Gateway 1 examined how and why food consumption patterns have changed since the 1960s between developed and less developed countries. Key points discussed include: - Developed countries on average consume more calories, meat, dairy and eggs than less developed countries. However, less developed countries have seen faster growth in calorie consumption over time. - Changing consumption is driven by increasing incomes allowing people to purchase more and varied food items. Population growth has also increased global food demand. - Socio-cultural factors like preferences for fast and organic foods and economic issues like income levels and food pricing affect what people consume. Political stability of food supply and food safety standards also impact diets. - Inadequate food intake

1. Food resources – Is
technology a
panacea for food
shortage?

2. The three key questions
1. How and why food consumption patterns changed since the
1960s? (Gateway 1)
2. What are the trends and challenges in the production of food
crops (Gateway 2)
3. How can the problem of food shortage be addressed? (Gateway
2)

3. Gateway 1
How and why food consumption
patterns changed since the
1960s?

4. 1.
Whaddup with your food?

5. Show and tell
✘ Bring your food to the front
✘ Explain to your friends why this food item is one of the things you
commonly eat all the time
✘ How much do you/family spend on your meals

6. Britain: The Bainton family of Cllingbourne Ducis spend £155 on their
weekly food shop. They list their favourite foods as avocado, prawn
cocktail and chocolate fudge cake with cream

7. Chad, North Africa: The Aboubakar family from Darfur, Sudan, spend
£37 a week on food to feed six people

8. Japan: The Ukita family from Kodaira City with their £200 weekly food
shop

9. Egypt: The Ahmed family from Cairo who spend around £43 a week on
food

10. America: The Revis family from North Carolina spend £220 on the
weekly food shop which includes several fast food take-aways

11. Australia: The Browns pictured with a week's worth of food costing
£242

12. India: The Patkars of Ujjain who spend around £25 a week on food

13. Ecuador: The Ayme family pictured with a week's worth of food costing
£20 at their home in Tingo

14. Guatemala: The Mendozas of Todos Santos who spend around £48 a
week on their weekly food shop

15. 2.
What’s up between DCs
and LDCs?

16. Developed countries (DCs)
vs
less developed countries (LDCs)
Economic indicators Social indicators
• Gross domestic product (GDP) per capital is
the total value of all final goods and
services produced by a country in a given
year divided by total population
• GDP per capita of DCs are higher
• Adult literacy rate measures the % of 15
years and above who can read and write
• Higher literacy rates lead to more
professionals who can contribute skills and
expertise in driving the economy
• More employment opportunities will result
in more jobs, leading to higher
income/standard of living
• Life expectancy refers to the average
number of years a person born in a country
is expected to live
• Influenced by war, disease, quality of
healthcare, water sanitation, food supply…

24. Indicators of food consumption
(how do DCs & LCs vary)
Food consumption per capita
Average amount of food
person consumes per year.
(KG)
Daily calorie intake
The total number of calories
obtained from food consumed
per person each day
Starchy staples as a % of all
calories
Staple food supplies a major
proportion of a person’s
energy and nutrient needs.

25. Compare the kilocalories/person in ldcs & dcs
3065 2947 3206 3380 3440
2152 2054
2450 2681 2850
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Kilocaloriesper
personperday
DCs LDCs

26. Compare the kilocalories/person in ldcs & dcs
✘ Both DCs and LDCs increased in the amount of kilocalories (kcals)
consumed over the years.
✘ LDCs increased by 698 kcals.
✘ DCs increased by 375 kcals.
✘ LDCs increased more than DCs by 323 kcals.
✘ LDCs increased by 32.4%.
✘ DCs increased by 12.2%.
✘ LDCs increased faster than DCs by 20.2%.
✘ DCs consumed more than LDCs for every reported year.

27. Describe the distribution of daily calorie intake per capita around the
world.
3065 2947 3206 3380 3440
2152 2054
2450 2681 2850
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Kilocaloriesper
personperday
DCs LDCs

28. DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY CALORIE INTAKE PER
CAPITA AROUND THE WORLD.
✘ Generally, developed countries consume very high level of calories per
capita
✘ For example, ____ and ______ consume high calories above ____
✘ However, developing countries consume very low level of calories per
capita
✘ Less developed countries such as ______ and _____ consume very low
levels of calories per person of between ______ kcals.

29. Changing food preferences
(how do DCs & LCs vary)
✘ The choice of one food type over another.
✘ Changes due to a variety of reasons such as
○ Increase in income
✘ Food consumption patterns have changed for different food groups like
○ Cereals
○ Meat
○ Fruits and vegetables

30. Changes in food consumption patterns
(how do DCs & LCs vary)
Cereals
✘ Crops harvested for grains
✘ Contribute up to 50% of
global calorie intake
✘ In LDCs: 70%, in DCs: 30%
Meat
✘ Domesticated animals
from which meat and dairy
products are obtained
✘ LDCs: demand increased
three-fold by 2005, DCs:
start to consume less red
meat due to health reasons
Fruits and vegetables
✘ Consumption has
increased for both LDCs
and DCs.
✘ Effort by World Health
Organisation & Food and
Agriculture Organisation to
promote benefits

31. Describe the trends in eggs, meat, milk and cereal
consumption from 1960 to 2005.

32. Describe the trends in eggs, meat, milk and cereal
consumption from 1960 to 2005
✘ Generally, the amount of eggs, meat and milk consumption has
grown.
✘ The amount of eggs has increased the most by around five-fold.
✘ The amount of meat consumption has grown rapidly around three-
fold.
✘ The amount of milk increased slightly by about 50%.
✘ However, the amount of cereal consumption has remained largely
constant.

33. Describe the relationship between the percentage of
change in meat consumption and GDP.

34. Describe the relationship between the percentage of
change in meat consumption and GDP.
✘ There is a direct relationship between the percentage of change in
meat consumption and GDP.
✘ When the percentage of change in GDP decreased in 1982 by __%,
percentage of change in meat also decreased by __%.
✘ When the percentage of change in GDP increased in 1987 by __%,
percentage of change in meat also increased by __%.

35. We have finished looking at the ‘how’
Let’s start looking at the ’why’

36. Gateway 1
Why do food consumption
patterns vary between DCs and
LDCs

37. Factors that cause variation in food consumption
patterns
(why do DCs & LCs vary)
economic Socio-
cultural
Political

38. 1.
Economic
Disposable
income
Pricing

39. Disposable income
✘ The amount of income left after taxes
has been paid

40. Disposable income
✘ As economic conditions improved,
disposable income has increased,
enabling people to spend on more and
better quality food, leading to an
increase in food consumption.

41. Pricing
✘ People in LDCs are generally more
affected by food prices than people in
DCs as they have less disposable
income to afford increases in the
prices of staple food.
✘ People can be pushed into chronic
hunger and poverty as a result of any
food price crisis.

42. 2.
Socio-
cultural
Food
preferences
Population
growth

43. Food preferences
✘ People’s concerns relating to health,
moral principles, income, religion and
the environment influence their choices
about the food they consume.

44. Food preferences- fast food
✘ Fast food is known for its convenience
and affordable pricing, thus more
people choose to dine there.
✘ Globalisation has made it possible for
fast food chains to be set up in many
LDCs
✘ In DCs, people are trying to move away
from fast food due to the harmful
effects

45. Food preferences- organic food
✘ Refers to food grown without the use of
artificial inputs, like chemical fertilisers
and growth hormones
✘ More people choose this due to the
perceived health benefits associated
with them
✘ Organic vs non-organic food

46. Population growth
✘ One of the key drivers in the increasing
demand for food worldwide.
✘ According to the FAO, the world’s
population is set to increase from 7
billion in 2012, to 10 billion in 2050.

47. Population growth
✘ Population growth is higher in LDCs
than DCs, as a result of family planning
and a need for farm labour in many
LDCs

48. 3.
Political
Stability of
food supply
Food
safety

49. Stability of food supply
✘ A country has a stable food supply
when safe and nutritious food is
available to all people at all times
✘ Is affected by civil war and natural
disasters

50. Stability of food supply
✘ The stability of food supply in LDCs is
lower as food supplies are more prone
to disruptions in production and
supply due to lower political stability.
✘ The stability of food supply in LDCs is
lower as LDCs are less able to recover
normal food production capabilities
after a natural disaster.

51. Food safety
✘ Refers to a system that provides
guidelines, and ensures properly
handling, preparation, transportation
and storage of food that prevents
foodborne diseases
✘ The government plays an active role in
ensuring food safety, and to track
down/remove any contaminated food

52. Food safety
✘ Changes in food safety due to
outbreaks of foodborne diseases can
lead to sudden fluctuations in the
consumption of a particular kind of
food.

53. Consequences of
variation in
food consumption
patterns
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption
Health
Economic
Political
Social
Impact of
excessive food
consumption
Health
Economic
Social

54. 1.
Health
Malnutrition
Starvation
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

55. Malnutrition
✘ A condition in which the body does not
get sufficient nutrients to maintain
healthy tissues and organ functions,
and can lead to impaired physical
development and death.
✘ Can affect people in DCs, such as
people with eating disorders/ the
elderly who were eating too little
✘ LDCs more heavily affected
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

56. Starvation: an extreme form of malnutrition
✘ The state of extreme hunger from a
severe lack of food, resulting in
permanently damaged organs and
death.
✘ More common in LDCs because of :
○ Greater number of poverty
○ Lack/absence of resources to
recover from natural disasters
○ Unstable political situations
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

57. 2.
Economic
Lower productivity
Diversion of
financial resources
to healthcare
Long term debt
due to food and
financial aid
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

58. Lower productivity
✘ Inadequate food consumption can
lead to lower productivity as workers
fall sick more often as a result of
consuming imbalanced amounts of
nutrients, thereby leading to lower
income.
✘ For children, it will mean a loss of
school days, and subsequently a loss
of educational opportunities
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

59. Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
✘ Public health expenditures increase
when the demand for health services
increase
✘ For LDCs, the higher spending on
healthcare means that limited financial
resources are diverted from other areas
like education, housing, agriculture etc
✘ This can slow down economic
development and growth
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

60. Long term debt due to food and financial aid
✘ For the receiving country, especially
LDCs, the food supplied has been found
to be more expensive than if purchased
locally.
✘ This can increase national debts
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

61. 3.
Political
Social
unrest
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

62. Social unrest
✘ Inadequate food consumption can lead
to social unrest as the lack of food may
cause people to protest and behave
violently to communicate their
unhappiness over the situation.
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

63. 4.
Social Scavenging
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

64. Scavenging
✘ Refers to searching of food among
discarded wastes hence creating health
risks, as scavenged food contain high
levels of bacteria and chemicals.
✘ Carries risks because scavenged food
may contain high levels of bacteria, or
chemicals.
✘ May place people in dangerous/illegal
situations
Impact of
inadequate food
consumption

65. 1.
Health
Obesity and
related
illinesses
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

66. Obesity and related illnesses
✘ The condition of having excessive fat
accumulation due to over-consumption
of nutrients to the extent that it may
have a negative impact on health
✘ More common in DCs than LDCs
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

67. 2.
Economic
Lower productivity
Diversion of
financial resources
to healthcare
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

68. Lower productivity
✘ Excess food consumption leading to
obesity can lead to workers being
absent from work and students missing
school due to obesity-related health
issues, thereby leading to lower
productivity.
✘ May cost companies millions in
productivity and insurance costs
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

69. Diversion of financial resources to healthcare
✘ Public health expenditure can increase
as a result of treating obesity-related
health conditions, like cardiovascular
disease and diabetes.
✘ Governments have to channel more
funds to the healthcare system, reducing
funds for economic development.
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

70. 3.
Social
Food
wastage
Dieting
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

71. Food wastage
✘ Excess food consumption can lead to
food wastage as countries with excess
food tends to be less careful in handling
food, leading to large amounts of food
being wasted.
✘ DCs face this more, where both food
producers and consumers throw away
food that is still edible
✘ Can put a lot of strain on landfills
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

72. Dieting
✘ Refers to the practice of regulating the
amount of food consumed in order to
maintain an ideal body weight.
✘ Can provide employment and value to
an economy as diet books,
medication/procedures to lose weight
can create jobs in the health sector
Impact of
excessive food
consumption

73. END OF
GATEWAY 1