vulnerability. Recent studies by the World Bank suggest that one of the most significant routes for this impact will be through increased food prices, which may undo progress in poverty reduction and will make achieving Sustainable Development Goals increasingly difficult. This underlines the urgency of investment in mid- to long-term strategic research to improve climate resilience. The presentation looks at progress in understanding the current trends and forecasting the changes that may occur to guide research; it examines some of the critical issues that will face potato and sweetpotato farmers; and ends with a plea for climate-smart research and breeding. And though this includes many of the things we already do, we need to do them faster, better, and smarter.
1. Climate change will increase food prices, worsening poverty, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where roots and tubers are a major staple crop.
2. Breeding climate-smart varieties of roots and tubers is essential to dampening food price rises and hunger under climate change.
3. A new paradigm of genomics-assisted climate-smart breeding is needed to identify key drought and heat tolerant traits, develop climate-smart varieties faster and better, and ensure widespread adoption through seed systems.
This document outlines a strategy for developing climate-smart potato varieties for Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses understanding farmer adoption challenges, appraising germplasm resources, exploring drought and heat tolerance mechanisms, and an integrative breeding design. The strategy emphasizes understanding diverse farmer environments and preferences, defining reasonable "target yields", using recurrent selection and progeny testing to combine traits, and introducing diverse varieties for farmers to choose from. The overall goal is to breed varieties that adapt well to specific climate conditions while meeting farmer and market preferences.
Cloning and characterization of full length candidate genesICRISAT
This document discusses cloning and characterization of candidate genes for physiological traits. It defines candidate genes as genes of known biological function involved in trait development or expression. It describes how candidate genes are identified and developed, and how genes are then cloned using restriction enzymes and vectors to replicate the target gene. Gene characterization is described as determining the expression of heritable traits through molecular analysis and genotyping. Three case studies demonstrate identifying drought tolerance genes in cassava, a dehydrin gene conferring stress tolerance in bajra, and isolating a phytocystatin gene for pest and disease resistance in turmeric.
The document describes two case studies on breeding for drought resistance in rice. The first case study details a crossing program between a drought tolerant donor variety (Nagina 22) and three susceptible varieties (Swarna, IR64, MTU1010). QTL analysis identified a major QTL (qDTY1.1) on chromosome 1 that increased yield under drought stress in the progenies. The second case study describes a crossing between a susceptible (Danteshwai) and tolerant landrace (Dagaddeshi) followed by QTL mapping, which identified 20 QTL for yield under different drought conditions, with some located on chromosomes 1, 3 and 11. The identified QTL and genomic regions can help breed
The document describes several methods for developing transgenic plants, including direct gene transfer methods like microinjection and electroporation, and indirect methods using Agrobacterium. It also discusses some achievements of transgenic plants, including improved nutritional quality, insect and disease resistance, and herbicide tolerance. A new study is described that develops a double right border binary vector to more easily produce transgenic plants without selectable marker genes. This allows the marker gene to be separated from the gene of interest to generate "clean" transgenic plants.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Biotechnology improvement tools in sugarcane crop improvement vishwas chaudhari
Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It is cultivated widely in India and other parts of the world. The document discusses the importance of sugarcane as a cash crop and its production in India. It also summarizes the use of biotechnological tools like tissue culture and genetic transformation that can help address challenges in sugarcane production like abiotic and biotic stresses and develop improved varieties.
What Remains to be Discovered: Unlocking the Potential of Modern BiosciencesSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING METHODS FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS and DESIGNER PLANT TY...Komal Kute
A growing world population is expected to cause a "perfect storm" of food, feed, and biofuel. Under the climate change scenario, it is a challenge for agricultural scientists to ensure food and nutritional security for an ever-increasing population with limited and rapidly depleting resources. However, researchers are now observing that conventional breeding methods will not be sufficient to meet projected future demands for foods. To overcome these constraints, plant breeding has evolved over the past two decades towards a much closer integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) tools and technologies.
The "phenotyping revolution" targets extremely precise and accurate measurements of very specific traits in large populations in the field. Sorghum breeding is not new to this advancement, which obviously implies significant shifts in the breeding programs. First, it indicates breeders integrate trait assessment with traditional yield and agronomic evaluation, emphasising that breeding programmes are opened up to new or other disciplines. It additionally requires that these new or other disciplines think about and conceptualise their own actions and orientations from the perspective of how they may fit into a breeding methodology. In this instance, the four primary sorghum breeding domains—staying green and transpiration limitation under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD); nodal root angle and depth; grain mineral content (Fe, Zn); and grain and stover quality traits—are tightly correlated with HTP. These ongoing initiatives focus on value of the particular trait and why it is considered by breeders; how it is measured with HTP approaches (method, throughput, cost, simplicity) and finally, how these traits are currently being embedded in the breeding program. Through various research, it became evident there are several other avenues of technology that, although not yet routinely implemented, could bring about a major benefit to the breeding programme’s endeavour to increase the rate of genetic gains. Here, we discuss the use of drone imaging for yield trial quality control and pinpoint plot heterogeneity, the integration of quality analysis into the assessment of agronomic traits in the field, and the use of X-ray spectroscopy to assess grain or crop architecture traits.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
CROP MODELING IN VEGETABLES ( AABID AYOUB SKUAST-K).pptxAabidAyoub
crop modeling is future in agriculture to tackle changing environment conditions and increase food security in the world. These models incorporate various factors such as climate, soil characteristics, agronomic practices, and crop physiology to predict crop yields, water usage, nutrient uptake, and other important parameters. Crop modeling helps in understanding the complex interactions between different variables affecting crop growth and assists farmers, researchers, and policymakers in making informed decisions related to crop management, resource allocation, and risk assessment.
Role of AI in crop modeling: Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in enhancing crop modeling by leveraging advanced computational techniques to improve model accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. One of the most important aspects of precision farming is sustainability. Using artificial neural networks (ANNs), a highly effective multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. The most common type in crop modeling is DSSAT , DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer).The Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) is a software application program that comprises crop simulation models for over 42 crops (as of Version 4.8.2) as well as tools to facilitate effective use of the models. The tools include database management programs for soil, weather, crop management and experimental data, utilities, and application programs. The crop simulation models simulate growth, development and yield as a function of the soil-plant-atmosphere dynamics.DSSAT and its crop simulation models have been used for a wide range of applications at different spatial and temporal scales. This includes on-farm and precision management, regional assessments of the impact of climate variability and climate change, gene-based modeling and breeding selection, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and long-term sustainability through the soil organic carbon and nitrogen balances.In conclusion, crop modeling stands as a crucial tool in modern agriculture, offering a systematic approach to understanding and predicting crop growth dynamics in diverse environmental conditions. By simulating the complex interactions between various factors influencing crop development, including climate, soil properties, agronomic practices, and genetic traits, crop models provide valuable insights for farmers, researchers, and policymakers.
Application of bioinformatics in agriculture sectorSuraj Singh
This document summarizes the application of bioinformatics in the agriculture sector. It discusses how bioinformatics is used to analyze vast amounts of agricultural data to develop stronger, more drought and disease resistant crops with improved nutritional quality. Specific applications mentioned include developing renewable energy crops, insect resistant crops using Bt genes, golden rice with increased vitamin A, drought tolerant crops, and using omics data for plant breeding. It also discusses using bioinformatics to study plant diseases, synteny between crops like rice and Arabidopsis, and software/tools used in bioinformatics.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Rockwool and coco coir performed the best as growing substrates for lettuce in a hydroponic system. Plants grown in coco coir had the tallest height and longest roots, while rockwool produced the most leaves and heaviest fresh biomass. All substrates maintained a similar alkaline pH in the water. While rockwool performed best, coco coir is a suitable alternative growing substrate that does not significantly differ from rockwool for hydroponically grown lettuce.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. 1. WHAT IS DROUGHT STRESS ?
2. WHY DO WE NEED DROUGHT-SMART FUTURE CROPS ?
3. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CROPS RESPONSE TO
DROUGHT-STRESS?
4. HOW DROUGHT-STRESS TO DROUGHT-SMART CROPS
5. CASE STUDY
6. CONCLUSION
7. FUTURE OUTLOOK
8. REFRENCES
OUTLINE
3. DROUGHT STRESS(DS): “Drought stress is a condition in which
a prolonged or severe deficiency of water (moisture) limits the
normal growth, development, and productivity of plants,
ecosystems, or agricultural systems”.
(Ansari et al., 2019)
DROUGHT-SMART FUTURE CROPS: They are the plant varieties
that have been obtained by combination of advanced phenotyping,
molecular breeding and genetic engineering approaches which exhibits
enhanced tolerance or resistance to drought conditions.
(Cheng et al., 2021)
WHAT IS DROUGHT STRESS
4. READY-TO-GROW FUTURE CROP:
where crops are designed or engineered to be more resilient,
productive, and adaptable to changing environmental conditions,
thus being "ready to grow" in various circumstances and future
agricultural challenges.
(Raza et al., 2023)
6. ABIOTIC
STRESS
• Drought (water
stress)
• Water logging(excessive
watering)
• Extreme temperature
• Salinity and mineral
toxicity
BIOTIC
STRESS
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Nematodes
• Weeds
• Insects etc.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESS ?
7. Plant
species
Stress condition Experiment
al condition
Effect References
GROWTH
Barley 40% water
holding
capacity(WHC);
6month
Field Average plant height
reduced by 20%
Hellal et al.,
(2019)
Chickpea 70% field
capacity;30 days
Field Reduced germination
rate by 40%
Mahmood et
al ., (2019)
wheat 25% field
capacity; 21day
Pot Reduced shoot &
grain mass by 30-40%
Mickky et
al.,(2020)
Tomato 33% field
capacity; 4month
Field Reduced average fruit
weight by 78%
Cui et al.,
(2020)
Rice 30% field
capacity; 4-5
month
Pot Reduced plant height
by 26%
Tefera et al.,
(2021)
Maize 50% field
capacity
Pot Reduced plant height
by 38%
Shemi et al .,
(2021)
Table 1 : Growth reduction in various crop plants under drought stress
8. Plant
species
Stress condition Experiment
al condition
Effect References
YIELD
Maize 50% field
capacity; 15days
Greenhouse Reduced 100-kernel
weight and yield by
85%
Hussain et
al., (2019)
Rice Withholding
water; 60days
Field Reduced plant yield by
28%
Yang et al .,
(2019)
Rice Withholding
water; 14days
Field Reduced plant yield by
~50%
Melandri et
al.,(2020)
Potato PEG8000; 21days Growth
room
Reduced average plant
yield by 90-95%
Handayani
et al., (2020)
wheat Aminoacid at 3 ml
/L; 7days
Field trial Reduced grain yield by
3.4%
Haider et al.,
(2021)
Maize 50% field
capacity; 10-
20days
Pot
experiment
Reduced grain yield by
30%
Shemi et al
., (2021)
Table 2 : Yield reduction in various crop plants under drought stress
9. MORPHO-
PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES
Reduced leaf
surface area
Reduction in plant
height
Reduced
chlorophyll
Low stomatal
conductance
Low transpiration
and low biomass
Loss in fresh or dry
biomass
ROOT ARCHITECTURE
ADJUSTMENT
Changes in root length
More root surface area
Narrowing of root angle
Greater root density
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CROPS RESPONS TO
DROUGHT-STRESS?
OXIDATIVE
DAMAGE
• Accumulation of
free radicals/
reactive oxygen
species(ROS)
• Synthesis of
enzymes such as
gluthione
reductase
• Oxidation of
lipids, DNA, RNA
10. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CROPS RESPONSE
TO DROUGHT-STRESS?
OSMOTIC
ADJUSTMENTS
• Increase in total
sugar content
• Synthesis of
osmolytes, such
as proline,
betaines, sugar
alcohols,
organic acids
YIELD LOSS
Decreased grain
fillings(cereals)/po
ds(soya bean)
Poorly developed
pods(soya bean)
Reduced seed
weight
Reduced seed
number
Decline in seed
quality
14. • Genomic-Assisted Breeding (GAB), also known as Genomic
Selection (GS), that integrates genomics and genetics.
• Trait Identification- through genome-wide association studies
(GWAS) or Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.
• QTL mapping offers genetic insight into physiological and agronomic
traits in the biparental population under drought stress.
• Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can identify contributory
alleles for specific traits that can be used to develop DS-tolerant crop
plants.
A. GENOMIC-ASSISTED BREEDING (GAB) FOR DROUGHT
TOLERANCE
16. • Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome. It involves
techniques to identify, quantify, and analyze the RNA molecules
expressed under different conditions.
• Transcriptomics study for drought tolerance involves sample collections
-under well-defined drought stress conditions. mRNA is extracted from
the collected plant samples and subjected to mRNA sequencing.
• In data analysis, Differential expression analysis compares gene
expression levels between upregulated or downregulated in response to
drought stress and identifying the candidate gene.
B. TRANSCRIPTOMICS
18. • Proteomics is the study of the proteome, encompassing the
identification, quantification, and functional characterization of
proteins. It aims to understand how the expression and activity
of proteins change in response to stressors like drought.
• The extracted protein is analyzed in mass spectrometer. It
identifies which proteins are upregulated or downregulated
during drought , specific proteins that act as biomarkers for
drought stress, and researchers can target specific proteins or
pathways for genetic manipulation, breeding,
C. PROTEOMICS
20. • Metabolomics has largely focused on the organic molecular
compounds (metabolites) and the related biochemical changes
found in or produced by organisms and their tissues and cells .
• It is provides an insights into the metabolic pathways and
compounds involved in the drought adoption.
• Various techniques are used to analyze the metabolites which
includes mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance etc.,
then data analysis and validation of specific metabolites.
D. METABOLOMICS
21. • The metabolome data can be used in future studies such as
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) or Genome-Wide Association
Studies (GWAS) to discover genetic loci or specific genes linked to
these metabolic traits, facilitating the development of gene-specific
markers for crop improvement
22. • Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that studies heritable changes in
gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other
than alterations in the DNA sequence.
• Various techniques employed to analyze the epigenetic changes
associated with DS, which involve DNA methylation, histone
modifications et.,
E. EPIGENETICS
25. • Transgenic breeding, also known as genetic engineering,
involves the introduction of specific genes from one organism
into the genome of another organism to confer a desirable
traits.
• Gain of function and gene-knock-down approaches, such as
RNAi and CRISPR/cas9, have yielded valuable information on
how complex gene networks regulate dehydration stress
physiology.
2. TRANSGENIC APPROACHES
27. • Conventional breeding generally takes 8–10 year to generate
a new variety.
• Speed breeding (SB) techniques which allow breeders to
advance the crop generation in a shorter period of time
(Samantara et al., 2022)
3. SPEED BREEDING:
30. • Conventional breeding identifies parental lines with desirable
traits to generate a favorable combination of the new line for
the next generation.
• Comparing a large set of cultivars makes identifying the best
ones with desirable traits under water-scarce conditions easier
than using a small set.
• However, breeding for drought tolerance mainly depends on
the yield potential of parental lines rather than tolerance-
related traits.
4. CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
31. • Phytohormones including
auxins, gibberellic acid,
cytokines, ABA, ethylene,
jasmonic acid (JA),
strigolactones, and
brassinosteroids are signal
molecules and essential
components for regulating
plant growth under DS.
a. Phytohormone applications
5. BIOCHEMICALAND MECHANICAL OPTIONS FOR
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
32. B. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
• Agronomic practices, such as water management, adjusting plant density, and
nutrient management, are the backbone for increasing crop production under
seasonal DS.
• Applying gypsum is important for soils with low infiltration capacity. Other
strategies include zero tillage, mulching, intercropping, and deep plowing.
C .PLANT DENSITY AND TIME OF SOWING
• Sowing date is important for mitigating the devastating effects of DS at the
reproductive stage.
• Early sowing of maize avoids the potential drought and high temperatures in
mid-summer.
• Increasing plant density- high plant density of maize crop decreases leaf area
index, thus reducing evapotranspiration and enhancing WUE under arid
conditions.
35. • The goal of there study was to identify genomic loci and
candidate genes affecting SRL under drought conditions for
improving drought tolerance breeding in maize.
• Plant materials and growth conditions: A natural population
including 209 diverse accessions of maize inbred lines was
used for measuring the shoot dry weight (SDW), primary root
length (PRL), seminal root length (SRL), and seminal root
number (SRN) under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed
(WS) conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
36. • Phenotypic identification and statistical analysis:
• RNA sequencing and data analysis:
• Genome-wide association study:
• Quantitative real-time PCR:
37.
38.
39. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in eight genotypes in response to drought stress.
The number of upregulated, downregulated and TF-coded DEGs of the eight genotypes are given.
40.
41.
42. • Identifying new key genes and QTL, metabolites, and proteins related to
DS-responsive mechanisms can be a potential candidate for CRISPR/Cas-
mediated genome editing, combined with speed breeding could be used to
develop new DS-tolerant cultivars.
• to achieve ‘zero hunger’ goal and feed the growing population.
• Combining a variety of traditional and modern biotechnological techniques
will significantly improve our current understanding of DS responses and
tolerance mechanisms in crop plants.
CONCLUSION
43. • Millets can be crops of choice to transfer the
beneficial attributes to other crop relatives..
• The deployment of genome editing with speed
breeding and phenomics can help in fast-track crop
breeding.
• The advent of high-throughput genomics and
phenomics- producing climate-smart crops to
overcome food security challenges in the future.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
44. 1. Ansari, F. A., & Ahmad, I. (2019). Isolation, functional characterization and efficacy
of biofilm-forming rhizobacteria under abiotic stress conditions. Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek, 112, 1827-1839.
2. Raza, A., Mubarik, M. S., Sharif, R., Habib, M., Jabeen, W., Zhang, C., ... &
Varshney, R. K. (2023). Developing drought‐smart, ready‐to‐grow future crops. The
Plant Genome, 16(1), e20279.
3. Xu, K., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y., Feng, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., ... & Li, H. (2022).
Soybean F-box-like protein GmFBL144 interacts with small heat shock protein and
negatively regulates plant drought stress tolerance. Frontiers in plant science, 13,
823529.
4. Guo, J., Li, C., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Shi, Y., ... & Wang, T. (2020).
Transcriptome and GWAS analyses reveal candidate gene for seminal root length of
maize seedlings under drought stress. Plant Science, 292, 110380.
5. Samantara, K., Bohra, A., Mohapatra, S. R., Prihatini, R., Asibe, F., Singh, L., ... &
Varshney, R. K. (2022). Breeding more crops in less time: A perspective on speed
breeding. Biology, 11(2), 275.
6. Saeed, F., Chaudhry, U. K., Bakhsh, A., Raza, A., Saeed, Y., Bohra, A., & Varshney,
R. K. (2022). Moving beyond DNA sequence to improve plant stress
responses. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 874648.
References
Editor's Notes
Drought is a key threat for plant production around the world, due to insufficient rainfall or a lack of availability of irrigation water [86]. Globally, one-third of total agricultural land is arid or semi-arid, due to insufficient water [87]. Thus, drought stress, together with other climatic changes, causes a significant loss of crop yield [88]. According to previous reports, the global temperature increased by 1.2 °C in the last century and was expected to have increased an additional 3 °C by 2010. The development of crop plants with improved performance under drought stress is therefore a major breeding objective for scientists
CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES
use of genomics-assisted breeding following funnel mating design to assemble the targated QTL/genes to develop multi-stress-tolerant homozygous breeding lines suitable for direct-seeded cultivation conditions.
Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, lifestyle, and developmental stages.
These examples suggest that epigenetics or epigenomics play a vital role in understanding the DS responses and tolerance mechanisms at epigenetics level.
Mechanisms underlying epigenetic memory in plants during stress. Plants’ epigenetic memory helps protect them from different stresses. Whenever a plant faces stress regardless of its biotic or abiotic nature, it starts recovery against stress, and the plant epigenetic stress memory stores that information. Due to this stored memory, stress does not affect the plant on subsequent exposures.
Overexpression of several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors increases the accumulation of signaling molecules and metabolic compounds and enhances drought tolerance in plants
Flexibility in SB protocols allows them to align and integrate with diverse research purposes including population development, genomic selection, phenotyping, and genomic editing.
However, breeding for drought tolerance mainly depends on the yield potential of parental lines rather than tolerance-related traits