This document discusses the importance of understanding a counsellee's gender and the influences it has on their mental health and counseling needs. It outlines that women experience depression more than men and have unique concerns related to socialization and roles. These include stress from multiple responsibilities and issues like body image. Men internalize emotions more due to social norms and may struggle with vulnerability, addiction, and relationship or work issues. Understanding a counsellee's values, providing respect, and allowing them to discuss issues at their own pace are important for effective counseling.
Individual difference is a unit of post-basic BSc nursing syllabus. You can find relatable information about this topic. for a better understanding kindly refer to books. This presentation slides are for teachers use only
This presentation describes the health challenges of adolescents, the approaches to interviewing an adolescent during a clinical encounter and the characteristics of an adolescent friendly health facility.
Individual difference is a unit of post-basic BSc nursing syllabus. You can find relatable information about this topic. for a better understanding kindly refer to books. This presentation slides are for teachers use only
This presentation describes the health challenges of adolescents, the approaches to interviewing an adolescent during a clinical encounter and the characteristics of an adolescent friendly health facility.
Sex on the Therapy Couch: Working with Sex in the Therapeutic RelationshipIndaba Counselling
Counsellors can sometimes feel ill-equipped to engage with clients in this area, owing to a lack of training or their own unclear feelings around sex. This can inadvertently undermine clients feeling safe to openly discuss sexual concerns. The workshop addresses this and will encourage participants to explore how their own attitudes may impact a Person-Centred therapeutic relationship.
There can be many variations of this theme, so some clarification is offered below:
In counselling training, we are encouraged to examine our views and to raise our self-awareness around all manner of issues, such as loss, race, disability, difference and diversity, so as to be effective therapists. Much of sexual training focuses on sexuality and GLBT, and sexual abuse, while more general feelings about the act of sex itself is often neglected. This can leave counsellors less equipped to engage comfortably with client concerns, e.g. owing to personal embarrassment or shame, such that a client might then feel unsafe to openly discuss sexual apprehensions in their relationship or anxiety about having sex, not liking it, wanting it too much, being influenced by pornography, to name but a few areas of potential worry.
The presentation is thus intended to address theses issues by an examination of societies' views of sex, our own feelings about it, and finally we will link these to how all of this may subtly impact our client work.
Adolescence Period And Stages, Need, importance, CharacteristicsDrVandanaBEdMEdLectu
I have explained here the period of adolescents and stages of adolescents ,meaning and definition, characteristics. Need of Adolescents, problems of adolescents. Education of Adolescents.
Psychology of vulnerable individual:challenged, women , sick, unit 4, psychol...Sumity Arora
The Psychology of physically or mentally challenged persons or those with special needs is an area which is gaining in importance.
Challenged:
• Physical
Mental •
Social
• Emotional
Sex on the Therapy Couch: Working with Sex in the Therapeutic RelationshipIndaba Counselling
Counsellors can sometimes feel ill-equipped to engage with clients in this area, owing to a lack of training or their own unclear feelings around sex. This can inadvertently undermine clients feeling safe to openly discuss sexual concerns. The workshop addresses this and will encourage participants to explore how their own attitudes may impact a Person-Centred therapeutic relationship.
There can be many variations of this theme, so some clarification is offered below:
In counselling training, we are encouraged to examine our views and to raise our self-awareness around all manner of issues, such as loss, race, disability, difference and diversity, so as to be effective therapists. Much of sexual training focuses on sexuality and GLBT, and sexual abuse, while more general feelings about the act of sex itself is often neglected. This can leave counsellors less equipped to engage comfortably with client concerns, e.g. owing to personal embarrassment or shame, such that a client might then feel unsafe to openly discuss sexual apprehensions in their relationship or anxiety about having sex, not liking it, wanting it too much, being influenced by pornography, to name but a few areas of potential worry.
The presentation is thus intended to address theses issues by an examination of societies' views of sex, our own feelings about it, and finally we will link these to how all of this may subtly impact our client work.
Adolescence Period And Stages, Need, importance, CharacteristicsDrVandanaBEdMEdLectu
I have explained here the period of adolescents and stages of adolescents ,meaning and definition, characteristics. Need of Adolescents, problems of adolescents. Education of Adolescents.
Psychology of vulnerable individual:challenged, women , sick, unit 4, psychol...Sumity Arora
The Psychology of physically or mentally challenged persons or those with special needs is an area which is gaining in importance.
Challenged:
• Physical
Mental •
Social
• Emotional
Lecture delivered at the Adebimpe Youth Alive Care Foundation Convergence 2019 (Mental Health Literacy Bootcamp).
An attempt at demystifying the concept of mental health disorder with emphasis on depression.
The history of Eastern painting is as old as the civilization of China. It is historically comparable to Western painting. Eastern countries continued to influence each other’s production of arts over the centuries.
Definition of ethics, Ethics and counselling,
Professional codes of ethics and standards,
the Development of Code of Ethics of
Counsellors, Ethical counselling
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
GENDER OF THE COUNSELLEE, MENTAL HEALTH OF THE COUNSELLEE AND VALUES OF THE COUNSELLEE
1.
2.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Gender is a crictical determinant of mental
health and distress.
• In counselling the gender of the counsellee
plays a great role.
• It is essential to know the concerns ,issues etc
of consellees of different genders.
• Here,also discussing about the mental heath
and values of counsellee.
4. GENDER OF THE COUNSELLEE
• Counsellees have distinct needs and concerns
that are determined by the cultural climates and
social groups in which they live and develop.
• Counsellors who are not fully aware of the
influence of societal discrimination, stereotypes
and role expectations based on gender are not
likely to succeed in helping their clients in
counselling.
• Men and women experience different
developmental challenges,they may need
different styles of interaction from professionals.
5. Example,
• Women in US suffer from major depression at
twice the rate of men
• 7 million compared with 3.5 million
• This findings hold true across cultures .
6. WOMEN COUNSELLEES
• Women are primary consumers of counselling
(Wastell,1996).
• They have special needs related to biological
differences and socialization patterns.
• Women still lack the degree of freedom,
status ,access and acceptance that men
possess , although their social roles and career
opportunities have expanded considerably.
7. • As a group ,women have quite different
concerns than man in many areas.
• For instance, they differ in their interest and
involvement in such fundamental issues such
as career options ,life development etc
• Women often blame themselves for
inadequacies that were actually the products
of unrecognized forced enculturation.
• False assumptions, inaccurate beliefs, and a
lack of counselor understanding contribute to
the problems of women counsellee.
8.
9. CONCERNS OF FEMALE COUNSELEE
• Many early theories ,especially psychoanalytic
principles, tended to characterize women as
innately passive, dependent and morally inferior
to men.
• However ,the literature in the field of women’s
studies has grown to a plethora of texts.
• Many have been written by women, for women
often from feminist perspective to correct those
wrong theoretical views.
10. • A second major concern is sexism.
• It is more deep rooted than racism
• It is the belief that females should be treated
on the basis of their sex without regard to
other criteria, such as interests and abilities.
• In past it has been blatant
• limiting access to certain professions and
encouraging pink collar jobs(eg: nursing)
• Today it is much subtle
11. ISSUES
• Women often have multiple roles, and the
stress involved in obtaining a balance between
obligations to family and children, household
chores, and paid work can be exhausting.
• Women can face challenges around body
image, self-acceptance and self-esteem,
including issues of ageing and other midlife
concerns (such as empty nest syndrome,
menopause, caring for elderly parents,
widowhood)
12. • Women can be affected by post-natal/partum
depression and hormonal disorders.
• Women are also more at risk of violence and
abuse, and more prone to anxiety disorders
and depression.
13. MEN COUNSELLEES
• The exploration of men’s problems and
potentials has been a struggle over the last
four decades.
• Change about men’s emotions is quite
evident when President Barack Obama
expresses tears of gratitude to his staff for
helping him win the 2012 election and tears
of sadness and anguish from the Newtown,
Connecticut, Sandy Hook massacre.
14. • The President’s emotionality was nationally
televised four times after the election, and no
one, including the media, accused him of
being weak or out of control.
• The paradigm shift is that men are being
allowed to be more vulnerable and emotional
human beings than ever before.
15.
16. CONCERNS OF MEN COUNSELLEE
• Beginning in childhood there are stricter
sanctions against boys adopting feminine
behaviour .
• Boys are reinforced for non emotional physical
actions.
• Thus men internalize their emotional
reactions and seek to be autonomous,
aggressive and competitive.
17. ISSUES
• For centuries, men were defined as warriors who
were responsible for providing and protecting their
families, tribes and communities.
• Those restraining limitations that were imposed by
cultural traditions limited men as far as emotions are
concerned.
• The expectations and demands of our new modern
world result in increasing stress levels, often related
to relationships and work.
• Symptoms of male issues that are commonly seen ,
include stress, anger, addiction, depression,
relationship issues, and work adjustment issues.
18. • Traditional roles, particularly in men who
were predominantly raised by women,
dictate that men are not supposed to show
certain emotions.
• Men who feel the need for nurturance, feel
ashamed at their display of emotion and
vulnerability.
• If he experienced childhood abuse, or was
raised by an overprotective mother, he may
become excessively angry or hurt at
perceived criticism, complaints or insults.
19. MENTAL HEALTH OF THE COUNSELLEE
• Mental health includes our emotional,
psychological, and social well-being. It affects
how we think, feel, and act.
• It also helps determine how we handle stress,
relate to others, and make choices.
• Over the course of your life, if you experience
mental health problems, your thinking, mood,
and behavior could be affected.
20. FACTORS AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH
• Many factors contribute to mental health
problems, including:
• Biological factors, such as genes or brain
chemistry
• Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse
• Family history of mental health problems
21. EARLY WARNING SIGNS
• Experiencing one or more of the
following feelings or behaviors can be
an early warning sign of a problem,
Eating or sleeping too much or too
little
• Pulling away from people and usual
activities
• Having low or no energy
• Feeling numb or like nothing matters
22. • Having unexplained aches and pains
• Feeling helpless or hopeless
• Smoking, drinking, or using drugs more than
usual
• Feeling unusually confused, forgetful, on edge,
angry, upset, worried, or scared
• Yelling or fighting with family and friends
23. • Experiencing severe mood swings that cause
problems in relationships
• Having persistent thoughts and memories you
can't get out of your head
• Hearing voices or believing things that are not
true
• Thinking of harming yourself or others
• Inability to perform daily tasks like taking care
of your kids or getting to work or school.
24. Ways to maintain positive mental health include,
• Connecting with others
• Staying positive
• Getting physically active
• Helping others
• Getting enough sleep
• Developing coping skills
25. VALUES OF THE COUNSELLEE
1)VALUES AND BELIEFS
• It is not respectful to impose personal beliefs and
values upon counsellees
• The counsellee’s values tend to grow closer to the
values of the counsellor, as counsellors do become
role models for their counsellee.
2)RESPECT FOR THE COUNSELLEE
• The counsellee has come for assistance and
deserves to be treated as a person of worth.
• Individuals need to feel appreciated and valued
26. 3)LANGUAGE
• Appropriate use of language is essential, to
showing the client respect
4) PACE
• Some counsellees will come to counselling
unsure of what they want to say.
• When this happens, clients can take an
extended length of time to choose the word
that best describes their situation or feeling.
