This document provides an outline for a seminar on enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops through conventional and molecular breeding approaches. It discusses several abiotic stresses that impact vegetable crops like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. It covers mechanisms of stress tolerance, screening criteria for stress tolerance, sources of tolerance, and breeding methods used to develop stress-tolerant varieties through conventional approaches like selection and hybridization as well as modern molecular breeding approaches like marker-assisted selection, somaclonal variation, and genetic engineering. It also presents three case studies on developing drought tolerance in tomato, evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance, and waterlogging tolerance mechanisms.
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
The document outlines strategies for developing drought-smart future crops. It discusses omics tools like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that can be used to identify genes and pathways related to drought tolerance. Transgenic approaches like genetic engineering can introduce drought tolerance genes. Conventional breeding and speed breeding can combine traits from parental lines. Integrating these modern techniques with traditional methods like agronomic practices can help develop crops with improved drought resistance and yield stability under water scarcity. A case study identifies genomic loci, genes and transcription factors in maize affecting seminal root length under drought. Future work may combine genome editing, phenomics and speed breeding to rapidly deliver climate-smart crops.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
This document discusses plant tolerance to climate change and abiotic stresses like drought and soil salinity. It notes that climate change caused by human activities is causing more extreme weather events like droughts that threaten global agriculture and food security. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to cope with stresses, but their sedentary nature makes adaptation difficult. The document reviews research on stress response pathways and genes that confer tolerance to drought and salt when overexpressed. It argues that improving stress tolerance in crops through transgenic and molecular breeding approaches will be crucial to ensuring food security in a changing climate.
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic plants with improved resistance to abiotic stresses like drought. It describes how drought is a major constraint on crop production worldwide. Transgenic approaches manipulate stress-related genes to develop crops with traits like improved signaling pathways, membrane/protein protection, and water/ion transport. Specifically, research has engineered crops with drought avoidance traits like suppressed leaf senescence and improved water use efficiency. The hormone abscisic acid plays a key role in plant responses to drought by regulating gene expression and physiological processes.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Introgression breeding for rice submergence tolerance_geetanjaliDr. Geetanjali Baruah
Simplified way of applicability of introgression breeding for submergence tolerance in rice with special emphasis on physiology of submergence tolerance
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
The document outlines strategies for developing drought-smart future crops. It discusses omics tools like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that can be used to identify genes and pathways related to drought tolerance. Transgenic approaches like genetic engineering can introduce drought tolerance genes. Conventional breeding and speed breeding can combine traits from parental lines. Integrating these modern techniques with traditional methods like agronomic practices can help develop crops with improved drought resistance and yield stability under water scarcity. A case study identifies genomic loci, genes and transcription factors in maize affecting seminal root length under drought. Future work may combine genome editing, phenomics and speed breeding to rapidly deliver climate-smart crops.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
This document discusses plant tolerance to climate change and abiotic stresses like drought and soil salinity. It notes that climate change caused by human activities is causing more extreme weather events like droughts that threaten global agriculture and food security. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to cope with stresses, but their sedentary nature makes adaptation difficult. The document reviews research on stress response pathways and genes that confer tolerance to drought and salt when overexpressed. It argues that improving stress tolerance in crops through transgenic and molecular breeding approaches will be crucial to ensuring food security in a changing climate.
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic plants with improved resistance to abiotic stresses like drought. It describes how drought is a major constraint on crop production worldwide. Transgenic approaches manipulate stress-related genes to develop crops with traits like improved signaling pathways, membrane/protein protection, and water/ion transport. Specifically, research has engineered crops with drought avoidance traits like suppressed leaf senescence and improved water use efficiency. The hormone abscisic acid plays a key role in plant responses to drought by regulating gene expression and physiological processes.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Introgression breeding for rice submergence tolerance_geetanjaliDr. Geetanjali Baruah
Simplified way of applicability of introgression breeding for submergence tolerance in rice with special emphasis on physiology of submergence tolerance
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
This project aims to identify wheat traits and agricultural practices that improve soil quality and crop resilience to stress. The researchers will (1) determine the benefits of mycorrhizal wheat varieties for soil and yields under stress, (2) establish how mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting bacteria interact to increase disease resistance, and (3) evaluate combining wheat genetics with management changes like reduced tillage to restore soil communities and quality, increasing sustainability and yields.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Development of transgenics for the abiotic stress tolerance is the need of the hour as the existing plant types were prone to vagaries of climate change and therefore a new technology for the development of abiotic resistant varieties through genetic manipulation is imperative.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
This document provides an overview of approaches to improve drought resistance in potatoes through biotechnology. It discusses how drought affects potato production by reducing photosynthesis and increasing reactive oxygen species. Conventional breeding has focused on traits like root depth but is slow. Mapping quantitative trait loci and marker-assisted selection help identify drought resistance genes. Transgenic approaches allow incorporating resistance genes from other species. Several genes have been transferred to improve drought tolerance in potatoes, including genes for trehalose, glycine betaine, and superoxide dismutase.
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought toleranceShoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated 50 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Several physiological and morphological traits were measured under drought and control conditions, including relative water content, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, fresh/dry weight, root/shoot length, and root/shoot ratio. The genotypes ETAD232, ETAD19, and ETAD211 generally performed best under drought conditions based on these traits, maintaining higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability compared to other genotypes. ETAD232 in particular displayed strong performance across multiple traits. The study aims to identify drought tolerant wheat germplasm that can be used to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.
Mitigation approches of climat change.pptxRamnathPotai
Ramnath Potai presented on approaches to mitigate climate change through studying plant responses. The presentation discussed what climate change is, its causes like greenhouse gas emissions, and its impacts like rising temperatures and sea levels. It described how stresses from climate change like drought, heat, and salinity affect plant growth. The presentation also discussed physiological responses in plants to increased CO2, temperature changes, and altered precipitation patterns. Finally, it proposed mitigation approaches like breeding stress-tolerant crops, agroforestry, and improved water management.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Approaches to mitigate climate change Swati Shukla
1. The document discusses approaches to mitigate climate change through studies on plant responses. It focuses on how environmental stresses like increased temperature and CO2 levels, drought, salinity, and freezing temperatures impact plant development and physiology.
2. It outlines plant developmental responses to these stresses, including altered timing of growth stages and organ development. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are proposed, such as breeding for stress tolerance, adjusting management practices, and using biotechnology to introduce stress resistance genes.
3. The presentation evaluates effects of climate change factors on different crops and suggests developing new varieties with improved heat and drought tolerance to mitigate yield losses from climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physiological responses of 17 spring wheat lines under water stress conditions. Various physiological traits were measured in the wheat lines under both irrigated (no stress) and non-irrigated (water stress) conditions, including relative water content, stomatal conductivity, rate of water loss, cell membrane stability, canopy temperature, osmotic adjustment, and water use efficiency. The study found significant genetic variation in water use efficiency, rate of water loss, and cell membrane stability among the lines. There were positive correlations between stress tolerance index and relative water content, osmotic adjustment, cell membrane stability, and water use efficiency under stress. Water use efficiency had a direct effect on stress tolerance
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
This project aims to identify wheat traits and agricultural practices that improve soil quality and crop resilience to stress. The researchers will (1) determine the benefits of mycorrhizal wheat varieties for soil and yields under stress, (2) establish how mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting bacteria interact to increase disease resistance, and (3) evaluate combining wheat genetics with management changes like reduced tillage to restore soil communities and quality, increasing sustainability and yields.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Development of transgenics for the abiotic stress tolerance is the need of the hour as the existing plant types were prone to vagaries of climate change and therefore a new technology for the development of abiotic resistant varieties through genetic manipulation is imperative.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
This document provides an overview of approaches to improve drought resistance in potatoes through biotechnology. It discusses how drought affects potato production by reducing photosynthesis and increasing reactive oxygen species. Conventional breeding has focused on traits like root depth but is slow. Mapping quantitative trait loci and marker-assisted selection help identify drought resistance genes. Transgenic approaches allow incorporating resistance genes from other species. Several genes have been transferred to improve drought tolerance in potatoes, including genes for trehalose, glycine betaine, and superoxide dismutase.
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought toleranceShoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated 50 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Several physiological and morphological traits were measured under drought and control conditions, including relative water content, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, fresh/dry weight, root/shoot length, and root/shoot ratio. The genotypes ETAD232, ETAD19, and ETAD211 generally performed best under drought conditions based on these traits, maintaining higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability compared to other genotypes. ETAD232 in particular displayed strong performance across multiple traits. The study aims to identify drought tolerant wheat germplasm that can be used to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.
Mitigation approches of climat change.pptxRamnathPotai
Ramnath Potai presented on approaches to mitigate climate change through studying plant responses. The presentation discussed what climate change is, its causes like greenhouse gas emissions, and its impacts like rising temperatures and sea levels. It described how stresses from climate change like drought, heat, and salinity affect plant growth. The presentation also discussed physiological responses in plants to increased CO2, temperature changes, and altered precipitation patterns. Finally, it proposed mitigation approaches like breeding stress-tolerant crops, agroforestry, and improved water management.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and plant breeding:
1. It outlines natural and human causes of climate change such as changes in the sun's energy output and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. It describes how plants may respond to climate change through extinction, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, genetic differentiation, migration, and phenotypic plasticity.
3. It discusses strategies for improving crop resilience through crop diversification, ideotype breeding, and mutation breeding. Crop diversification involves mixing varieties to reduce pest and disease impacts. Ideotype breeding develops optimized crop models. Mutation breeding enhances genetic variability.
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Approaches to mitigate climate change Swati Shukla
1. The document discusses approaches to mitigate climate change through studies on plant responses. It focuses on how environmental stresses like increased temperature and CO2 levels, drought, salinity, and freezing temperatures impact plant development and physiology.
2. It outlines plant developmental responses to these stresses, including altered timing of growth stages and organ development. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are proposed, such as breeding for stress tolerance, adjusting management practices, and using biotechnology to introduce stress resistance genes.
3. The presentation evaluates effects of climate change factors on different crops and suggests developing new varieties with improved heat and drought tolerance to mitigate yield losses from climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physiological responses of 17 spring wheat lines under water stress conditions. Various physiological traits were measured in the wheat lines under both irrigated (no stress) and non-irrigated (water stress) conditions, including relative water content, stomatal conductivity, rate of water loss, cell membrane stability, canopy temperature, osmotic adjustment, and water use efficiency. The study found significant genetic variation in water use efficiency, rate of water loss, and cell membrane stability among the lines. There were positive correlations between stress tolerance index and relative water content, osmotic adjustment, cell membrane stability, and water use efficiency under stress. Water use efficiency had a direct effect on stress tolerance
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
1. MASTER’S CREDIT SEMINAR
VSC 591 (1+0)
Abinash Mishra
Final year M.Sc(Ag) vegetable science
Adm no : 211222604
Department of Vegetable Science
College of Agriculture
ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,
BHUBANESWAR 1
Enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops:
Role of conventional and molecular breeding approaches
2. Introduction
Need of stress tolerant plants
Most commonly encountered abiotic stresses
Grafting for abiotic stress tolerance
Case study
Future thrusts and conclusion
Breeding for stress tolerance
2
Impact of abiotic stress on vegetables
Seminar Outline
3. • Situations where environmental stimuli that
normally influence plant development, growth,
and productivity, exceed thresholds (species-
specific), damaging the plant act as Abiotic stress
factors and are naturally occurring.
• Any factor of environment that interferes with the
complete expression of genotypic potential of the
plant.
3
Singh, 2000
6. Impact of Abiotic stress on vegetables
Short duration crops
very specific edaphic and
climatic requirement
Pronounced effects of
abiotic stress
Crucial role in ensuring food and nutritional security
But vegetables are highly perishable
Under some stress conditions price vary rapidly
Putting them out of reach of the poor
Why vegetables are more affected by stress ??..
6
7. Effect and response of abiotic stress--
Effect
on plant
Plant
response
Meena et al., 2017
7
8. Losses due to abiotic stress
Abiotic stress accounts for loss of 50% average
yields for most major crop plants.
(Acquaah, 2007)
The Brassica are soft and succulent and have
more than 85% water thus more effected by
water stress.
(Cardoza and Stewart 2004)
Yield, volume, diameter, and composition (i.e.,
lycopene and total soluble sugars) of tomato
fruits is greatly hampered by drought.
(Sivakumar, 2016)
8
9. Need of stress tolerant plants..?
Abiotic stresses limits the geographical distributions of plants on earth.
Abiotic stresses usually cause severe loss of crop yields.
Abiotic stresses affect global crop production system and endanger food security of human being.
Meena et al., 2017
9
10. Breeding for stress tolerance
Conventional
For Self Pollinated Crops
1) Introduction
2) Selection
3) Hybridization
4) Pedigree Method
5) Mutation
For Cross Pollinated Crops
1) Mass Selection
2) Recurrent Selection
* Simple recurrent selection
* Recurrent selection for
General Combining Ability
* Recurrent selection for
Specific Combining Ability
* Reciprocal recurrent
selection
Modern
approaches
Molecular breeding
approaches
Quantitative trait loci –
(QTL) mapping-marker
assisted selection (MAS),
somaclonal variations,
genetic engineering
Grafting
10
11. Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection (MAS) is an indirect selection
process where a trait of interest is selected based on
a marker (morphological, biochemical or DNA/ RNA variation) linked to a trait of interest
(QTL) (e.g. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality), rather than
on the trait itself.
MAS refers to the use of DNA markers that are tightly linked to target loci as a
substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening.
MAS can be performed in early segregating population and at early stages of plant
development.
Molecular breeding
1. Marker Assisted Selection
11
Rosyara, 2006
12. The bulk progenies are screened for tolerance in a wide range of environments
For each individual cross, a skeleton genetic map is developed with loci that are polymorphic between the
two parents of the cross
A tissue sample is taken from each F2 plant for analysis using DNA markers and the individual segregating
plants are self-fertilized and bulked to produce progenies
F1 plant is grown from a single seed, self fertilized, and the resultant F2 seed
These are crossed to produce heterozygous F1 seed
To map QTL for particular trait, highly inbred homozygous parents are chosen
SEARCH FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TRAITS OF INTEREST
12
13. • The Somaclonal Variation is defined as
genetic and epigenetic changes
between clonal regenerants and the
corresponding donor plants.
• Tissue-culture-induced phenotypic
and genotypic variations.
Kokina et al., 2017
2. Somaclonal variation
13
14. The effect of somaclonal variation on salt tolerance and glycoalkaloid content of
potato tubers
Australian journal of crop science
Average root length of in vitro plants of parental and tissue culture derived regenerants of potato, subjected
to NaCl stress (100mM).
Khan et al., 2014
14
CASE STUDY - 1
15. 3. Genetic engineering
• Genes of resistance are introduced from
unrelated species through recombinant
DNA technology GMOs
Recent success-
At IIVR water deficit stress tolerant
transgenic tomato was developed
using AtDREB1A gene.
Source: annual report IIVR 2013-14
15
16. • A bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) gene driven by the
constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was transferred into
tomato plants.
• Transgene integration was confirmed by PCR analysis and Southern blot analysis,
and transgene expression was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and
direct mtlD (EC 1.1.1.17) activity.
• Drought (polyethylene glycol in medium) and salinity (sodium chloride in
medium) tolerance tests revealed that transgenic lines exhibited a higher
tolerance for abiotic stresses than non-transformed plants.
16
Khare et al., 2010
CASE STUDY - 2
17. Most commonly encountered Abiotic stresses
DROUGHT
WATER
LOGGING
HEAT
STRESS
COLD
STRESS
SALINITY
17
18. DROUGHT
Drought is a climatic hazard which implies
the absence or very low level of rainfall for a
period of time, long enough to cause moisture
depletion in soil with a decline of water
potential in plant tissues.
Effect Of Drought On Some Vegetables
Low water stress
Protoplasm get dehydrated, enzyme activities
reduced and rupturing of protoplast
Reduced water leads to synthesis of abscisic
acid and ethylene
Stomata get closed
Ions get accumulated along with pH change
Less transpiration also leads to increase in temp
on plant surface
Water stress is more damaging at high temp
Chatterjee et al., 2015
19. Screening criteria for drought tolerance
Yield potential
Leaf characteristics like leaf rolling, water retention by leaf and leaf stomata.
Root characters: root mass and distribution
Seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, vigor and recovery
Photosynthetic rates
Membrane stability
Water use efficiency
• During selection, characters should posses high heritability and high correlation with
yield under stress across the environment. 19
21. Mechanisms of drought resistance
• Drought Escape
• Drought Avoidance
• Drought Tolerance
Incorporation of drought tolerance
• Transfer of drought tolerance in pre-existing high yield genotype
• Back cross method
• Recurrent selection
• Pedigree and bulk method
• However, transforming drought tolerance in high yielding genotypes is complicated.
21
22. Drought Tolerance of Several Tomato Genotypes Under Greenhouse Conditions
Wahb-Allah MA, Alsadon AA and Ibrahim AA. 2011.
World Applied Sciences Journal 15: 933-40
• Four commercial tomato cultivars (Imperial, Pakmore VF, Strain-B and Tnshet Star), a drought-
tolerant breeding line (L 03306) and their hybrid combinations were selected in this study to evaluate
drought tolerance and to develop initial material for drought tolerance breeding program.
• Four-weeks-old seedlings were transplanted into soil under greenhouse conditions.
• Six irrigation treatments were imposed during a 140-day growing period through a drip irrigation
system.
• Vegetative growth, flowering and yield traits were measured while water use efficiency (WUE) was
determined.
• Significant differences among genotypes were found for all traits, suggesting that they could be taken into
account when selecting for drought tolerance. Pakmore VF and the breeding line L 03306 had good yield
performance under different deficit irrigation treatments. These genotypes could be selected for in a
breeding program as recurrent (female) and donor (male) parents, respectively.
Wahb-Allah et al., 2011
CASE STUDY - 3
22
23. WATER LOGGING
Water logging
Water gets filled in the pores occupied by O2
Anaerobic conditions
Reduced decomposition of organic matter
Suppresses the formation and branching of
root hairs, plant become chlorotic in 3-4 days.
Synthesis of toxic alcohols.
• Water logging is defined as the
condition of soil where excess water
inhibits gas exchange of roots with
atmosphere.
Severe soil drainage affects
approximately 10% of global land area.
(FAO, 2002).
Hypoxia
Anoxia
• Deficiency of
oxygen in soil
environment
• Complete
absence of
oxygen.
23
FAO, 2002
24. Source of Waterlogging tolerance in different crops
Crop Tolerant variety References
Tomato L123 Kuo and Chen, 1979
Potato Gem, Jasper Martin, 1984
Broad bean Maries Blaze Alvino et al., 1983
Sweet potato LO-360, LO-323 Ton, 1978
24
25. Tolerance mechanism
Morphological and Anatomical mechanism of tolerance-
• Adventitious/Nodal root development- e.g. in tomato
• Formation of aerenchyma tissues- Roots develop large air space
• Root porosity- Higher root porosity is found in tolerant plants. Many
plant species develop large intercellular spaces also.
• Changes in root geotropism- Root grow towards ground surface for
respiration, thus plant can retain partial aerobic respiration.
25
26. Breeding strategies for Waterlogging tolerance
• The major criteria required for germplasm improvement are
1. Genetic diversity for tolerance- Water logging can appear
at any stage of plant development due to excess rainfall so
evaluation of genetic diversity should be done at different
stage of development.
2. Study of genetics of tolerance.
3. Hybridization (Heritability of traits).
4. Reselection in breeding programme.
26
27. 1. A study was conducted to evaluate the plant responses to drought and flooding in eight genotypes of
brinjal (Solanum melongena L. cvs. IIHR3, BMG-1, BPLH-1, Arka Kesav, Arka Neelkanth, Arka
Nidhi, Arka Shirish, Mattu Gulla) and a wild type Solanum macrocarpon.
2. Genotype BMG-1 performed photosynthetically better under drought, while under flooding Arka Nidhi
and Arka Keshav has shown higher photosynthetic rate.
3. The closure of stomata in drought was gradual, while during flooding the closure was quick as shown the
differential response of stomatal conductance in brinjal genotypes under these two conditions.
4. The better recovery after releasing flooding was found in Arka Keshav, Arka Neelkanth, IIHR-3 and
BPLH-1 followed by S. macrocarpon and Mattu Gulla, while after releasing the drought stress, better
recovery was observed in BMG-1, Arka Shirish, Arka Neelkanth, Arka Nidhi, S, macrocarpon, and
BPLH-1.
Bhatt et al., 2014
Response of brinjal genotypes to drought and flooding stress
Bhatt RM, Laxman RH, Singh TH, Divya MH, srilakshmi and Nageswar Rao ADDVS. 2014.
Vegetable science 2: 116-124
CASE STUDY - 4
27
28. SALT STRESS
• Salt tolerance- ability of plants to
prevent, reduce or overcome injurious
effects of soluble salts present in their
root zone.
• Salinity can be overcome by-
1. Soil reclamation- costly, time
consuming and short lived.
2. Resistant varieties- less costly, more
effective, long lasting but require longer
period to develop.
SALT AFFETED SOIL TYPES-
High salt (NaCl)
20% of the world’s irrigated lands are
affected by salinity
Inhibition of transpiration, respiration,
photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation
Delay in seed germination and slow growth.
Leaves appear smaller and darker than normal, marginal and tip
burning of leaves followed by yellowing and bronzing.
Poor yield
28
29. 1. Germination test in saline medium-most commonly used
2. Sand culture- pots are filled with sand and subsequently irrigated with saline
water.
3. Seedling root dip- roots of 30 days olds seedling are dipped in 0.5% salt
solution for 72 hours. Salt tolerant varieties are characterized by lower
absorption of salt.
4. Natural selection- based on season and involve more cost. Breeding material
must be evaluated under naturally occurring saline soil to improve selection
efficiency.
5. Young seedling screening – requires small number of seeds, rapid screening
and relatively high accuracy of result.
6. Cell membrane stability – it involves application of stress to the leaf after it
has been subjected to hardening followed by the measurement of electrolyte
leakage using the conductometric method.
SCREENING FOR SALT TOLERANCE
29
30. SALT STRESS TOLERANT SPECIES AND GENOTYPES OF
VEGETABLES
Crop Resistance Source
Tomato S. cheesmanii, S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. hirsutum and S.
pennellii, Sabour Suphala
Okra Pusa Sawani
Onion Hissar 2, Punjab Selection
Bean Gevas Sirik 57 (GS57)
Brinjal Pusa Bindu, CO-1, S. macrocarpon, S. gilo
30
31. BREEDING FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE
Two approaches
Improving Yield Level of
Salt Tolerant Cultivars
Traditional cultivars of salt affected area
are improved for their productivity without
affecting their salt tolerance ability.
Transfer of Salt Tolerant
Genes To High Yielding
Cultivars
By transferring salt tolerance genes
from salt tolerant cultivars through
Hybridization and Selection in stress
target environment
31
33. • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes studied for salt tolerance, moderately tolerant and sensitive ones on the
basis of germination and emergence parameters.
• Genotypes were exposed to different saline treatments (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) along with control (0 dS m-1).
• Germination test, conducted in petri dishes in incubator, revealed that salinity stress significantly decreased final
germination percentage, germination index and embryo axis length of tested genotypes.
• Emergence test of bell pepper genotypes conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions, shown that salinity
decreased the seedlings fresh and dry biomass, number of leaves, leaf area and root and shoot length.
• On the basis of overall percent decrease ranking table, genotypes were grouped into comparatively salt tolerant (Zard,
Tasty, Super shimla, Aristotle), moderately tolerant (Capistrano, CW-03, Kaka-01, Orable, Yolo wonder, Crusadar)
and sensitive ones (PEP-311, Admiral, Lafayette, Colossol).
• Germination and emergence tests are reliable screening tools for evaluating pepper genotypes for salt stress at seedling
stage.
• Useful for local farmers to utilize their marginal soils by growing relatively salt tolerant bell pepper genotypes.
Tehseen et al., 2016
Assessment of salinity tolerance in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes on the basis of
germination, emergence and growth attributes
Tehseen S, Ayyub CM, Amjad M and Ahmad R. 2016.
Pakistan journal of botany 48: 1783-91
CASE STUDY - 5
33
34. HEAT STRESS
High temperature stress
Soil and atmospheric drought
Generally plants above 440C temp dies
Respiration and transpiration increases
Shortage of organic substances required
for growth
Synthesis of normal protein declines
Heat shock proteins HSPs appear at high
temperature provide protection
• Rise in temperature beyond a threshold level for
a period of time, sufficient to cause irreversible
damage to plant growth and development
(Wahid et al., 2007)
A transient elevation in temperature, usually 10-
15˚C above ambient, is considered heat shock or
heat stress.
Paupière, 2014
34
35. SOURCES OF HEAT TOLERANCE
Crop Genotypes Reference
Tomato Moneymaker, Red Cherry Johijma et al., 1995
Sonali, Hotset, Kewalo, Saladette, NDTVR-60, S. cheesmanii, S.
cerasiformae (cherry tomato), Phillipine, Punjab Tropics, EC
130042, EC 162935,
Nainer et al., 2004
Brinjal S. macrocarpon, S. gilo _
Potato S. chaconense, Kufri Surya
Okra A. manihot var. manihot _
Bean G 122, G5273 Shonnard & Gepts, 1994
GUNI 59 Udomprasert et al., 1995
Haibushi Suzuki et al., 2001
Cornell 503 Rainey & Griffiths, 2005
Chinese cabbage Qngyan 1 Li et al., 1999
35
36. Criteria characteristics Parameters for selection Remarks
Germination Percent germination under stress It is performed when the crop faces high temperature
during germination.
Growth and development Longer hypocotyls Rapid and useful technique for screening heat tolerance
Internodes elongation Direct selection criteria
Early vigor of seedlings Indirect selection, may correlate with yield
Yield Most commonly used, a significant correlation was
recorded between heat tolerance and yield.
Dry matter content Recurrent selection for 6 cycle for high dry matter content
significant increase survival rate, tuberization and yield
under high temperature
Sensitivity of reproductive
phase
Fruit setting Displayed high level of heat tolerance based on fruit setting
Pollen fertility Pollen from heat tolerant genotypes expressed higher
fertility than the heat sensitive cultivars.
Membrane stability Solute leakage measured by conductivity
test
Membrane stability bears considerable relation with plant
performance under stress environments
Selection criteria for High temperature tolerance
36
37. Tolerance mechanism
Heat Avoidance- It is the ability of the plants to scatter the radiation energy causing cooling effect at
stress temperature.
High transpiration cause cooling of micro environment
Leaf pubescence: Soft and short hairs (trichomes) on leaves or soft stem helps to shade the surface and hence
protecting them from heat.
Reduction in amount of foliage e.g. small leaf blades
Heat Tolerance -Tolerance mechanisms generally associated with cellular and sub cellular
components and biomolecules are involved.
Osmoregulators content: Osmoregulators viz Proline protects several enzymes from heat
inactivation.
Plant growth regulators: Abscisic acid (ABA): Helps protect plant under stress, Salicyclic acid:
Results in thermo tolerance .
Membrane stability: Heat tolerant genotypes have higher percentage of saturated fatty acid in their
membrane and they exhibit less increase in fluidity associated with heat than unsaturated fatty acids.
37
38. Breeding approaches for heat tolerance
Traditional breeding approaches :
1. Screening
2. Selection
The common technique for selection:
To grow breeding materials in a hot target production
environment and detect individuals/ lines with higher
yield.
38
39. COLD STRESS
Low temperature stress
More in tropical/subtropical plants
Stress due to freezing temp (Frost Stress)
Intracellular ice formation and rupturing of cell
Temp <100C for chilling sensitive plants
(Decrease root growth, increase leakage of ions
and ethylene production).
Transpiration remains constant resulting in
desiccation of plants.
Cold resistant plant develops woolly growth on whole
body surface which act as an insulator.
Plants of tropical origin suffers cold
damage when exposed to temperature
below 20˚C.
Chilling
injury
When temperature is above 0˚C to <10-
15˚C.
Freezing
injury
When temperature is below 0℃
39
40. SCREENING AND SELECTION OF COLD TOLERANT GENOTYPES
S. No. Selection Criteria Screening technique Remarks
1. Chlorophyll loss Leaf/seedling colour Effect of light intensity
2. Growth under stress Dry weight, stem/leaf dry weight ratio Commonly used
3. Germination Field emergence/germination in
incubators under stress
Extensively used
4. Membrane stability Leakage of solute determined by
conductivity meter
Quite useful
5. Photosynthesis Variable chlorophyll florescence at 685
nm
Promising technique
6. Seedling mortality Seedling survival under stress Simple
7. Seed/fruit set Fruit/seed produced under stress Simple
8. Pollen fertility Pollen sterility under stressed plants Indirect selection
40
41. SOURCES OF COLD TOLERANCE
CROP DONOR
Tomato S. habrochites, S. pimpinellifolium, Cold Set, Pusa Sheetal
Potato S. acaule
French Bean P. filliformis, P. angustissimus
Okra A. angulosus
Pea PI-102888, -125673, -163131, -251051, K-1053, K-5284, K-6140, K-3198,
Orlovski-29, Izum rud, Raman, Mutant-57, Dalibor
41
42. Grafting for abiotic stress tolerance
•Grafting is a Vegetative and asexual method of
plant propagation.
•Done by combining two separate plants i.e., upper
part which contain shoot system of high yielding
commercial cultivar known as ‘Scion’ and lower
part for its ability to resist or tolerate any stress is
called ‘Rootstock’ into a single plant possessing
interested traits.
•Both scion and rootstock can influence tolerance of
grafted plants to adverse environmental conditions.
42
43. 1. In this study, plants of 18 genotypes of Capsicum species were evaluated during 5 months to select
salt tolerant plants to be used as rootstocks in greenhouse under controlled conditions.
2. Their net photosynthetic rate was used as a rapid and sensitive methodology for screening.
3. According to photosynthesis rate, the commercial rootstock ‘Tresor’ and the genotypes ‘Serrano’ (C.
annuum), ‘ECU-973’ (C. chinense) and ‘BOL-58’ (C. baccatum) were the most tolerant during this
period.
4. Finally, the selected genotypes as salt-tolerant were validated under field conditions as rootstocks,
concluding that using the rootstocks selected by the net photosynthetic rate improved the salt tolerance
of the scion in terms of marketable yield and fruit quality.
Pennella et al., 2013
Evaluation for salt stress tolerance of pepper genotypes to be used as rootstocks
Penella C, Neabauer SG, Galarza SL, Sanbautist A, Gorbe E and Calatayud A. 2013.
Journal of food agriculture and environment 11: 1101-07
CASE STUDY - 6
43
44. ROOTSTOCK SCION REMARK
Unifort (Tomato cv. Farida) Drought tolerance and high WUE.
(Mohammad and Wahab, 2014)
Luffa cylindrica Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Drought tolerance by increasing ABA
biosynthesis (Liu et al., 2015)
Pumpkin PS 1313:
(Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch)
Mini-watermelons Drought tolerance due to an
improvement in water and nutrient
uptake, indicated by a higher N, K, and
Mg concentration in the leaves, and
higher CO2 assimilation. (Rouphael et
al., 2008).
Interspecific tomato hybrid Maxifort and
Arnold
(S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites)
Cuore di Bue (Heirloom tomato) Tolerance to salinity through sodium
partitioning within the shoots.
(Frensesco and Angelo, 2013)
Radja or Pera Moneymaker Salinity tolerance (Rodriguez et al.,
2008)
Torvum Vigor
(Solanum torvum)
(Eggplant cv.Suqiqie) Lower leaf Na+ and Cl- content leads to
soil salinity tolerance. (Wei et al., 2007)
45. Strongtosa
(Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.)
Watermelon Cv. Fantasy Tolerant to salinity due to efficient Na+
exclusion from the watermelon shoot. (Goreta
et al., 2008).
C. maxima and Lagenaria siceraria Crimson Tide watermelon Higher growth performance under saline
conditions.
(Yetisir and Uygur, 2010).
Cucurbita ficifolia Cucumber Improved salinity tolerance due to increased
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
Eggplant rootstock: IC-354557 and IC-111056 Tomato Cv. Arka Rakshak and Arka Samrat Waterlogging tolerance
Arka Neelkanth (Brinjal) Tomato Cv. Arka Rakshak Showed better survival and plant yield after
experiencing flooding. (Bhatt et al., 2015)
Eggplant: EG195 or EG203 Tomato Flooding tolerance (WVC, 2003)
Luffa cylindrica R. Cv. Cylinder Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. Cv. New
Known)
Improved flooding tolerance.(Liao and Lin,
1996)
Interspecific hybrid of Lycopersicum X
Solanum habrochaites
Tomato Low root- temperature stress (Okimura et
al.,1986)
Jiaozhen108 Sweet pepper cv. Hongxing No. 2 Tolerant to low temperature stress due to active
oxygen-scavenging enzymes.(Chang Shu et al.,
2016)
Sweet pepper rootstocks Chilli scions Highest yield under high-temperature
conditions (Paladu and Wu 2008) 45
46. Achievements
46
Crop Variety/Hybrid Special Features
Cabbage Pusa Ageti High temperature tolerant
Carrot Pusa Meghali Temperate type, bolting and seed setting
under high temperature
Cauliflower Pusa Himjyoti Curd develop in May in lower hills
Pusa Meghna Suitable for cultivation under hot and humid
weather
Radish Pusa Chetki High temperature tolerant
Pusa Himani Low temperature tolerant
47. Crop Variety/Hybrid Special Features
Tomato Pusa Sheetal Cold Set variety
Pusa Sadabahar Both Hot and Cold Set
Pusa hybrid-1 Hot Set hybrid
Arka Vikas Tolerant to moisture stress
Solan Vajr Drought tolerant
Turnip Pusa Sweti Tolerates hot and humid climate
Brinjal HBL-25 Tendency to set fruit at high temperature.
HBL-12 Tolerant to high temperature
Coriander Hisar Surbhi Tolerant to frost
47
48. Future thrust and conclusion
• Development of resistant or tolerant cultivars is one of the best options to
minimize the losses due to abiotic stresses.
• Those strategies should be adopted which may be used to get maximum
crop stand and economic returns from stressful environments.
• Plant breeders need to broaden the genetic base and must include wild
relatives, landraces, and exotic germplasm of crops in their hybridization
programs, as these have genes of resistance against various abiotic stresses.
• Modern plant breeding methods like transgenic approach, somaclonal
variation and Marker Assisted breeding have great potential to be used in
future for breeding crops against abiotic stresses.
• Grafting is also one of the best approach in developing abiotic stress
resistance.
48
49. • Bhatt, RM, Laxman, RH, Singh, TH, Divya, MH, Srilakshmi and Nageswar Rao (2014).
Response of brinjal genotypes to drought and flooding stress. Vegetable
Science. 2: 116-124.
• Chatterjee, A. and Solankey, S.S., 2015. Functional physiology in drought tolerance of
vegetable crops: an approach to mitigate climate change impact. Clim. Dyn. Hortic.
Sci, 1, pp.149-171.
• Development of water deficit stress tolerant transgenic tomato. Annual
Report IIVR 2013-14.
• Khan, M.S., Adnan, M. and Ahmed, D. The effect of somaclonal variation on salt
tolerance and glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers. Australian Journal of Crop
Science 8 (12), 1597-1606, 2014.
• Khare, N., Goyary, D., Singh, N.K., Shah, P., Rathore, M., Anadhan, S., Sharma, D., Arif,
M. and Ahmed, Z. Transgenic tomato cv. Pusa Uphar expressing a bacterial mannitol-
1- phosphate dehydrogenase gene confers abiotic stress tolerance. Plant cell tissue
and organ culture, Nov. 2016, Vol. 103, issue 2, pp 267-277al Report IIVR 2013-14.
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Under the cold condition, transgenic plants also showed a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and in relative water content (RWC) in comparison to non-transformed plants.