The document discusses trends and challenges in food crop production. It begins by noting that global food production must increase 70% by 2050 to meet population needs. It then covers four factors affecting production intensity: physical (climate, soils, relief), economic (farming purpose, demand, capital, agribusiness), political (policies, ASEAN), and technological (Green Revolution of high-yielding varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, mechanization). Two main challenges of intensification are the effects of irrigation on water and soil quality like waterlogging, and the overuse of chemicals contaminating water and soil.

1. Food resources
– Is technology
a panacea for
food shortage?

2. The three key questions
1. How and why food consumption patterns changed since the
1960s? (Gateway 1)
2. What are the trends and challenges in the production of food
crops (Gateway 2)
3. How can the problem of food shortage be addressed? (Gateway
2?)

3. Gateway 2
What are the trends and
challenges in the production of
food crops

4. “
Global food production must
increase by 70% from 2012-2050
to meet the needs of an
increasing population

5. Look at Pg 119
Let’s discuss and answer the questions
asked before we start our learning…

6. How has the production of crops changed since 1960s
Food production is the process of transforming crops or livestock into
marketable food products. It involves producers, distributors and
consumers.
Read Pg 120 for a clearer understanding of the entire process of food
production

7. Increased intensitiy of production of food crops
(Some terms to note)
Intensification
refers to an
increase in the
productivity of a
farm.
Productivity is
measured by
calculating the
ratio of output
per unit area of
land to input per
unit area of land
Output/unit area
Input/unit area

8. Productivity is measure in these two ways:
Labour per unit
area which
refers to the no.
of people
working on a
unit area of land
Crop yield
refers to the
amt of crops
produced on
a unit area
of land
Number of workers
Land area
(hectares)
Amount of crops
(tonnes)
Land area
(hectares)

9. Choropleth
maps
(pg 122-123)

10. 4 factors
That affect the intensity of food production
Trends in the
production of
food crops

11. 1.
Physical
Climate
Soils and
Drainage
Relief
Trends in the
production of
food crops

12. Climate
✘ Climate affects the intensity of food production
as climatic factors such as temperature and
rainfall affect the growth of plants.
✘ Generally, high temperatures and high rainfall
are more conducive for plant growth, but the
conditions required for growth varies among
crops.
✘ Use of greenhouses to create optimal
conditions for plant growth
✘ Also important for cattle/poultry to have a
favourable environment for growth
Trends in the
production of
food crops

13. Soils and drainage
✘ The top layer of the earth’s surface, made up of
rocks, mineral particles and organic matter
✘ Soil drainage refers to the ability of the soil to
retain/drain off water. Improper drainage may
hinder the growth of crops
✘ The quality of soils affects the intensity of food
production as the amount and type of
nutrients found in soil varies across locations.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

14. Relief
✘ Refers to the slope and altitude of a land
surface. Slopes can be modified to create flat
land for farming
✘ Soils on steep slopes are more well drained but
tends to lose fertile topsoil to erosion by rain.
✘ Temperatures is lower as altitude increases
along a steep slope.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

15. 2.
Economic
Purpose of
farming
Demand and
capital
Agribusiness
Trends in the
production of
food crops

16. Purpose of farming
✘ The purpose of farming affects the
intensity of food production as when food
is grown for subsistence, less inputs are
invested which naturally lead to lower
food production.
✘ This is unlike commercial farming which
invests more input such as labour and
technology, leading to high food
production.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

17. Demand and capital
✘ Refers to people’s willingness and ability to
obtain a particular food crop or product
✘ Demand for food changes according to the
tastes and preferences of consumers, affecting
the amount and type of crops produced
✘ Amount of capital a consumer has, in the form
of money/assets affects whether demand can
be met.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

18. Agribusiness
✘ A business or industry involved in food
production
✘ These businesses invest heavily in research and
development, and applies agricultural
technologies in their huge farms to maximize
food productivity/greater crop yield
✘ Larger companies are able to withstand the
impact of changes to the environment as
compared to small scale farmers
Trends in the
production of
food crops

19. 3.
Political
Government
policy
ASEAN
Trends in the
production of
food crops

20. Government policy
✘ A plan of action by the government to change
a specific situation
✘ Through agricultural policy and food policy,
food security can be achieved- when all people
in an area are able to obtain sufficient
quantities of safe and nutritious food to main a
healthy and active lifestyle
Trends in the
production of
food crops

21. ASEAN
✘ The policies of regional political organisations
can affect the supply of food through
agreements on food production and supply.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

22. 4.
Technological
advances
Green
Revolution
Trends in the
production of
food crops

23. Green Revolution is characterised by:
✘ High-yielding varieties
✘ Fertilisers
✘ Pesticides
✘ Improved irrigation
✘ Mechanisation
Trends in the
production of
food crops

24. hyvS
✘ High-yielding varieties (HYVs) are improved strains of crops such as
rice, wheat and other cereals that have an increased growth rate.
✘ They are developed through cross-breeding of selected varieties
which are found to exhibit favorable characteristics such as
increased resistance to diseases and fast growth.
✘ However, they recover more water and nutrients to sustain their
growth
Trends in the
production of
food crops

25. Fertilisers
✘ Fertilisers are substances added to the soil to provide nutrients for
healthy plant growth
✘ Nutrients in soil will be depleted, especially after continuous use. If
farmland is not given the chance to fallow, smaller amounts of
nutrients in the soil will produce a smaller crop yield, thus fertilisers
are added
Trends in the
production of
food crops

26. Pesticides
✘ Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill insects and small
animals that destroy crops
✘ Herbicides are used to kill weed and other undesirable plants that
compete with crops for resources
✘ With removal of pests, the crop is protected, which in turn increases
the crop yield
Trends in the
production of
food crops

27. Irrigation
✘ A method of supplying water to the land other than by natural
means, to help crops grow.
✘ By supplying water to places that used to be too dry for farming, the
amount of arable land worldwide has increased
✘ Flood irrigation
✘ Centre-pivot irrigation
Trends in the
production of
food crops

28. Mechanisation
✘ Allowed farmers to use more advanced machinery to perform tasks
which they otherwise would have to do manually.
✘ This has sped up the processes involved in preparing the land,
tending to crops and harvesting.
Trends in the
production of
food crops

29. Effects
Of continuing intensification of food production
Challenges in
the production of
food crops

30. 2 CHallenges
Associated with intensification of production of crops
from the 1960s
Trends in the
production of
food crops

31. Effect of irrigation on water and soil quality
Irrigation can cause
problems when not
properly managed.
Extensive irrigation can
cause water logging-
roots can be deprived of
air and nutrients
Can also occur when
there is no proper
drainage of irrigation
water such that
groundwater may reach
the upper soil layers,
bringing up dissolved salt
from the ground

32. Effect of chemicals on water and soil quality
Overuse of fertilisers and
pesticides cause
chemicals to become
concentrated in the soil,
seeping into
groundwater,
contaminating it. Can
also be washed into
rivers.
Eutrophicaltion occurs
when there is presence of
excess nutrients in t
water, leading to algae
bloom, depleting oxygen
in the water and blocking
sunlight from reaching
aquatic plants.

33. Effect of irrigation on water and soil quality
first second last

34. A picture is worth a thousand words
A complex idea can be conveyed
with just a single still image, namely
making it possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.

35. And tables to compare data
A B C
Yellow 10 20 7
Blue 30 15 10
Orange 5 24 16

36. Let’s review some concepts
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe
lemons. In the spectrum of visible
light, yellow is found between green
and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the
deep sea. It is located between
violet and green on the optical
spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of
this it has historically been
associated with sacrifice, danger
and courage.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe
lemons. In the spectrum of visible
light, yellow is found between green
and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the
deep sea. It is located between
violet and green on the optical
spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of
this it has historically been
associated with sacrifice, danger
and courage.

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