I've prepared this wonderful eye catch presentation to explain you about these complex biology not in bulk but in points the points which holds power...

1. Introduction, Importance and
General Characteristics of
By
Pankaj Kumar Thakur
 Agricultural Engineering Graduate from MGCGVV Chitrakoot,
Satna (MP)
 Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Post Graduate from GBPUAT,
Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) 263145
 ICAR AIEEA PG 2018 AIR 25
 ASRB NET
 Fungi
 Bacteria
 Fastidious
Bacteria
 Nematodes
 Phytoplasmas
 Spiroplasams
 Viruses
 Viroids
 Algae
 Protozoa
 Parasites

2. WHAT?
 Eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and
mushrooms.
EXAMPLE:
 The appearance of black spots on bread left outside for some days, the mushrooms and
the yeast cells, which are commonly used for the production of beer and bread are also
fungi. They are also found in most of the skin infections and other fungal diseases.
SERVIVAL Environment:
Moist & Warm

3. filamentous structure except the yeast
cells
single-celled or multicellular organism
Cell wall made up of chitin and
polysaccharides
nucleus is dense, clear, with chromatin
threads, surrounded by a nuclear
membrane.
cell wall comprises protoplast,
differentiated into other cell parts: cell
membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles
and nuclei.
long thread-like
structures
mesh-like structure:
mycelium.

4. Characteristics of Fungi
unicellular or filamentous
reproduce by means of spores
lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform photosynthesis
store their food in the form of starch
nuclei of the fungi are very small.
mode of reproduction is sexual or asexual.
Some fungi are parasitic and can infect the host
produce a chemical (pheromone) which leads to sexual reproduction in fungi

5. Classification
Based on Mode of nutrition
1. Saprophytic: dead organic substances
2. Parasitic: living on other living organisms (plants or animals)
3. Symbiotic: interdependent relationship association with other species in
which both are mutually benefited. i.e. algae and fungi.
i. Sexual
ii. Asexual
iii. Vegetative
(budding, fission and
fragmentation)

6. Uses of Fungi
Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet as it plays a vital role in the biosphere and has great economic importance
on account of their both benefits and harmful effects
Recycling
Food
Medicines
Biocontrol
Agents
Food
spoilage

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8. “Bacteria are unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group
where the organisms lack a few organelles and a true nucleus”.
very first
organisms to
evolve on
earth
peptidoglycan
Classification
 Shape
 Composition of the cell wall
 Mode of respiration
 Mode of nutrition

9. Strictly asexual by
Binary Fission
E.Coli@2M/7h
Beneficial
 Convert milk into curd – Lactobacillus
or lactic acid bacteria
 Ferment food products – Streptococcus
and Bacillus
 Help in digestion & immunity
 Production of antibiotics
Harmful
Causes infectious diseases like
pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria,
syphilis, tooth decay.
Control: Disinfectants, sterilizing
(Heat, UV Radiations, boiling,
pasteurization etc.

10. Fastidious bacteria : Requires special nutritional supplements
and conditions to grow
non-fastidious bacteria: do not need such special nutritional
supplements or conditions

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12.  present in the soil feed on the
bacteria, fungi, and other
nematodes.
 play an important role in
nutrient recycling.
 attack the insects and control
the pests
 However;
 They feed on the plant roots
and reduce the nutrient
uptake and stress tolerance of
the plant.

13. Phytoplasmas
 Phytoplasmas are obligate
intracellular parasites of plant phloem
tissue.
 cause a wide variety of symptoms
ranging from mild yellowing to death.
 Phytoplasmas are most prevalent in
tropical and subtropical regions.
 They are transmitted from plant to
plant by vectors (normally sap-sucking
insects such as leafhoppers) in which
they both survive and replicate.

14. Spiroplasmas : a group of small bacteria without cell walls.
 simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle,
 helical morphology,
 spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion.
 disease-causing agents in the phloem of plants.
 Fastidious in nature
 grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C

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16.  Viruses are non-cellular,
microscopic infectious agents that
can only replicate inside a host cell…
 cannot be classified either a living
organism or non-living (Biological
perspective) . (grey area – between
the living and non-living)
 made up of genetic material and
protein that can invade and
reproduce only within the living cells
of bacteria, plants and animals.
 do not grow, neither respire nor
metabolize, but they reproduce.
 Size: 30-50 nm
 usually lack a cell wall but are surrounded by a
protective protein coating (Capsid)
 contain either RNA or DNA as the genetic
material

17.  Following is a list of virus diseases that have made a significant socioeconomic impact
in the last few decades.
 AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
 Ebola
 Influenza
 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
 Chikungunya

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19. Viroids
 Viroids are infectious pathogens that affect only
plants
 smaller than viruses
 possess circular strands of ribonucleic acids (RNA’s)
with no protein coating.
 hijack the cellular machinery present in plant cells.
 Viroids are the plant parasites
 mainly infect the epidermis of the hosts after causing
mechanical damage to the cell wall of the plant.

20.  exist in environments ranging
from oceans, rivers, and lakes
to ponds, brackish waters and
even snow
 usually green, but they can be
found in a variety of different
colours
 Most algae require a moist or
watery environment
 they do not have vascular
tissues to circulate essential
nutrients and water
throughout their body.
“Alga is a term that describes a large and incredibly
diverse group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms.
These organisms do not share a common ancestor and
hence, are not related to each other (polyphyletic).”

21. Protozoa
 unicellular, eukaryotic,
heterotrophic organisms
 free-living or parasites
 lack a cell wall
 found in the aquatic
environment
 Mostly they are aerobic
but some are anaerobic
 Mostly they reproduce
by asexual means

22. “Parasitic symbiosis is a close and long-term symbiotic
interaction between two organisms, where one lives in
the body of the host causing it some harm.”
Parasites: “the one that eats at the table of
others” [Greek]
 live within host cells
 reproduce faster by causing
more damage to the host
 receive all sorts of benefits like
food and shelter from the host
 size ranges from tiny, single-
celled organisms to worms over
20- 30 m in length

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