The document discusses acid wash, which is a technique used to produce fading effects on denim and other thick fabrics. It involves using pumice stones that brush against the fabric during the washing process. This causes more fading in areas that receive more brushing from the stones. The document provides details on the multi-step acid wash process, including pretreatment, washing, rinsing, drying and quality control steps. It notes that irregular fading effects are produced as a result of the abrasion from the pumice stones during the process.

1. Acid Wash:
During Acid wash, pumic stones are used. By the action of pumic stones, irregular
fading affect is developed on the heavy garments like denims, thick canvas/twill, and
sweater. The pumic stones act a brushing action on the garment fabric surface. The
area where more brushing action takes place there more dicolour or fadding affect is
developed and the area where less brushing action takes place less brushing action
and takes place less fadding affect will be developed. The multi-layer fabric areas
like –collar, calf, pocket, placket, side seam etc area will be brushed more than the
single layer areas. As a result irregular fadding affect will be developed on the
garments fabric surface. Thus in this way fading affect may be developed on the
garment by acid wash technique.
Objects of Acid Wash:
1. To produce irregular fading effects or old looking effect.
2. For soft feeling to wear the garments i.e. to improve softness.
3. To achieve the buyer washing standard.
4. To increase rubbing fastness.
Acid Wash Process:
A processor Acid wash of 60 kg batch of Denim Trouser as mentioned below:-
First Step: Pretreatment/Desizing.
1. Add water @ L : R = 1 : 10 .............. 600 litres.
2. Start Machine.
3. Add desizing agent @ 1 gm/litre .................600 Gms.
4. Add detergent @ 1 gm/litre ........................ 600 Gms.
5. Temperature............................. 60°c.
6. Time........................... 20 mts.
7. Drop the liquor.
8. Rinse one for 3 minutes (cold).
Second Step:Hot wash
1. Add water @ L: R = 1: 10.............. 600 litres.
2. Temperature............................. 60°c.
3. Time........................... 5 mts.
4. Drop the liquor.
5. Here hot wash is used to remove the adhering materials from the garment
surface.
6. Unload the garments from the washing m/c in the trolley.
7. Load the pre treated garments in the dryer m/c.
8. Dry the garment completely & unload the garments.

2. 9. The pumic stones used for acid wash need to pre-treat in the following
chemical solution:
10. Water ..................... 100 L
11. Potassium per manganate.............. 1000 Gms.
12. Phosphoric Acid............................... 250 Gms.
13. Stire the solution in a stainless steel tub with dry pumic stone.
14. Soak the stones with the chemical solution ......... 10 –15 minutes.
15. The stones will pick up the solution. Then the soaked stones are dried in the
open air for.............. 2 to 3 hrs.
16. Then pre-treated garment 30 –40 kg per batch load in the dry washing
machine.
17. Load the per-treated stones (about 50 kg) in washing machine.
18. Start machine running for each batch ........................ 7 to 10 mts.
19. Stop machine running.
20. Unload the treated garment separately. Pumic stones with P.P. solution hit on
garment surface as a result fadding will be developed.
21. Then load the stones treated garment in another washing machine.
Third Step:Wash for Cleaning
1. Batch wt................................ 70 kg.
2. Add water @ L: R = 1: 8.............. 560 litres.
3. Add detergent @ 1 gm/litre .............560 Gms.
4. Temperature............................. 40°c -50°c.
5. Time ..................................10 mts.
6. Drop the liquor.
7. Here detergent is used to remove the breaking stone dust and chemicals from
the garment surface.
Fourth Step:Whitening/Neutralization
1. Add water @ L: R = 1: 8.............. 560 litres.
2. Machine running.
3. Add Metabisulphite @ 5 gm/litre..... 2800 Gms.
4. Cold temperature.
5. Time 5 mts.
6. Drop the liquor.
Fifth Step: Soft Wash
1. Add water @ L: R = 1: 7.............. 490 litres.
2. Machine running.
3. Add Acetic acid @ 0.6 gm/litre ..................... 294 Gms.
4. Add Softner @ 1 gm/litre ........................ 490 Gms.
5. Then unload the garments.

3. Sixth Step:Hydro Extractor Machine
Hydro extractor machine to remove excess water from the garments.
Seventh Step:Dryer Machine.
After hydro extraction the garments are sent to drying m/c for complete drying.
Eighth Step:Quality& Delivery.
After drying the garments go to quality checking & rectify washing fault and
then good one delivery.
Precaution:
Maintain the stock solution properly constant when comes socking the stone.
No water licks age in to the machine when treated pumic stone & garments in
to the machine.
Not excess load the garments in the Acid wash processing.
Add some new stone after finishing on batch to maintain the volume for 2nd
batch. It is a mater of experience.
Read more: http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/07/acid-wash-objects-of-acid-wash-
process.html#ixzz2CJIWKySw
WIKI PIDIA
Garment washing — Presentation Transcript
1. GARMENT WASHINGSUBMITTED TO:Mr. VASANT R. KOTHARI
SUBMITTED BY: RAJEEV SHARAN DFT(AP-06)

4. 2. GARMENT FINISH Unless any product is characterized by value
addition it is now impossible to survive in this highly competitive world
market. Processing is important to make a usable but finishing gives
value addition to it. It makes garments attractive, comfortable &
finishing can incorporate desirable properties. Finishing is the heart of
textile processing. Value addition = {(Technology) + (Innovation)} x
Quality.
3. The need for competitive strategy that utilizes; Chemical
compatibility to provide one-shot multifunctional finishes. Cost
reduction through process integration and minimizing the consumption
of all utilities. More environmentally friendly and application method.
Cost reduction through minimization of effluent treatment cost.
Improve process control, monitoring and automation. Greater
innovation in chemical finishes. Quick response through right-first-time,
right-on end time, right-every-time finishing.
4. Finishingof textile fabric is carried out to increase attractiveness
and/or serviceability of the fabric. Differentfinishing treatments are
available to get various effects, which add value to the basic textile
material. The domestic readymade garment sector is booming, and
garment processing has emerged as one of the important production
routes towards meeting quick changing demands of the fashion market
5. METHOD OF APPLICATION:There are two methods of garment
finishing. Dip process. Tumbling processDip process: - Dip the
garment inside out in finishing chemical keeping MLR 1:5. Washing
machine may be used. Rotate the garment for 20 min. Hydro extract
the garment to 70 to 80% pick up. Tumble dry at 70°C to moisture
content 10—12 %. Turn the garment right side out. Iron/steam press
the garment to set the creases at desired places. Cure at 150—160°C
6. Tumble method: - In this process the garment are placed (inside
out) into a machine with sealed (not perforated) cylinder and
application of recipe by either pumping or spraying. The drum is turned
for 20 min there should not be excessive dripping of chemicals from the
garment. If so more tumbling time is allowed. This method is being

5. used more and more due to the fact that there is no wastage of
chemicals. After saturation the garments are hydro extracted tumble
dry at 70°C to 10—20 % pick up moisture content. The iron and steam
press the garments to remove/set creases. Cure at 150—160°C for 8 -
10 min.
7. Important features: - MLR should not be less than 1: 0.85 for the
garment weighing 600 gm and 1:1 for those weighing more than 600
gm. Minimum time of tumbling should be 20 min. Tumble rotation
speed 20-30 rpm. Tumble drying temp. Should not be more than
70°C. Moisture retention after drying should be 10-12%.
8. Wash down effects It can be achieved by a variety of garment
processingtechniques which are mainly dependent on physical and
onchemical abrasion of the surface dye there by producingdifferent
wash down or break-in looks. In garment washing the seams,
waistband, pockets, cuffs,etc develop a contour, which can be obtained
by washing ingarment from only. Washing down of garments is the
latest development infashion technology. Washing brings out special
effectschanging the feel and look of garments.
9. Five good reasons can be attributed forwashing the garments. To
influence physical properties such as softness, handle, drape or fall ,
absorbency, creasing etc. To influence appearance by altering
thenature of yarn of fabric or lusture. To create shrinkage & effects of
shrinkage like puckering of garments. To create abrasion & related
effects. To create a trend in fashion with consistentquality& brand
image with range of finishes.
10. Denim washing It is the aesthetic finish given to the denim fabric to
enhance the appeal and to provide strength Indigo jeans were once the
only item processed by the garment wash method Emphasis is on
Comfort And Softness. Fashion Trends Favor The Broken-in Look And
Worn/Faded seams that can only be achieved through garment
processing

6. 11. DENIM WASHES ARE OF TWO TYPES:1. Mechanical washes
Stone wash Micro sanding2. Chemical washes Denim bleaching
Enzyme wash Acid wash
12. Any of these procedures can be modified To fit a particular
situation, Depending upon garment type (i.e., heavyweight denim
versus lightweight chambray), Available equipment, and Process flow.
Also, some of these procedures yield garments suitable for over
dyeing, which may create a whole new look.
13. PROCEDURE1. Garments can be inverted to minimize unwanted
abrasion streaks (especially useful when preset creases are present).2.
Load machine with garments.3. Desize with alpha amylase enzyme
and detergent.4. Drain.5. Rinse.6. Fill machine with water and heat to
60◦C. The liquor ratio can range from 10:1 to 20:1. A number of
synthetic detergents can be used. Also, alkaline products such as soda
ash or caustic soda can be added in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 2.0
grams/liter. Some chemical suppliers offer special products that
accelerate the wash down process, dependent upon the particular
dyestuff used.7. Wash/tumble action for 20-60 minutes, depending
upon desired effect.8. Drain and rinse.9. Apply softener.10. Tumble
dry.11. Invert garments, if previously turned.12. Press, if required .
14. STONEWASH In the process of stone washing, freshly dyed jeans
are loaded into large washing machines and tumbled with pumice
stones It means Pre washed, abraded, faded either regular or irregular
looks are produced by subjecting the dyed garments to severe washing
treatments In order to accelerate the garment wash effect and to give
garments an even more unique appearance, desirable look and softer
hand, abrasive stones were introduced to the wash bath.
15. Variations in composition, hardness, size shape and porosity
make these stones multifunctional. The process is quite expensive and
requires high capital investment. Pumice stones give the additional
effect of a faded or worn look as it abrades the surface of the jeans like
sandpaper, removing some dye particles from the surfaces of the
yarn. A variety of natural and synthetic stones are available for

7. stonewashing with perhaps the most widely used being pumice or
volcanic rock.
16. As the stones are used, they slowly disintegrate, reducing the
severity of the stonewash effect over a period of time. The stones not
only abrade the fabric but also gradually abrade the inside of the rotary
drum. A machine used for stonewashing should not be used to dye
delicate articles or when abrasion would be detrimental to the fabric.
It‘s gives used look because of varying degrees of abrasion in areas
such as the waistband, pocket and seems
17. Degree of colour fading Garments to stone ratio Washing time
Size of stone MLR Load of garments Stone weight 0.5-3
18. Selection of stone Stone should be selected of the proper
hardness, shape, and size for the particular end product. It should be
noted that large, hard stones last longer and may be suited for heavy
weight fabrics only. Smaller, softer stones would be used for light
weight fabrics and more delicate items. STONE WT. /FABRIC WT. =
0.5 TO 3 /1 It depends on the degree of abrasion needed to achieve
the desired result. Stones can be reused until they completely
disintegrate or washed down the drain.
19. PROCEDURE Load stones into machine. Load garments into
machine (ratio usually 0.5 - 3.0 part weight stones:1 part weight
garments). Desize with alpha amylase enzyme and detergent. Liquor
ratio approximately 5-8:1. Rinse. Refill and tumble with stones 30 to
90 minutes, depending upon desired effect. Liquor ratio 5-8:1 at 50-
70◦C. Scouring additives can also be used.
20. Drain. Separate garments from stones (garments can be
transferred to another machine). Rinse. Apply softener (garments can
be transferred to another machine for softening). Extract and unload.
De-stone and tumble dry. Press, if required.
21. BACK STAINING OR RE-DEPOSITION: The dye removed from
denim material after the treatment with cellulose or by a conventional
washing process may cause "back staining‖ or "redeposition‖. Re-

8. coloration of blue threads and blue coloration of white threads, resulting
in less contrast between blue and white threads.
22. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY STONES: Damage to wash
machineries and garment due to stone to machine and machine to
stone abrasion Increase in labor to remove dust from finished
garments. Water pollution during disposal of used liquor. Back
staining and re deposition.
23. REMEDY OF BACK STAINING Adding dispersion/suspension
agent to wash cycle. Intermediate replacement of wash liquor. Using
alkaline detergent like sodium per borate with optical brightener as after
wash
24. LIMITATIONS OF STONE WASHING: Quality of the abrasion
process is difficult to control outcome of a load of jeans is never
uniform, little percentage always getting ruined by too much abrasion.
The process is non-selective. Metal buttons and rivets on the jeans in
the washing machines get abraded. This reduces quality of the
products and life of equipment, and increases production costs.
Stones may turn into powder during the process of making the garment
grayish in color and rough too Provides rougher feel than enzyme
wash Stone may lead the harm to the machine parts
25. STONEWASH EFFECT: In traditional washing process, volcanic
rocks or pumice stones are added to the garments during washing as
abradant. Due to ring dyeing and heavy abrasion fading is more
apparent but less uniform. The degree of colour fading depends on the
garment to stone ratio, washing time, size of stones, material to liquor
ratio and load of garments. Normally after desizing, stone wash
process starts with pumice stone addition in rotary drum type garment
washer. Process time varies from 60-120 mins. Stone wash effect is
one of the oldest but highly demanded washing effects.
26. Stone wash process gives ―used‖ look or ―vintage‖ on the
garments, because of varying degree of abrasion in the area such as
waistband, pocket, seam and body. There are many limitations and

9. drawbacks associated with stone washing process, which can be
overcome by using new enzyme based washing technology. This
technology also helps to conserve water, time, energy and environment
27. ENZYME WASH Cellulase enzymes are natural proteins which are
used in denim garment processing to get stone wash look on to the
denim garments without using stones or by reducing the use of pumice
stone. Cellulase attacks primarily on the surface of the cellulose fiber,
leaving the interior of the fiber as it is, by removing the indigo present in
the surface layer of fiber.
28. Cellulase enzyme is classified into two classes: Acid Cellulase:It
works best in the pH range of 4.5-5.5 and exhibit optimumactivity at
50°C. Neutral cellulase:It works best at pH 6 however its activity is not
adverselyaffected in the range of pH 6-8 and show maximum activity
at55°C.
29. Neutral Cellulase:These are the enzymes which are active between
pH: 6-8 lower abrasion than acid celluloses low back staining pH 6 -
8.0Acid Cellulase: high abrasion higher back-staining than neutral
cellulases pH 4.5 - 5.5 optimized pH and temperature = maximum
activity of the enzyme
30. Acid celluloseRecipe and Condition Cellulose 450 AP (OWG) 0.5
– 1 gm/l Lube pro VX ( crease inhibitor) 0.5 – 1 gm/l White MRC
(anti-redepositing agent) 1 – 2 gm/l Treat at 50C and pH – 5 for 30-45
minsNeutralcelluloseRecipe and Condition Americoscellucom 110 OM
(OWG) 0.5 – 1 gm/l Lube pro VX ( crease inhibitor) 0.5 – 1
gm/l Americos White MRC (anti-redepositing agent) 1 – 2gm/l Treat
at 50C and pH – 5 for 30-45 mins
31. PROCEDURE Load stones in machine (normally 0.5 - 2.0 part
weightstones: 1 part weight garments) if applicable. Load
garments. Desize with alpha amylase enzyme and detergent.
Rinse. Add cellulase enzyme (amount, pH, temperature, andcycle time
dependent upon type of fabric and desiredeffects; manufacturers

10. recommendations should befollowed). Adjust pH as recommended.
Tumble 30-90 minutes.
32. Drain. Rinse well (70◦C). Drain. Separate garments from stones if
used (garmentscan be transferred to another machine). Apply
softener. Extract and unload. De-stone and tumble dry. Press, if
require
33. Advantage of enzyme washing Soft handle and attractive clean
appearance is obtained without severe damage to the surface of yarn.
Simple process handling and minimum effluent problem. Better feel to
touch and increased gloss or luster. Prevents tendency of pilling after
relatively short period of wear. Can be applied on cellulose and its
blend. Due to mild condition of treatment process is less corrosive.
Fancy colour - flenced surface can be obtained without or a partial use
of stone. More reproducible effect can be obtained. It allows more
loading of the garment into machines
34. Environmental friendly treatment. Less damage to seam edges
and badges. Wear and tear of equipment is minimum due to absence
of stone. Use of softener can be avoided or minimised. Easy handling
of floor and severs as messy sludge of stones does not interfere. Due
to absence of stone, labour intensive operation of stone removal is not
required. Homogenous abrasion of the garments. Puckering effect can
also be obtained
35. ACID WASH It is done by tumbling the garments with pumice
stones presoaked in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (5 to 10%) or
potassium permanganate (3 to 6%) for localized bleaching resulting in
a non uniform sharp blue/white contrast. To remove the colour only on
the surface of the garment and produces a frosted appearance In this
wash the color contrast of the denim fabric can be enhanced by optical
brightening. The advantage of this process is that it saves water as
addition of water is not required.
36. PROCEDURE: Soak the stones in solution of sodium hypochlorite
(5 to 10%) or potassium permanganate (3 to 6%) for 1-2 hrs Stones

11. should be drained of excess liquor with help of mesh Placed stones
and garments in machine Tumble for 30 mins or until desire effects
are achieved. Results are dependent up on the dyestuff, fabric, and
concentration of chemical, stones, additives, and equipment In some
cases, stones can be used ( resoaking, porosity ) Rinse Apply
softener Tumble dry Press, if req.
37. Limitations of acid wash: Acid washed, indigo dyed denim has a
tendency to yellow after wet processing. The major cause is residual
manganese due to incomplete neutralization, washing or
rinsing.Remedy: Manganese is effectively removed during laundering
with addition of ethelene- diamine -tetra acetic acid as chelating agent.
Acid washing jeans avoided some of problems of stone wash, but
came with added dangers, expenses, and pollution
38. MICROSANDINGThere are 3 ways for this technique:
Sandblasting Machine sanding Hand sanding or hand brushing
39. Used in various ways: - Flat surfaces (tables, ironing boards) On
the dummy (inflatable dummies, sometimes standing, sometimes flat,
sometimes seated) Various templates can be used to create a 3D
effect.
40. SAND BLASTING Sand blasting technique is based on blasting an
abrasive materialin granular, powdered or other form through a nozzle
at very highspeed and pressure onto specific areas of the garment
surface to betreated to give the desired distressed/ abraded/used look.
It is purely mechanical process, not using any chemicals. It is a water
free process therefore no drying required. Variety of distressed or
abraded looks possible. Any number of designs could be created by
special techniques
41. Advantages : Pure chemical process Water free process
therefore no need drying Variety of distresses or abraded looks
possible Any number of designs could be created by special finishes
42. Wrinkle Free Finish (or) Ant crease Finish (Or) Wash- N-Wear
Finish Cotton fabrics are mainly selected for apparels because of their

12. durability, ability to with stand the rough laundering, good absorption,
comfort to wear and ability to take up a wide range of dyestuffs. The
main headache with the cotton fabric is CREASE formation during
washing, laundering and in use. It is an undesirable property and hence
the crease resistant finish is to be given. It is called as Anti-crease
finish or Crease resistant or Crease recovery finish or Wash-n- Wear‗
finishes.
43. Object of Anti-crease finish Cotton, viscose fabrics form creases
during washing, laundering and in use. To prevent it, the anti-crease
finish is given. It is called as Anti-crease finish or Crease resistant or
Crease recovery finish or Wash-n- Wear finishes. As the resins are
used, it is also called as Resin finishing. It is a permanent chemical
finish. To keep the fabric flat smooth and free from undesirable
creases
44. Usually cotton, linen, viscose and cuprammonium rayon are
finished with resinDepends on1. Amount and type of resin2. Amount
and type of catalyst3. Curing conditions4. Quality of cotton5. Process
preceding finishing and possible damage
45. MECHANISM OF CREASE FORMATION Cotton cellulose
molecular chain contains OH groups in both amorphous and crystalline
region. When a load is applied on to cotton fabric, the cellulose chain
bends and this bending remains permanent since the chains are In-
elastic. The hydrogen bonds form, between the adjacent chains in the
crystalline region are broken and new hydrogen bond are formed at the
folding points and in amorphous region, which do not allow the chain to
return. Hence the creases are formed.
46. Method to prevent creases The method of minimizing the formation
of creasesinvolves cross-linking the OH groups of adjacentcellulosic
chains by means of cross-linking agents. The introduction of cross-links
imparts dimensionalstability and elasticity to the fibrous material
anmakes it crease resistant and crease recoverable. The most
commonly used cross-linking agentsarenothing but resins. The resins
react with OH groups ofcellulose forming cross links which is durable

13. 47. Advantages of resin finishing It improves the Crease Resistance
and Crease Recovery property It reduces the shrinkage of fabric
during laundering It improves the resilience, drape and handle It
imparts a smooth and quick drying property It improves the
Dimensional stability and weight It increase the strength of rayon in
both wet and dry states It gives resistance to degradation by light and
laundering It improves the fastness to light and wash It prevents the
inter-molecular slippage in the fiber It becomes partially water proof
and rot proof.
48. Disadvantages It decreases the tensile strength and tearing
strength It decreases the abrasion resistance It gives harsh and stiff
feel It gives an unpleasant odour It turns yellow after chlorine
bleaching
49. ResinsDMU Di MethylolUreaDMEU Di Methylol Ethylene
UreaDMDHEU Di Methylol Di Hydroxy Ethylene UreaTMM Tri
MethylolMelamineRecipeFor Shirting cloth (Cotton, PIC,
PN)DMU/DMDHEU 80 -100 gpl cross-linking resinMgCl2 - 8 - 10 gpl
catalyst for cross linking reactionPE emulsion 20 gplLubricantReactive
softener 30 gpl softener
50. Process Padding in two bowl padding mangle with 80% expression
at room temperature Drying in stenter with minimum tension at 70 -
80°C Cure at 120°C -150°C for 2-5 min Cross-linking and
polymerization takes place Washing and soaping - I-2gpl soap or TRO
and 2-4 gpl soda ash at 50 -60°C for 10 min acidity is neutralised
Softening and drying - rinsed in water with softener Stentering
51. LASER TECHNOLOGY It is a computer controlled process for
denim fading. This technique enables patterns to be created such as
lines and/or dots, images, text or even pictures. It is water free fading
of denim. Being an automatic system, chances of human error are
slim. Also called spray painting in denims. This technique has
relatively high cost

14. HISTORY OF GARMENTS WASH: