complete and detail study on the topic of general anesthetics by the collaboration of teacher and students for the student , teachers and other health care professionals to learn more on the topics
complete and detail study on the topic of general anesthetics by the collaboration of teacher and students for the student , teachers and other health care professionals to learn more on the topics
General anesthesia is a medically induced reversible loss of consciousness and loss of protective reflexes over the entire body, resulting from the administration of general anesthetic agents. The optimal combination of these agents for any given patient and procedure is typically selected by an anesthesiologist.
General anesthesia has many purposes including:
Pain relief (analgesia)
Blocking memory of the procedure (amnesia)
Producing unconsciousness
Inhibiting normal body reflexes to make surgery safe and easier to perform
Relaxing the muscles of the body
General anesthesia is a medically induced reversible loss of consciousness and loss of protective reflexes over the entire body, resulting from the administration of general anesthetic agents. The optimal combination of these agents for any given patient and procedure is typically selected by an anesthesiologist.
General anesthesia has many purposes including:
Pain relief (analgesia)
Blocking memory of the procedure (amnesia)
Producing unconsciousness
Inhibiting normal body reflexes to make surgery safe and easier to perform
Relaxing the muscles of the body
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID , PENICILLIN, GLUTAMIC ACID , GRISIOFULVIN , VITAMIN B 12
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
OTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL GENETICS AND THEIR METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS
CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ......
ITS A VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ABOUT HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY .. THEIR PRODUCTION AND
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Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
thank you
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. General Anesthetics & Pre-Anesthetics
BY
ASAWE TEJASWINI L
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
ASSIASTANT PROFESSOR
SIDHHIS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
THANE
2. General Anesthetics
an anaesthetic that affects the whole body and
usually causes a loss of consciousness.
The goal of general anesthesia is to produce
analgesia, unconsciousness and amnesia
Loss of pain perception, Loss of awareness of one’s
surrounding, Inability to recall what took place
5. Stages of Anesthesia
There are 4 stages of Anesthesia
Stage 1 : The Analgesia :
The Analgesia stage begins with the inhalation of anesthesia
Pain is Progressively abolished during this stage
Patient remains conscious, can hear and see, and feels like a
dream state
Stage 2 : The Excitement/Stage of Delirium :
It starts from loss of consciousness to beginning of regular
respiration.
Excitement is seen and the patient may shout, struggle and
hold breath, jaws are tightly closed.
Vomiting, may occur.
Heart rate & BP may rise and pupils dilate due to
sympathetic stimulation
6. Stage 3 : Surgical Anesthesia :
Moving eyeballs this stage ends when eyes becomes fixed
Loss of corneal and Laryngeal reflexes
Pupil start dilating and light reflex is lost.
Stage 4 : Medullary Paralysis:
This is the stage between respiratory arrest
and death due to circulatory collapse.
In this stage medullary paralysis
cardiovascular & respiratory centres in
medulla are suppressed by anesthetics.
8. Classification
A) Inhalation anesthetic –
I. Nitrous oxide
II. Cyclopropane
Have rapid onset of action and rapid recovery
III.Ethylene-
Less toxic than other gas anesthetics
B) Liquids
Ether , Halothane , Isoflurane , Desflurane ,
Methoxyflurane .
10. Anesthetic Agents
The first attempt to use of “Intravenous Anesthesia” (they
quickly achieve high concentrations in the central nervous
system. ) was Discovered by “WREN” in 1656.
“THIOPENTAL” is a barbiturate
It is water soluble & alkaline in nature
Thiopental produce rapid onset of actions and ultrashorts
recovery period
It produce mild direct cardiac depression resulting into lower
BP.
It is used for rapid control of convulsion.
11. Nitrous Oxide
• widely used
• Potent analgesic
• Produce a light anesthesia
• Do not depress the
respiration/vasomotor center
• Used ad adjunct to supplement
other inhalationals
12. Halothane
•Halothane is flurinated volatile
liquid with sweet odour , non irritant
, non-flammable, stored in amber
colured bottle .
• It is potent anesthetic .
•Non irritant , controls hypotension
•Potent and speedy recovery .
•Special apparatus is required for
administration.
•Reduce cardiac output
13. Isoflurane
smooth and rapid induction and
recovery
very little metabolism (0.2%)
most widely employed
It producess less myocardial depression.
Low nausea and vomitting
It producess uterine muscle relaxation .
It is expensive
14. Enflurane
Enflurane is non- inflammable with mild sweet odour and boils at
57° C.
Its action is similar to halothane .
Rapid, smooth induction and maintenance
2-10% metabolized in liver
Introduced as replacement for halothane
Depresses myocardial force of contraction and sensitize heart to
adrenalin
Metabolism releases fluoride ion causes renal toxicity
16. Intravenous Anesthetics
• Intravenous (i.v.) anesthetics are unique drugs that
induce anesthesia rapidly as they quickly achieve
high concentrations in the central nervous system.
• Most exert their actions by potentiating GABAA
receptor
17. Thiopental sodium
• rapid onset (20 sec)
• short-acting iv anesthetics.
Effect terminated not by metabolism but by
redistribution
19. Propofol
Short-acting agent used for the
induction
maintenance of GA and
sedation
Onset within one minute of
injection
20. It is highly protein bound in vivo and is metabolised
in the liver
Side-effect
pain on injection
hypotension
transient apnoea following induction
22. “METHOHEXITAL” it is similar to thiopentone and
three times more potent
It has a quicker 5-8 min action.
It more rapidly metabolized than Thiopentone
“ETOMIDATE” it has direct CNS depressant & GABA
agonist
“PROPOFOL” produce rapid onset and short duration
action
It is also produces minimal nausea and vomiting
23. Slow Action Drugs
“BENZODIAZEPINE(BZD)”
produce sedation & amnesia by potentiating GABA receptors
BDZ are poor analgesic
BDZ decrease muscle tone by central action
They do not provoke postoperative nausea or vomiting
“DIAZEPAM” it is water insoluble produce venous irritation
It is metabolized by liver and it is not redistributed
“LORAZEPAM” it is similar to DIAZEPAM it is water insoluble produce
venous irritation
“MIDAZOLAM” it is more potent than diazepam & lorazepam.
It has minimal cardiac effects.
24. Dissociative Anesthesia
“KETAMINE” pharmacologically katamine is
related to hallucinogen phencyclidine
Ketamine has been recommended for operation on
the head & neck has bleed , and asthmatic patients
It is good for repeated use particularly suitable for
burn dressing
It may be dangerous for hypertensive & ischemic
heart.
26. This use of medication is IMP due to following
reasons
For relief of Anxiety
Decrease the Secretion
Decrease Acidity & volume of Juice
27. “SEDATIVE-ANTIANXIETY DRUGS”:
They decreases the anxiety , providing amnesia,
BZDs drug for preanesthetics, anxiolytics, sedation .
Ex. Lorazepam , midazolam
“OPIOIDS” :
Morphine relieve anxiety.
Reduce the dose of anesthesia
It produce Pre- & Post-Operative analgesia
Presurgical pain
28. “ANTIMETIC” :
Antiemetic enhance gastric emptying .
They are prevent nausea , vomiting in patient
Metaclopramide is effective in reducing Post-Operative vomiting.
Ex. metoclopramide 10-20mg
Domperidone
“ANTICHOLINERGICS” :
are drugs that block and inhibit the activity of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at both central and
peripheral nervous system synapses.
Atropine or Hyoscine has been used primarily to reduce salivary
& bronchial secretions.
29. “ANTIHISTAMINES” : These are H2 blockers
Ranitidine or Famotidine given in night
Raising pH of gastric juice
“NUROLEPTICS” :
Chlorpromazine,Trifluoprazine or Haloperidol's
are frequently use in premedication
Relieve Anxiety
Have Antiemetic action i.e. controls nausea and
vomiting