The term generations of computers .. that help all of you to study about history and advancement of computer generations .. if any suggestion then kindly comment

1. Generations of computers

2. +

3. Generations of computers

4. Contents
•The First Generation
•The Second Generation
•The Third Generation
•The Fourth Generation
•The Fifth Generation

5. What is Generation of
Computer?
• The duration in which a specific
technology is used to manufactured a
computer is called generation.

6. The First Generation
UNIAC
(Universal Automatic Computer)
ENIAC
(Electronic numerical integrator and
automatic computer
First computer built for business.
• In first generation ,computer was based on vacuum
tube. These are called first generation computer.
• These tubes could control and amplify electronic
signals and thousand such tubes required for a
computer.

8. Magnetic core

9. • Punch card:
• Tape card

10. ADVANTAGES:
• These computer were made with latest
technology ( Vacuum tubes)
• Magnetic tape for external storage was used.
• For input/output punch cards were used

11. DISADVANTAGES:
• These computers were large in size.
• Thousands of Vacuum tubes were used.
• These were very expensive.

12. The Second Generation
Examples : IBM 7094 Series and CDC 164 etc.
• In this generation a small device was
developed that were used to transfer the
electric signal called Transistor.
• Three scientists include J.Baardeen, H.W
Brattain and W.shockley developed the
transistor, a device that can act as an electric
switch.

14. ADVANTAGES:
• These computers
smaller in size.
• The results of this
computer were
reliable.
• Less heat
generated.

15. DISADVANTAGES:
• Air conditioned room
were still required.
• This technology was
costly.
• Complex technology
used in this
technology.

16. The Third Generation
• In this generation transistor were replaced by
IC(Integrated Circuits) developed by Jack
Kilby.
• A single IC chip contains thousands of
transistors.
• EXAMPLE: IBM System /360, UNIVAC 1108
etc.

19. ADVANTAGES:
• Very small in size.
• Very less heat
generated.
• Less cost.

20. DISADVANTAGES:
• Manufacturing was
difficult.
• Maintenance
required to repair
these generation’s
system.

21. The Fourth Generation
The fourth generation computers started with
the invention of microprocessor. Microprocessor
is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on
it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer.
Example:
•Apple Macintosh
•IBM PC

23. ADVANTAGES:
• 4th
generation computers were very fast and small in
size.
• The processing speed of these was so much high.
• Heat generation was very low.

24. DISADVANTAGES:
• High educated and qualified staff
required .
• Most of countries did not have
such technology.
• Only a few companies have
specialized in this field.

25. The Fifth Generation
• Mid 1990’s
• Intelligent computers
– Artificial intelligence
– Expert systems
– Natural language

26. The Fifth Generation
AI – Artificial Intelligence
• How computers can be used for tasks
that required human characteristics
• How to make computers do things that
people currently do better

28. The Fifth Generation
AI – How Computers Learn
• Improve performance based on past errors
• Knowledge base – set of facts and rules
• Inference engine – applies rules to the facts
to create new facts

29. The Fifth Generation
Data Mining
• Extracting previously unknown
information from existing data
– Relationships
– Trends
• Look for hidden information that cannot
be found because of the size of the
database

30. The Fifth Generation
Natural Language
• Humans communicate with computers
in the language they use on a daily
basis

31. The Fifth Generation
Expert Systems
• Software used with an extensive set of
organized data that presents the computer as
an expert on a particular topic
• User
– Knowledge seeker
– Asks questions in English-like format
• Computer responds with an answer and
explanation

32. The Fifth Generation
Building an Expert System
Expert system shell
Software that contains the basic structure
used to find answers to questions
Build knowledge base
Knowledge engineer writes rules

33. The Fifth Generation
Robotics
• Computer-controlled device that can
physically manipulate its surroundings
• Primarily found in factories
• Field robots
– Dangerous work
– “Dirty” jobs

34. Robotics

35. The Fifth Generation
VR – Virtual Reality
• Engage a user in a computer-created
environment
– User physically interacts with computer-created
environment
– Immersion – user becomes absorbed in the VR
interaction
• How it works
– Alters perceptions
– Appeals to several senses at once
– Presents images that respond immediately to
users movements

36. The Fifth Generation
VR – Virtual Reality
• The future of VR
– Virtual showroom
– Try new medical procedures on simulated
patients
• Problem
– Simulator sickness
– Costs