1) The document proposes an alternative cosmological model where dark matter and dark energy are described as forms of ether, analogous to Mach's principle of inertia.
2) In this model, dark matter arises from the QCD vacuum or "sea" of quark-antiquark pairs and gluons at the confinement scale, while dark energy corresponds to the zero-point energy of the QCD vacuum.
3) The model aims to replace the standard LambdaCDM model, treating the expanding universe as a dynamically stable "biking" Einstein universe where the running cosmological constant compensates for the effect of gravity at all epochs.
Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified Schrödinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal. The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planck’s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect. Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.
Why Does the Atmosphere Rotate? Trajectory of a desorbed moleculeJames Smith
As a step toward understanding why the Earth's atmosphere "rotates" with the Earth, we use using Geometric (Clifford) Algebra to investigate the trajectory of a single molecule that desorbs vertically upward from the Equator, then falls back to Earth without colliding with any other molecules. Sample calculations are presented for a molecule whose vertical velocity is equal to the surface velocity of the Earth at the Equator (463 m/s) and for one with a vertical velocity three times as high. The latter velocity is sufficient for the molecule to reach the Kármán Line (100,000 m). We find that both molecules fall to Earth behind the point from which they desorbed: by 0.25 degrees of latitude for the higher vertical velocity, but by only 0.001 degrees for the lower.
A young astronomer’s by now ten years old
results are re-told and put in perspective. The implications are
far-reaching. Angular-momentum shows its clout not only in
quantum mechanics where this is well known, but is also a
major player in the space-time theory of the equivalence
principle and its ramifications. In general relativity, its
fundamental role was largely neglected for the better part of a
century. A children’s device – a friction-free rotating bicycle
wheel suspended from its hub that can be lowered and pulled
up reversibly – serves as an eye-opener. The consequences are
embarrassingly far-reaching in reviving Einstein’s original
dream
Motions for systems and structures in space, described by a set denoted Avd. ...Premier Publishers
In order to describe general motions and matter in space, functions for angular velocity and density are assumed and denoted Avd, as an abbreviation. The framework provides a unified approach to motions at different scales. It is analysed how Avd enters and rules, in terms of results from equations, in field experiments and observations at Earth. Chaos may organize according to Avd, such that more order, Cosmos, appear in complex nonlinear dynamical systems. This reveals that Avd may be governing and that deterministic systems can be created without assuming boundaries and conditions for initial values and forces from outside. A mathematical model for the initiation of Logos (when a paper accelerates into a narrow circular orbit), was described, and denoted local implosion; Li. The theorem for dl, provides discrete solutions to a power law, and this is related to locations of satellites and moons.
Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified Schrödinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal. The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planck’s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect. Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.
Why Does the Atmosphere Rotate? Trajectory of a desorbed moleculeJames Smith
As a step toward understanding why the Earth's atmosphere "rotates" with the Earth, we use using Geometric (Clifford) Algebra to investigate the trajectory of a single molecule that desorbs vertically upward from the Equator, then falls back to Earth without colliding with any other molecules. Sample calculations are presented for a molecule whose vertical velocity is equal to the surface velocity of the Earth at the Equator (463 m/s) and for one with a vertical velocity three times as high. The latter velocity is sufficient for the molecule to reach the Kármán Line (100,000 m). We find that both molecules fall to Earth behind the point from which they desorbed: by 0.25 degrees of latitude for the higher vertical velocity, but by only 0.001 degrees for the lower.
A young astronomer’s by now ten years old
results are re-told and put in perspective. The implications are
far-reaching. Angular-momentum shows its clout not only in
quantum mechanics where this is well known, but is also a
major player in the space-time theory of the equivalence
principle and its ramifications. In general relativity, its
fundamental role was largely neglected for the better part of a
century. A children’s device – a friction-free rotating bicycle
wheel suspended from its hub that can be lowered and pulled
up reversibly – serves as an eye-opener. The consequences are
embarrassingly far-reaching in reviving Einstein’s original
dream
Motions for systems and structures in space, described by a set denoted Avd. ...Premier Publishers
In order to describe general motions and matter in space, functions for angular velocity and density are assumed and denoted Avd, as an abbreviation. The framework provides a unified approach to motions at different scales. It is analysed how Avd enters and rules, in terms of results from equations, in field experiments and observations at Earth. Chaos may organize according to Avd, such that more order, Cosmos, appear in complex nonlinear dynamical systems. This reveals that Avd may be governing and that deterministic systems can be created without assuming boundaries and conditions for initial values and forces from outside. A mathematical model for the initiation of Logos (when a paper accelerates into a narrow circular orbit), was described, and denoted local implosion; Li. The theorem for dl, provides discrete solutions to a power law, and this is related to locations of satellites and moons.
Dark matter modeled as a Bose Einstein gluon condensate with an energy density relative to baryonic energy density in agreement with observation (ArXiv: 1507.00460)
I gave this talk on IEEE Day (October 7, 2014). I covered Introduction to Open Source, Various Projects and Products in Open Source, What students can get from Open Source and various different aspects of Open Source during this talk.
Please feel free to download, modify and use the slides for your talks. Lets keep rocking the Free Web ! :)
A Presentation that I took during Wired Robotics Boot Camp. I took it with one of my friend Sarthak Marathe.
It covers covers various aspects of Robotics, starting with Introduction to Robotics, its types, application etc. It also talks about, "How to build a Wired Robot".
Quantization of photonic energy and photonic wave lengthEran Sinbar
Assuming that space is quantized by Planck-length, we show that Mass and Velocity of elementary particles as well as photonic energy must be also quantized. Furthermore, since the photonic energy is quantized it is a type of discrete function and might be measured from observations of energetic cosmological photonic radiations or even with the Large Hadron Collider in CERN (LHC). Such successful measurements can prove that space is quantized.
Once assuming that space-time is quantized it obviously raises the question what is there between the Planck-length quanta pieces of space. We suggest a new theory claiming that between the quantum cells there are extra non local grid like dimensions that divide space and connect all the pieces together. These non-local new dimensions might explain today's Quantum Theory's non-local phenomena’s like Schrodinger’s probability wave instant collapse all over space, entanglement, etc.
While most of the singularities of General Relativity are expected to be safely hidden behind event horizons by the cosmic censorship conjecture, we happen to live in the causal future of the classical big bang singularity, whose resolution constitutes the active field of early universe cosmology...
Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worldsLex Pit
Michael J. W. Hall, Dirk-André Deckert, and Howard M. Wiseman
ABSTRACT
We investigate whether quantum theory can be understood as the continuum limit of a mechanical theory, in which there is a huge, but finite, number of classical “worlds,” and quantum effects arise solely from a universal interaction between these worlds, without reference to any wave function. Here, a “world” means an entire universe with well-defined properties, determined by the classical configuration of its particles and fields. In our approach, each world evolves deterministically, probabilities arise due to ignorance as to which world a given observer occupies, and we argue that in the limit of infinitely many worlds the wave function can be recovered (as a secondary object) from the motion of these worlds. We introduce a simple model of such a “many interacting worlds” approach and show that it can reproduce some generic quantum phenomena—such as Ehrenfest’s theorem, wave packet spreading, barrier tunneling, and zero-point energy—as a direct consequence of mutual repulsion between worlds. Finally, we perform numerical simulations using our approach. We demonstrate, first, that it can be used to calculate quantum ground states, and second, that it is capable of reproducing, at least qualitatively, the double-slit interference phenomenon.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.041013
A relationship between mass as a geometric concept and motion associated with a closed curve in spacetime (a notion taken from differential geometry) is investigated. We show that the 4-dimensional exterior Schwarzschild solution of the General Theory of Relativity can be mapped to a 4-dimensional Euclidean spacetime manifold. As a consequence of this mapping, the quantity M in the exterior Schwarzschild solution which is usually attributed to a massive central object is shown to correspond to a geometric property of spacetime. An additional outcome of this analysis is the discovery that, because M is a property of spacetime geometry, an anisotropy with respect to its spacetime components measured in a Minkowski tangent space defined with respect to a spacetime event P by an observer O who is stationary with respect to the spacetime event P, may be a sensitive measure of an anisotropic cosmic accelerated expansion. The presence of anisotropy in the cosmic accelerated expansion may contribute to the reason that there are currently two prevailing measured estimates of this quantity
The distribution and_annihilation_of_dark_matter_around_black_holesSérgio Sacani
Uma nova simulação computacional feita pela NASA mostra que as partículas da matéria escura colidindo na extrema gravidade de um buraco negro pode produzir uma luz de raios-gamma forte e potencialmente observável. Detectando essa emissão forneceria aos astrônomos com uma nova ferramenta para entender tanto os buracos negros como a natureza da matéria escura, uma elusiva substância responsável pela maior parte da massa do universo que nem reflete, absorve ou emite luz.
Fundamental principle of information to-energy conversion.Fausto Intilla
Abstract. - The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the
Landauer´s limit) kT ln 2, T being the ambient temperature. From a quantum-cosmological point of view the minimum quantum of energy in the universe corresponds today to a temperature of 10^-29 ºK, probably forming a cosmic background of a Bose condensate [1]. Then, the bit with minimum energy today in the Universe is a quantum of energy 10^-45 ergs, with an equivalent mass of 10^-66 g. Low temperature implies low energy per bit and, of course, this is the way for faster and less energy dissipating computing devices. Our conjecture is this: the possibility of a future access to the CBBC (a coupling/channeling?) would mean a huge
jump in the performance of these devices.
General Relativity is inconsistent with quantum theory which
leaves our understanding of nature incomplete and unsatisfactory. The now 80 years old quest for a consistent theory of quantum gravity has so far almost entirely focused on mathematical consistency. But as of recently the possibility to look for observational evidence has received an increased amount of attention, as a tool to provide guidance for the construction of of the theory.
Here, I summarize recent developments in the search for
experimental signatures for quantum gravitational effects and how these help to put constraints on the theory-construction. Some of the topics that I will cover are the prospects of finding Planck scale effects in gamma ray bursts, in neutral Kaon oscillations, or with massive quantum oscillators. If time allows, I will also comment on the search for holographic noise and how to find evidence for space-time discreteness.
I am Ben R. I am a Statistics Assignment Expert at statisticshomeworkhelper.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Statistics, from University of Denver, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 5 years. I solve assignments related to Statistics.
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The caustic that occur in geodesics in space-times which are solutions to the gravitational field equations with the energy-momentum tensor satisfying the dominant energy condition can be circumvented if quantum variations are allowed. An action is developed such that the variation yields the field equations
and the geodesic condition, and its quantization provides a method for determining the extent of the wave packet around the classical path.
This is a "post-preprint" of a contributed paper at the XXII International conference on High Energy Physics Leipzig, July 19-25, 1984. Some of the ideas developed in this paper may turn out to be useful in the interpretation of the standard model of modern cosmology
This is a post-preprint of a contributed paper at the XXII International conference on High Energy Physics Leipzig, July 19-25, 1984. Some of the ideas developed in this paper may be useful in the interpretation of the standard model of modern cosmology
Conférence prononcée à Marseille le 9/12/2016 et à Lyon le 13/12/2016 dans laquelle est avancée l'idée qu'est en cours une nouvelle révolution scientifique, celle de la possible réconciliation de la relativité générale et de la physique quantique
Cet article a été publié comme un chapitre de l'ouvrage collectif Mutations de l'écriture (Publications de la Sorbonne) édité sous la direction de François Nicolas avec l'aide d'Aurélien Tonneau. Avec Michel Spiro, nous nous étions largement inspirés de cet article pour la rédaction du chapitre 5, consacré à l'électrodynamique quantique, de notre livre Le boson et le chaprau mexicain
Texte (mis à jour en aout 2015) de ma présentation lors de la rencontre Physique et interrogations fondamentales "La science et l'impossible" de novembre 2014
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. Dark matter + energy as Mach’s ether
in LCDM cosmology
Gilles Cohen-Tannoudji
Laboratoire de recherche sur les sciences de la Matière
(LARSIM CEA-Saclay)
2. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 2
Courbure de l’espace-temps Constante
cosmologique
Tenseur énergie de la
matière
La matière dicte à l’espace-temps comment il doit se
courber: l’espace temps dicte à la matière comment elle doit
se mouvoir
L’inconnue: le champ de
métrique de l’espace-tempsL’équation d’Einstein
Constante de
proportionnalité:
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
R x g x R g x T x L
2
/G c
3. 1
8
2
The Friedman-Lemaître equations of motion
The Einstein equation
Ng G T g L
Matter content of the universe, perfect fluid
T pg p u u
2
2
2
8
3 3
4
3
3 3
Friedman-Lemaître equations
(1)NGR k
H
R R
R G
p
R
L
L
; 0
3
Energy conservation, via T
H p
25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 3
4.
2
2 2
2
0
3
8
/
/ 1
/ 1
tot
tot
M R V
Definition of cosmological parameters
c
N
c
H
G
k R H
k R
0
1
M b DM
tot b R DM DE
In CDM
k
L
25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 4
5. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 5
Eq. (19.8) has a simple classical mechanical analog if we neglect (for the moment) the
cosmological term L. By interpreting −k/R2 Newtonianly as a ‘total energy’, then we
see that the evolution of the Universe is governed by a competition between the
potential energy, 8πGNρ/3, and the kinetic term .
2
/R R
Big bang cosmology,
K. Nakamura et al. (PDG), JP G 37 0750021 (2010)
Vanishing of spatial curvature = vanishing of “total energy”
6. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 6
2
3
1
/ GR
DE Ether
QFT
DM Ether
QFT GR
Ether Vac Ether Ether
Matter B R
Tot Matter
Ether DM DE
Ether Vac
Our proposal
HL
L
Dark Matter, Mach’s ether and the QCDvacuum
ArXiv: 1507.00460
7. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 7
Scale factorPrimeval inflation Expansion Late inflation1
A B
C
D
E
LL
Linf
a w
10-60
LP
Past event horizon
Future event horizon
Big-Bang ignition
Today
From radiation to matter dominance
Color confinement
LCDM cosmological SM
HEP standard model
BSM physics
F
EW symmetry breaking
G
Hubble radius L=H-1
8. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 8
• « D'où l'on peut voir qu'il y autant de
différence entre le néant et l'espace vide, que
de l'espace vide au corps matériel ; et
qu'ainsi l'espace vide tient le milieu entre le
matière et le néant. C'est pourquoi la
maxime d'Aristote dont vous parlez, "que les
non-êtres ne sont point différents", s'entend
du véritable néant, et non pas de l'espace
vide. » Réponse de Blaise Pascal au très
révérend père Noël, recteur de la Société de
Jésus, à Paris, 29 octobre 1647 Pascal, Œuvres
complètes, La Pléiade, p 384, ed. 1998
9. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 9
At color confinement scale (Q2 ≈ 1Gev2)
0
( )
8
0
DE
Ether Vac QCD
Eff
Zero pointQCD
Vac
Matter DM
Zero point
Matter Vac Vac
D
D D D
c
N
c
G
L
10. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 10
Baryonic to dark matter energy density ratio and
the quark-gluon parton model
Scaling observed in deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering at the confinement scale (about 1.5
GeV2 ) leads to the parton distribution functions used as input in the standard model:
• Three valence “constituent quarks” (with a mass about 1/3 of the nucleon mass) carrying about
15% of the momentum of the nucleon
• “Sea” quark anti-quark pairs and gluons ( that is the QCD vacuum) carrying the remaining 85%
of the momentum of the nucleon
Once confined, the valence quarks give rise of the baryonic matter and the QCD vacuum gives rise
to the dark matter
Quod erat demonstrandum!
11. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 11
The Mach-Einstein doctrine, which has come to be known as Mach’s principle, holds that the basic
inertial frame is defined by distant bodies (Mach’s fixed stars in the original formulation, now to be
understood as the galaxies). According to this view, all inertial effects arise as a consequence of
accelerations relative to the system of distant galaxies. In particular, inertia of matter is due entirely
to the mutual action of matter. It has been suggested by Einstein that such a mutual action arises
from gravitational forces. Then, inertial forces on a body would reduce to gravitational forces exerted
by galaxies when the body and the galaxies are in relative accelerated motion. Since, according to
this point of view, the need for distinguishing between inertial and gravitational forces disappears,
the weaker principle of equivalence follows from the stronger Mach-Einstein principle.
Reformulation of General Relativity in
Accordance with Mach’s Principle
Feza Gürsey Annals of Physics 24, 211-242 (1973)
12. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 12
It also appears that the function f shows up as an inertial coefficient in the equation of motion. This
is directly relevant to Mach’s principle as f, not being a true scalar, will change when masses in the
universe are redistributed by a coordinate transformation. Thus, the inertia of a test particle will
depend on the cosmological structure. It is shown later in the paper that in virtue of our boundary
conditions, the inertial mass of a particle in an otherwise empty universe vanishes.
Section IV is devoted to the study of the properties of a special cosmological background uniform
in space and time in agreement with the Perfect Cosmological Principle. This is known to be a de
Sitter Universe. It is a special conformally flat universe with metric of the form ( 1.1) with lf, f
being a definite function of the Lorentz invariant length. It is shown that, although the de Sitter
universe cannot contain stable matter, it may be interpreted as being associate with a uniform
distribution of mass scintillations, that is, unstable masses that give rise to a singularity in
the equation determining the metric. In the case of a spatially closed de Sitter world a total mass
may then be defined. The metric is expressed in terms of the radius of curvature and the total
mass in that case, all the mass coming from mass scintillations.
4
( )x
13. 25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 13
Finally, an important problem that arises from our discussion concerns the stability and uniqueness of
the cosmological structure. We have assumed the universe to have a de Sitter geometry in the first
approximation. This corresponds, as we have seen, to a background of uniformly spread mass
scintillations which could be interpreted as virtual pairs of massive particles in a quantum field
theoretical picture. In the second approximation, taking the average contribution of uniformly
distributed stable matter into account, we may regard the overall geometry of the universe as
conformally flat. Repulsive forces between stable bodies are introduced at this stage. In the third
approximation we also allow for the deviations of the Riemannian geometry from the conformally flat
structure and thus introduce attractive gravitational forces which are superimposed on an expanding
universe. This leads us to question the validity of these successive approximations to the geometry of
space-time. Now, in a conformally flat universe we have found the relation (9.6) in which, according to
(6.13), part of the total mass M’, namely, N comes from stable matter and another part M(0) from the
mass scintillations of the de Sitter background. If our approximation is a good one, we must have
(0)M N
According to McVittie’s (39) discussion of recent cosmological data, if we take as M’
the stable mass in the universe (M(0)=0), then the equation (9.6) is off by a factor of
about 30. This suggests that
/ (0) 3%N M
14. A new cosmological paradigm
• A non static (“running”) Einstein’s universe, in which the
“running” cosmological constant exactly compensates, at all
epochs the effect of gravity
• The equilibrium thus obtained would be unstable in a static
universe
• But in an expanding universe, such an equilibrium is perfectly
admissible, because it is dynamical
• Rather that “running”, the Einstein’s universe should be said
“biking”
25/11/2015 DM+DE as Mach's ether vs LambdaCDM 14