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Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in both the pediatric and adult chronic kidney disease CKD population. CKD is characterized by dysregulation of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its management puts patients with CKD at increased cardiovascular risk. Emergence of experimental and some clinical data suggesting beneficial effects of vitamin D on proteinuria, blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes has pushed it to the center stage of CKD research. Pediatric data on vitamin D dysregulation and its consequences are still in its infancy. Ongoing prospective studies such as Chronic Kidney disease in Children CKiD and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD 4 C should help to delineate the evolution of disturbances in mineral metabolism and its adverse effects on growth, CKD progression and cardiovascular outcomes. Dr. Prafull Dawale | Neha Jain "Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26778.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/26778/vitamin-d-in-chronic-kidney-disease/dr-prafull-dawale
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metabolic acidosis develops because of defects in the ability of the renal tubules to perform the normal functions required to maintain acid-base balance.
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Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in both the pediatric and adult chronic kidney disease CKD population. CKD is characterized by dysregulation of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its management puts patients with CKD at increased cardiovascular risk. Emergence of experimental and some clinical data suggesting beneficial effects of vitamin D on proteinuria, blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes has pushed it to the center stage of CKD research. Pediatric data on vitamin D dysregulation and its consequences are still in its infancy. Ongoing prospective studies such as Chronic Kidney disease in Children CKiD and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD 4 C should help to delineate the evolution of disturbances in mineral metabolism and its adverse effects on growth, CKD progression and cardiovascular outcomes. Dr. Prafull Dawale | Neha Jain "Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26778.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/26778/vitamin-d-in-chronic-kidney-disease/dr-prafull-dawale
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metabolic acidosis develops because of defects in the ability of the renal tubules to perform the normal functions required to maintain acid-base balance.
Acute renal failure (ARF), characterized by sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, conserve electrolytes, and maintain fluid balance, is a frequent clinical problem, particularly in the intensive care unit, where it is associated with a mortality of between 50% and 80%. In this review, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of ARF are discussed, including the vascular, tubular, and inflammatory perturbations. The clinical evaluation of ARF and implications for potential future therapies to decrease the high mortality are described.
Nutritional management of clinical disordersrohini sane
A lucid presentation Nutritional management of clinical disorders to facilitate easy-learning for medical , dental , pharmacology and biotechnology students.
Pharmacology of drugs acting on Renal System.pdfAFFIFA HUSSAIN
Diuretics also known as water pills increases the excretion of water and electrolytes (Na+) in
urine.
Natriuresis – large amount of sodium excreted in urine due to the action of kidneys.
Promoted by – ventricular and atrial natriuretic as well as calcitonin.
Inhibited by chemicals such as aldosterone. The drugs which increases sodium excretion are
known as natriuretic.
Diuresis – increased or excessive production of urine. The drugs which enhances the excretion
of water without loss of electrolyte is called as aquaretic.
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. 1. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR):
• Impaired proximal phosphate reabsorption.
• There are fewer units of the sodium-dependent
phosphate transporter type 2 (NaPi2) in the apical
membrane of proximal tubular cells, in which the
maximal transport capacity for phosphate is reduced.
• Mutations in a phosphate-regulating gene.
• It is the most common form of hereditary rickets.
Disorders of proximal tubular transport function:
4. • Excess fibroblast growth factor (FGF23).
• FGF23 inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption also
inhibits the 1-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
• Normal levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
• Absence of hypercalciuria.
2. Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic
rickets (ADHR):
5. • Defective protein: Dentin matrix protein 1 (a bone
matrix
protein that appears to play a role in regulating bone
mineralization and FGF23 production)
• Renal phosphate wasting.
• Normal levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D,
• Absence of hypercalciuria,
• Elevated serum levels of FGF23
3. Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic
rickets:
6. • Primary defect in Sodium-phosphate cotransporter
Npt2c.
• An autosomal recessive disorder.
• Elevations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels.
• FGF23 levels are normal or reduced.
4. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with
hypercalciuria (HHRH):
7. • FGF23 (deficiency)
• Mirror image of ADHR and XLHR, with
• Excessive renal phosphate reabsorption,
hyperphosphatemia,
• Normal levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D,
• Low levels of FGF23.
5. Familial hyperostosis hyperphosphatemia
8. • An autosomal recessive.
• Mutations that inactivate the basolateral sodium
bicarbonate cotransporter NBC1.
• Ocular abnormalities, including blindness, band
keratopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma; these ocular
manifestations probably are a consequence of
impaired bicarbonate transport in the eye.
6. Proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA):
9. Generalized impairment in reabsorptive function of
the proximal tubule and comprises proximal RTA with
aminoaciduria, renal glycosuria, hypouricemia, and
hypophosphatemia.
Some or all of these abnormalities are present in
patients with Fanconi syndrome.
Inherited causes of partial or complete Fanconi
syndrome include hereditary fructose intolerance,
Lowe syndrome, and Dent disease.
7.Inherited fanconi syndrome:
10. Hereditary fructose intolerance:
• Deficiency of the aldolase B enzyme, which cleaves
fructose-1-phosphate.
• Symptoms are precipitated by intake of sweets.
• Hypoglycemic shock, severe abdominal symptoms,
metabolic acidosis.
• Rickets and stunted growth, Hyperuricemia,
hypermagnesemia
• Avoiding dietary sources of fructose can minimize acute
symptoms and chronic consequences such as liver disease.
11. Lowe syndrome
• Mutations in OCRL1
• Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
include congenital cataracts,
mental retardation, muscular
hypotonia, and the renal Fanconi
syndrome.
• Proteinuria, glycosuria,
aminoaciduria, and phosphaturia
• proximal RTA with growth
retardation.
• Rickets
• Kidney failure is common
occurring earlier.
Dent disease
• Mutations that inactivate the
chloride transporter CLC-5.
• Confined to the kidney
• Proteinuria.
• Glycosuria, aminoaciduria, and
phosphaturia (less common)
• Rickets
• Hypercalciuria,
nephrocalcinosis, kidney stones
• Kidney failure is common
occurring in young adulthood
13. • Classic and the antenatal type
• Autosomal-recessive disorders.
• Type I--- Bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter
NKCC2
• Type II ---Apical potassium channel ROMK
• Type III--- Basolateral chloride channel ClC-Kb
• Type IV, with sensorineural deafness--- Barttin (ClC-
Kb-associated protein)
• Familial hypocalcemia with Bartter features ---CaSR
(activation)
1. Bartter syndrome:
14. Clinical features:
• Antenatal Bartter syndrome has been observed in
consanguineous families in association with
sensorineural deafness.
• Manifests in infancy or childhood with polyuria and
failure to thrive, often occurring after a pregnancy with
polyhydramnios.
• Volume depletion activation of the renin- angiotensin
aldosterone axis
• Hypokalemic
• Metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria
• Serum magnesium levels are usually normal
• These patients resemble patients chronically taking loop
15. Diagnosis:
Must be distinguished from vomiting, diuretic administration, and
laxatives abuse.
Urinary Cl− concentration:
Normal or increased in Bartter syndrome
Low in the vomiting patient.
The therapy:
Repair of the hypokalemia through inhibition of the renin-
angiotensinaldosterone system or the prostaglandin-kinin system,
using;
- propranolol, amiloride, spironolactone, prostaglandin
inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
- Direct repletion of the deficits with potassium and magnesium.
16. • An autosomal recessive.
• Without ocular abnormalities Claudin-16 (paracellin-1).
With ocular abnormalities Claudin-19.
• Both claudin 16 and claudin 19 are expressed in the
thick ascending limb (TAL), but claudin 19 also is
expressed in the retina. These two proteins interact in
the tight junction to regulate cation permeability.
• kidney failure, kidney stones, hypomagnesemia,
hypercalciuria and hyperuricemia.
2. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria
and nephrocalcinosis
17. CASR inactivation.
Hypercalcemia with relative elevation of PTH levels.
Urinary calcium excretion is low.
It is benign, because tissues are resistant to the high serum
calcium levels.
A family history helps to differentiate FHH from primary
hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroidectomy should not
be performed.
Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism:
Infants of consanguineous parents with FHH can be
homozygous for these mutations, resulting in a syndrome
of severe hypercalcemia with marked
hyperparathyroidism, fractures, and failure to thrive
3. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
(FHH)
18. Familial hypercalciuric hypocalcemia---
CaSR (activation).
Hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria without elevated PTH
concentrations.
Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy:
Uromodulin (i.e., Tamm-Horsfall protein)
Hyperuricemia and gout.
This syndrome overlaps with medullary cystic kidney
disease type 2.
20. An autosomal-recessive
Mutations in the NCCT
Clinical features:
Metabolic alkalosis is associated with hypokalemia.
Normal-to-low blood pressure, volume depletion with
secondary hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism.
Hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia are useful in
distinguishing Gitelman syndrome from Bartter syndrome.
Features mimic the effects of chronic thiazide diuretic
administration
Gitelman syndrome becomes symptomatic later in life and
is associated with milder salt wasting.
Gitelman Syndrome
21. Treatment:
A diet high in potassium and potassium salts and
magnesium supplementation
Amiloride with dose escalation to as much as 10 mg twice
daily
Amiloride may be used in combination with spironolactone
or eplerenone.
Dietary salt should be limited and foods high in salt
avoided.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors may be used in
selected patients for which frank hypotension is not a
complication.
22. Liddle Syndrome
β and γ subunits of epithelial Na channel on the apical
surface of the principal cells of the cortical collecting duct--
-excessive sodium channel activity.
A n autosomal dominant
Severe hypertension and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
It resembles primary hyperaldosteronism, but serum
aldosterone and renin levels are quite low, and, for this
reason, the disease also has been called
pseudohyperaldosteronism.
Disorders of transport in the collecting
tubule
23. Spironolactone had no effect on the hypertension,
patients did respond well to triamterene or dietary
sodium restriction
Renal transplantation in Liddle’s original proband led
to resolution of the hypertension, consistent with
correction of the defect intrinsic to the kidneys.