Gastroenteritis is an infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, chemicals or drugs. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, fever and weakness. The main risk is dehydration, which can be life-threatening. Treatment focuses on rehydration and may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs or intravenous fluids depending on the cause. Prevention involves proper handwashing and food safety practices. Most cases resolve within a few days but dehydration can prolong recovery.
Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and its managementDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), its etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and its management via pharmacotherapy.
Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and its managementDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), its etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and its management via pharmacotherapy.
Definition
Type of Hernia
risk factor
pathophysiology
diagnostic procedure
physical assessment
management for hernia
Nursing Diagnosis
Health Education
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Diferentes definiciones de gastroenteritis, clasificacion de la diarrea, epidemiología, factores de riesgo, etiología y cuadros característicos, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas y diagnóstico clínico, semiología de la diarrea , signos de deshidratación, laboratorios, diferenciales, complicaciones y tratamiento.
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Understand Water-Borne Diseases Signs and Prevention.pptxLovina Kapoor
Water-borne illnesses are widespread in impoverished nations where access to clean water and decent living conditions is only a dream. Simply said, germs like viruses and bacteria that enter the body through polluted water or contact with excrement cause water-borne disorders.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. GASTROENTERITIS
• An infection or inflammation
of the digestive tract,
particularly the stomach and
intestines
• It is frequently referred to as
the stomach or intestinal flu
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
3. CAUSES
• Viruses – such as
caliciviruses, rotaviruses,
astroviruses and
adenoviruses.
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
4. CAUSES
• Bacteria – such as
the Campylobacter bacterium
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
5. CAUSES
• Parasites – such
as Entamoeba histolytica,
Giardia
lamblia and Cryptosporidium
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
6. CAUSES
• Bacterial toxins – poisonous by-
products caused by bacteria can
contaminate food
-Some strains of staphylococcal
bacteria produce toxins that can
cause gastroenteritis
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
7. CAUSES
• Chemicals – lead
poisoning, for example,
can trigger gastroenteritis
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
8. CAUSES
• Drugs – certain drugs,
such as antibiotics, can
cause gastroenteritis in
susceptible people and
can irritate the digestive
tract
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
9. INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Escherichia coli infection Campylobacter infection
• this is a common • the bacteria are found in
problem for travelers animal feces. Infection is
caused by, for example,
to countries with poor
consuming contaminated
sanitation. Infection is food or water, eating
caused by drinking undercooked meat
contaminated water (especially chicken), and
or eating not washing your hands
contaminated raw after handling infected
animals.
fruits and vegetables.
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
10. INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Cryptosporidium infection Giardiasis
• parasites are found in the • parasite infection of the
bowels of humans and bowel. Infection is caused
animals. Infection is caused by, for example, drinking
by, for example, swimming in contaminated water,
a contaminated pool and handling infected animals
accidentally swallowing or changing the nappy of
water, or through contact with an infected baby and not
infected animals. An infected washing your hands
person may spread the afterwards.
parasites to food or surfaces
if they don’t wash their hands
after going to the toilet..
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
11. INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Salmonellosis Shigellosis
• Bacteria are found in • bacteria are found in
animal feces. Infection is feces. An infected
caused by eating
person may spread
contaminated food or
handling infected animals. the bacteria to food or
An infected person may surfaces if they don’t
also spread the bacteria to wash their hands after
other people or surfaces by going to the toilet.
not washing their hands
properly.
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
12. INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Viral Gastroenteritis
• viruses are found in human
feces. Infection is caused
by person-to-person
contact such as touching
contaminated hands, feces
or vomit, or by drinking
contaminated water or food.
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
13. SYMPTOMS
• Loss of Appetite
• Bloating
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
16. SYMPTOMS
• Bloody stools (in some
cases)
• Pus in the stools (in some
cases)
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
17. SYMPTOMS
• Lethargy
• These symptoms are
sometimes also
accompanied by Fever and
Weakness
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
18. COMPLICATION
• The greatest danger presented by
gastroenteritis is dehydration. The loss of
fluids through diarrhea and vomiting can
upset the body's electrolyte balance, leading
to potentially life-threatening problems such
as heart beat abnormalities (arrhythmia)
• The risk of dehydration increases as
symptoms are prolonged. Dehydration
should be suspected if a dry mouth,
increased or excessive thirst, or scanty
urinationcreated by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
is experienced
19. COMPLICATION
• If symptoms do not resolve within a
week, an infection or disorder more
serious than gastroenteritis may be
involved. Symptoms of great concern
include a high fever (102 F [38.9 C] or
above), blood or mucus in the diarrhea,
blood in the vomit, and severe
abdominal pain or swelling. These
symptoms require prompt medical
attention.
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
20. DIAGNOSIS
• The symptoms of gastroenteritis are
usually enough to identify the illness
• It is important to establish the cause, as
different types of gastroenteritis respond to
different treatments. Diagnostic methods
may include:
- Medical history
- Physical examination
- Blood tests
- Stool tests
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
21. TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the cause
but may include:
• Plenty of fluids and Right Diet
• Oral rehydration drinks,
available from your chemist
• Admission to hospital and
intravenous fluid replacement,
in severe cases
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
22. TREATMENT
• Antibiotics, if bacteria are the cause
• Drugs to kill the parasites, if
parasites are the cause
• Avoiding anti-vomiting or anti-
diarrhea drugs unless prescribed or
recommended by your doctor,
because these medications will
keep the infection inside your body
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
23. PREVENTION
General suggestions on how to reduce the risk of
gastroenteritis include:
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and
water after going to the toilet or changing
nappies, after smoking, after using a
handkerchief or tissue, or after handling
animals
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap
and water before preparing food or eating
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
24. PREVENTION
• Use disposable paper towels to dry
your hands rather than cloth towels,
since the bacteria can survive for
some time on objects
• Keep cold food cold (below 5 C) and
hot foot hot (above 60 C) to
discourage the growth of bacteria
• Make sure foods are thoroughly
cooked
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
25. PREVENTION
• Clean the toilet and bathroom
regularly, especially the toilet seat,
door handles and taps
• When travelling overseas to countries
where sanitation is suspect, only drink
bottled water. Don’t forget to brush
your teeth in bottled water too. Avoid
food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled
fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN
26. PROGNOSIS
• Gastroenteritis is usually resolved
within 2 to 3 days and there are no
long-term effects. If dehydration
occurs, recovery is extended by a
few days
created by: Katherine L. Laud, SN