Objective:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Canthium dicoccum on
Gentamicin and Caliculi Producing Diet (CPD) induced urolithasis in rats.
Methods:
Thirty male albino wistarrats were divided randomly into six groups. Group I were treated with normal
saline, Group II were treated with Gentamicin for a period of 7 days, Group III treated with Cystone
(p.o), Group IV,V,VI was treated with plant extract 150, 300,600 mg/kg respectively for 14 days with
gentamicin treatment from day 7 to 14. All the animals were fed with caliculi Producing diet for entire
study period. Later, urine samples were collected at the end of the studyand analysed for renal function
parameters like Creatiinine, BUN, Serum Urea etc. The kidneys of the sacrificed animals were isolated
and sectioned for histopathological studies.
Results:
The rats treated with ethanolic extract of canthiumdicoccum at doses 150,300,600 mg/kg significantly
showed improved effect and prevented urolithasis in rats which is evident in the reduction of creatinine,
Urea and BUN levels when compared to gentamicin treated group. The histopathological studies also
showed less degenerative changes.It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules
in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had significantly reduced the urolithiasis that was
caused by an CPD diet combined with gentamicine injection in rats.
Keywords: Gentamicin, Anti-Urolithiatic activity, Canthiumdicoccum, ethanol.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Extract of Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Bent...gynomark
Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark. Methodology The ethanol-HCL and pylorus ligation induced models was selected using swiss albino mice and the animals were fasted overnight and then grouped as negative control (0.9% normal saline), standard (omeprazole 30mg/kg), test 1 (CSBE 100mg/kg) and test 2 (CSBE 200mg/kg). The ulcer score, ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition were determined in ethanol/HCL model. The volume of gastric secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and percent of ulcer inhibition was determined in pylorus ligation model. The ulcerogenic abrasions in the mucosal membrane were observed under a microscope (10X) and scored manually. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. The bark extract was tolerable at dose of 2000mg/kg. The selected doses of the extracts of 100, 200mg/kg was shown the significant and dose dependent antiulcer activity in ethanol/HCL and pylorus-ligation models as 11.08 %, 32.59% and 28.29%, 37.03% respectively. The dose of 200mg/kg of CSBE was shown the superlative activity ((#p?0.001)) in both models. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark has a significant antiulcer activity. This activity might be due to presence of supportive phytochemical like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids. and glycosides. Hence, further evaluation is needed to isolate and identify the specific constituents responsible for the activity.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Pharmacological evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ethanolic extract ...pharmaindexing
Liver diseases are still a worldwide health problem due to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. It may occur as an unexpected idiosyncratic reaction, or nontoxic drug or it may be an expected consequence of the intrinsic toxicity of a drug, taken in a sufficiently large dose to cause liver injury. A highly potential therapeutic agent or a medicinal extract is necessary for the preventive action of the hepatic disorders leading to the inflammation and drug inducing liver injury. The present study proved the medicinal plant with supportive therapeutic efficacy. Albino wistar rats of either sex are induced by Rifampicin and D-Galactosamine orally at a dose of 1g/kg and 400 mg/kg for a period of 28 days, and were treated with ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) orally at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day. The biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),Total protein, and serum bilirubin (Total and Direct) were estimated to assess the liver function. Ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) showed the hepatoprotective activity by decreasing the levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes. Silymarin is used as a Standard drug. Histopathological studies were performed to confirm the biochemical changes in the hepatocytes. Toxicological studies were carried out with the extract and 2000 mg/kg b.wt. is considered as the safe dose with no mortality and adverse effects.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
This study investigated some Liver Markers and Lipid Peroxidation of Triton-X100-Fat-Induced Albino Rats Exposed to Water Extract of Desmodium velutinum Stem. A total of thirty (30) male albino rats weighing between 180g and 200g were obtained and randomized into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each. Group A was the negative control group and the rats were fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, groups B-F were fed with triton-X100 solution only on the first day to make them hyperlipidemic. Then, group B rats were also fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, but, without treatment. Group C rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered simvastatin drug for 3 days. Group D rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 50mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. Group E rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 100mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days and Group F rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. At the end of the 3 days feeding period, the blood was collected by cardiac puncture after mild anaesthesia with chloroform, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical analysis of the results obtained were performed by using ANOVA tests to determine if significant difference exists between the mean of the test and the control group. The limit of significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that in liver function test, D. velutinum did not increase the liver enzymes. Hence, its consumption could not have adverse effect on the liver. This result showed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in liver markers in hyperlipidemic untreated groups compared to normal control. Also, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) of hyperlipidemic treated with 200mg of D.velutinum compared to hyperlipidemic untreated.
Keywords: Liver Markers, Lipid Peroxidation, Triton-X100, Albino rats and Desmodium velutinum Stem.
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Anti-anemic Activity Of Polygonum Glabrum.pdfgynomark
In present research work, anti-anemic effect of methanolic extract (ME) of aerial parts of polygonum glabrum (PG) was studied in phenylhydrazine (PHZ) induced anemic rats. Fifteen albino wistar rats (3 rats in each group) weighing 100-150 grams were randomly distributed into: normal control group, anemic control group, standard reference group administered with vitamin B12 syrup and two test control groups administered with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of ME of aerial part of PG respectively twice daily. ME of PG was given orally for one month for test groups and collect blood samples from all groups. Collected blood samples were estimated for complete blood count includes RBC, Hb, WBC, PCV, MCH, Platelets, MCV and MCHC. It was observed that, test control group with 400mg/kg of PG dose improves the Hb percentage in PHZ induced anemic rats very similar to standard reference group. It concludes the anti-anemic effect of phenolics and flavonoids of PG in PHZ induced anemic rats.
Key words: Anti-anemic, Methanolic, Polygonum glabrum, Phenylhydrazine.
Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Behavioural Activities of Calycophyllum S...gynomark
The Herb Calycophyllum spruceanum (family:Rubiaceae) known to have several medicinal properties. Methanolic extract of bark was administered to albino rats to study the anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced models as well as behavioural activity by using actophotometer. The powdered bark of Calycophyllmm spruceanum was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. The obtained extract was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity at 125, 250 and 500mg/kg/b.w. dose using diclofenac sodium as a standard drug and for the behavioural activity of Calycophyllmm spruceanum at a dose of 125, 260 and 500mg/kg/b.w using diazepam as the standard drug. The obtained results were compared with those of the standard. There results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the extract exhibits significant reduction of paw volume in comparison with the control group For the behavioural activity, the extract exhibited significant decrease in the mean score which indicated reduction in aggression in comparison with the control group. Considerable depressant anxiolytic effects in association with anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated in the present study might balance each present other, and thus, the plant would be utilized in different inflammation and excitatory situations.
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Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Extract of Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Bent...gynomark
Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark. Methodology The ethanol-HCL and pylorus ligation induced models was selected using swiss albino mice and the animals were fasted overnight and then grouped as negative control (0.9% normal saline), standard (omeprazole 30mg/kg), test 1 (CSBE 100mg/kg) and test 2 (CSBE 200mg/kg). The ulcer score, ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition were determined in ethanol/HCL model. The volume of gastric secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and percent of ulcer inhibition was determined in pylorus ligation model. The ulcerogenic abrasions in the mucosal membrane were observed under a microscope (10X) and scored manually. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. The bark extract was tolerable at dose of 2000mg/kg. The selected doses of the extracts of 100, 200mg/kg was shown the significant and dose dependent antiulcer activity in ethanol/HCL and pylorus-ligation models as 11.08 %, 32.59% and 28.29%, 37.03% respectively. The dose of 200mg/kg of CSBE was shown the superlative activity ((#p?0.001)) in both models. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark has a significant antiulcer activity. This activity might be due to presence of supportive phytochemical like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids. and glycosides. Hence, further evaluation is needed to isolate and identify the specific constituents responsible for the activity.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Pharmacological evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ethanolic extract ...pharmaindexing
Liver diseases are still a worldwide health problem due to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. It may occur as an unexpected idiosyncratic reaction, or nontoxic drug or it may be an expected consequence of the intrinsic toxicity of a drug, taken in a sufficiently large dose to cause liver injury. A highly potential therapeutic agent or a medicinal extract is necessary for the preventive action of the hepatic disorders leading to the inflammation and drug inducing liver injury. The present study proved the medicinal plant with supportive therapeutic efficacy. Albino wistar rats of either sex are induced by Rifampicin and D-Galactosamine orally at a dose of 1g/kg and 400 mg/kg for a period of 28 days, and were treated with ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) orally at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day. The biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),Total protein, and serum bilirubin (Total and Direct) were estimated to assess the liver function. Ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) showed the hepatoprotective activity by decreasing the levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes. Silymarin is used as a Standard drug. Histopathological studies were performed to confirm the biochemical changes in the hepatocytes. Toxicological studies were carried out with the extract and 2000 mg/kg b.wt. is considered as the safe dose with no mortality and adverse effects.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
This study investigated some Liver Markers and Lipid Peroxidation of Triton-X100-Fat-Induced Albino Rats Exposed to Water Extract of Desmodium velutinum Stem. A total of thirty (30) male albino rats weighing between 180g and 200g were obtained and randomized into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each. Group A was the negative control group and the rats were fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, groups B-F were fed with triton-X100 solution only on the first day to make them hyperlipidemic. Then, group B rats were also fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, but, without treatment. Group C rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered simvastatin drug for 3 days. Group D rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 50mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. Group E rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 100mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days and Group F rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. At the end of the 3 days feeding period, the blood was collected by cardiac puncture after mild anaesthesia with chloroform, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical analysis of the results obtained were performed by using ANOVA tests to determine if significant difference exists between the mean of the test and the control group. The limit of significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that in liver function test, D. velutinum did not increase the liver enzymes. Hence, its consumption could not have adverse effect on the liver. This result showed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in liver markers in hyperlipidemic untreated groups compared to normal control. Also, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) of hyperlipidemic treated with 200mg of D.velutinum compared to hyperlipidemic untreated.
Keywords: Liver Markers, Lipid Peroxidation, Triton-X100, Albino rats and Desmodium velutinum Stem.
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Anti-anemic Activity Of Polygonum Glabrum.pdfgynomark
In present research work, anti-anemic effect of methanolic extract (ME) of aerial parts of polygonum glabrum (PG) was studied in phenylhydrazine (PHZ) induced anemic rats. Fifteen albino wistar rats (3 rats in each group) weighing 100-150 grams were randomly distributed into: normal control group, anemic control group, standard reference group administered with vitamin B12 syrup and two test control groups administered with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of ME of aerial part of PG respectively twice daily. ME of PG was given orally for one month for test groups and collect blood samples from all groups. Collected blood samples were estimated for complete blood count includes RBC, Hb, WBC, PCV, MCH, Platelets, MCV and MCHC. It was observed that, test control group with 400mg/kg of PG dose improves the Hb percentage in PHZ induced anemic rats very similar to standard reference group. It concludes the anti-anemic effect of phenolics and flavonoids of PG in PHZ induced anemic rats.
Key words: Anti-anemic, Methanolic, Polygonum glabrum, Phenylhydrazine.
Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Behavioural Activities of Calycophyllum S...gynomark
The Herb Calycophyllum spruceanum (family:Rubiaceae) known to have several medicinal properties. Methanolic extract of bark was administered to albino rats to study the anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced models as well as behavioural activity by using actophotometer. The powdered bark of Calycophyllmm spruceanum was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. The obtained extract was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity at 125, 250 and 500mg/kg/b.w. dose using diclofenac sodium as a standard drug and for the behavioural activity of Calycophyllmm spruceanum at a dose of 125, 260 and 500mg/kg/b.w using diazepam as the standard drug. The obtained results were compared with those of the standard. There results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the extract exhibits significant reduction of paw volume in comparison with the control group For the behavioural activity, the extract exhibited significant decrease in the mean score which indicated reduction in aggression in comparison with the control group. Considerable depressant anxiolytic effects in association with anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated in the present study might balance each present other, and thus, the plant would be utilized in different inflammation and excitatory situations.
Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic activity of Calycophyllum Spruceanum.pdfgynomark
Introduction:Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by fluctuated blood lipid
levels which can lead to several diseases.Learning is the ability to acquire new information and
skills through experience whereas Memory is a process by which information acquired through
learning is stored and retrieved.
Objective:To evaluate the antihyperlipidemic activity and also nootropic activity of methanolic
extract of Calycophyllum spruceanumbark
Materialsand methods:Screening of methanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark
(MECSB)for antihyperlipidemic activity was done in high-fat diet Induced rats using atorvastatin
as standard and extracts at a dose of 125, 250, and 500mg/kg. To screen nootropic activity rats
were pretrained using Cook’s Pole Climbing Apparatus.scopolamine was used to induce amnesia
in rats and piracetam as standard and extracts at a dose of 125, 250, and 500mg/kg.
Results: Significantdecrease (p <0.5) in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and increase in
HDL levels shown that the extract has Antihyperlipidemic activity. An increase in CAR
(Conditioned Avoidance Response) and less time taken by the animal as jump response to avoid
shock shows that the extract has Nootropic Activity.
Key Words – Hyperlipidemia, Nootropic activity,Calycophyllum spruceanum, Cholesterol, pole climbing apparatus
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMARANTHUS...gynomark
Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism manifested by increase of plasma concentrations of the various lipid and lipoprotein fractions such as increase of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. The aim of the present study is to promote a potential new herbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis at a low cost. In this study ethanolic extract of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus- showed positive to following phytochemical constituent’s Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Proteins, Sterols. The significant reduction in serum cholesterol,TG,LDL, ,AI, and also increased in total HDL level in the different dose level(100,200 mg/kg) in high cholesterol diet. Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
Keywords: Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, Amaranthus Roxbhurgianus, Albino rats
Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyperlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities.
Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
The results found are encouraging for further studies on the selected plants and to identify the bioactive compounds.
EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MORNIDO CITROFOLIA IN ALBINO RATS.pdfgynomark
Nephroprotective agents are material that has potential to minimize the effects of nephrotoxic agents. Medicinal
plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. Morinda citrifolia L
(Noni) also known as Indian mulberry is a common plant known to grow in the tropical countries. The present study
was focused on the investigation of Nephroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of fruit Juice of Morinda
citrifolia on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The phytochemical investigation revealed the
presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols and anthroquinone in
EEMC. The administration of cisplatin during experimentation is effectively induced apoptosis and necrosis, which
was similar to acute renal failure in human. Therefore,it is an effective and an ideal model for nephrotoxicity
research. The evaluation of renal parameters on nephrotoxic rats with EEMC showed significantly elevate the
attenuated body weight, urine volume, creatinine clearanceand significantly reduce in elevated serum creatinine
level, which supports its Nephroprotective activity.
Key words: Nephroprotective activity, Mornido citrofolia, Albino rats, phytochemical screening
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SALIX SUBSERRATA IN PARACETAMOL IN...gynomark
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of Salix subserratainn (EESS) against paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in animals. A literature survey revealed that more studies were needed for this plant to ascertain the hepatoprotective potential. The detailed preliminary phytochemical investigations rationalized its use as a drug of therapeutic importance. Theethanolic extract of the planthas phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenoids, sterods, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The hepatoprotective effect was assessed using a battery of biochemical and histopathological tests. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, ACP were some of the biochemical tests done. In vivo tests for antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, LPO) were conducted on albino mice and wistar rats. In both paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, a lower dose and a high dose of extract were used and compared with the hepatoprotective activity of standard drug silymarin. Control group and an only drug group were also used. EESS ethanolic extract has hepato protective effects against liver toxicity induced by TAA as proven bymacroscopical, microscopical, and biochemical analyses. The effects of EESS are comparable to that of Silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. Accordingly, EESS could beused as an effective herbal product for the prevention of chemical-induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, we can say that has the ability to protect the liver from the damaging effects of paracetamol toxic doses and stimulation of endogenous anti-oxidant defense system.
Key words: Hepatoprotective Activity, Salix Subserrata, Paracetamol Induced, Wistar Rat
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity and Oxidative Stress parameters of Al...gynomark
In spite of the tremendous advances made, no significant and safe
hepatoprotective agents are available in modern therapeutics.
Therefore, due importance has been given globally to develop plantbased
hepatoprotective drugs, effective against a variety of liver
disorders. The aim of the current study is to screen the alcoholic
extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari (AEAH) for
hepatoprotective activity in rats which were intoxicated by
paracetamol. This article describes phytochemical (qualitative),
hepatoprotective activity and oxidative stress parameters of the above
selected plant drugs by studying the serum enzyme levels like SGOT,
SGPT, ALP, ACP, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, SOD, GSH,
Vitamin C and Catalase levels of the animals treated with hepato
toxicant paracetamol. The alcoholic extract of AEAH reversed the
hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in the rats, indicating their
hepato-protective action. The study was also supported by the
histopathological studies which reversed structural damage occurred
due to paracetamol. This study was further supported by the DNA
fragmentation studies which showed the absense of fragmentation of
DNA in AEAH treated groups, indicating the hepatoprotective activity
of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari. Hence it can be concluded
that the plant extract possesses a promising hepatoprotective and
antioxidant effect.
Pharmcological screening of antidepressant activity of plant Tricholepis glab...gynomark
ABSTRACT
Tricholepis glaberrima (Asteraceae), popularly known as “Brahmdandi” has been used for the treatment of variety
of disease. The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Tricholepis
glaberrima in rats. The study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant effect of Tricholepis
glaberrima aerial parts using forced swimming test and tail suspension test models of depression. Imipramine has
been taken as a standard drug with a dose of 10mg/kg, Group-1(untreated), group-2 (standard) received
imipramine orally. Group 3, 4 and 5 received METG at the doses of 200, 400 and 600mg/kg respectively.
Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima produced significant antidepressant like effect at the
dose of 600mg/kg in both models of FST and TST which indicated reduction in immobility time. The efficacy of
METG at 600mg/kg found to be comparable to that of standard drug Imipramine at 10mg/kg. The results of
present study indicated that methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima possesses significant
antidepressant activity compared to that of standard drug imipramine.
KEYWORDS: Tricholepis glaberrima, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, Methanolic extract of
Tricholepis glaberrima, Imipramine.
The mood changes are part of our daily life, when
reactions to these situations become extreme that leads to
clinical condition called depression and it is associated
with lots of morbidity. Hence, it is very important to
address these problems and find effective remedies. Thus
the antidepressant study of tricholepis glaberrima was
done on different groups of white albino rats at the doses
of (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg) by using forced
swimming test (fst) and tail suspension test (tst). Results
showed that the administration of the methanolic extract
of tricholepis glaberrima (metg) produced a decreased
immobility time of rats and at the dose of 600mg/kg
produced significant antidepressant like effect in both
FST and TST models of depression and their efficacies
were found to be comparable to Imipramine (10mg/kg).
The results concluded that the shortening of immobility
time in the (FST) and (TST) mainly depends on the
enhancement of central 5HT and catecholamine
neurotransmitters, these effects are thought to be due to
the presence of chemical constituents like, alkaloids,
flavonoids and glycosides. Hence Tricholepis glaberrima
aerial parts extract possesses antidepressant effect in
animal models of depression. Further investigations in
this line is essential to establish its other therapeutic
benefits.
Phytochemical screening antiepileptic and analgesic activity of leaf extract ...gynomark
Antiepileptic activity of passiflora foetida was evaluated in mice against maximum
electroshock induced convulsions and pentylenetetrazole induced covulsions.Screening
of analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate method using aspirin as
standard.Antispamodic activity was evaluated in mice using Diazepam as standard.
Hypnotic activity was evaluated using thiopentone as standard
evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of bauhinia purpurea linn.pdfgynomark
Present study was carried out to investigate different extracts of Bauhinia purpurea (B.P) for its
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Mature leaves of Bauhinia purpurea were
collected, authenticated and was subjected to extraction using different solvents like chloroform, alcohol and
water. Healthy wistar albino rats (150-200g) of male sex were used for the in-vivo investigations. Liver damage
was induced by administration of 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (1ml/kg body weight). Activities of liver
marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),
acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total albumin(TA), total bilirubin(TB), Total protein(TP),
direct bilirubin (DB) at a dose of aqueous extract of leaves (100 mg/kg) chloroform extract of leaf of B.P
(100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of leaf of B.P (100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) showed a significant
hepatoprotective effect in comparison with the standard (sylimarin). It is also confirmed by liver
histopathology of treated animals. The present study demonstrated the extracts of B.P have hepatoprotective
effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
The present study revealed a significant decrease in
the serum enzyme levels which can be attributed to
hepatoprotection. BP extract was found to decrease
the levels of ALP, ACP significantly and there is a
dose dependent decrease in the elevated SGOT and
SGPT levels of the extracts when compared to CCl4
group.
CCl4 treated Liver showed perivenular necrosis,
steatosis with degree of steatosis being variable
from ballooning degeneration to necrosis. Central
lobular vacuoles, frequently dilated and congested
central veins were seen with dilatation of
surrounding sinusoids, which contradicted to the
observations of standard sylmarin, the aqueous,
chloroform and alcoholic extracts showed a clear
portal tract and central vein with normal lobular
architecture and decreased cell degeneration
indicating the hepatoprotective action of extracts of
B.purpurea. The histopathological studies further
confirmed the above results presented in fig 1-8.
Therefore, from the above study the extracts of
Bauhinia purpurea exhibited potent
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
toxicity which can be ascribed to its ability to
decrease the oxidative damage.
Obesity is very serious and concerned problem these days. Despite availability of many drugs in market to treat
obesity, no single drug is ideal for treating all sorts of problems caused by obesity. The obesity models available
for inducing obesity are by using chemicals and high fat diet. Wistar albino rats were used to study anti-obesity
activity of methanolic extract of Tricholepisglaberrima plant aerial parts at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. and 200
mg/kg p.o. against the standard orlistat 50 mg/kg p.o. in models of anti-obesity activity viz. High fat induced
obesity, Monosodium glutamate induced obesity model. The induction of obesity is done by diet (20
grams/animal/day) and Monosodium glutamate (oral). The study period is 28 days for both models. In both
models, the plant showed anti-obesity activity significantly at a dose of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kgp.o. by
reducing the body weight, fat pads weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, biomarkers enzymes like
SGOT, SGPT and ALP, whereas significant increase in HDL levels was observed. Further multiple dose preclinical studies and clinical studies have to be carried out for proving for human obesity treatment.
The biological activities of methanolic extract of
Tricholepisglaberrima observed in this study
strongly indicated their great potential as anti-obese
and obesity associated complications like
hyprlipidemia. Oral administration of extracts
reduced the level of circulating lipids significantly,
resulting in the decrease of body weights in various
animal models of obesity bearing close
resemblance to human obesity. Extract appear to
show such activities by modulating the lipid
metabolism through the decreased activity in
lipogenesis or by inhibition of pancreatic lipase
activity.
The methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Tricholepisglaberrima at a dose of 200mg/kg b.w.
p.o. significantly reduced total cholesterol,
triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, biomarkers enzymes
like SGOT, SGPT and ALP, whereas significant
increase in HDL levels was observed.
Phytoconstituents like saponins, tannins and
flavonoids in METG may be responsible for its anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities by
multiple actions.
Apart from anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic
agent, It may also act as hepatoprotective agent due
to possessing significant reduction in SGOT, SGPT
and ALP levels and significant increase in HDL
levels respectively.
Thus it can be said that METG is effective in
ameliorating abnormalities in lipid profile and fat
accumulation in rats and results provides useful
information for the clinical research that this plant
can be used as herbal drug in the treatment of
obesity and hyperlipidemia. Further studies on this
extract may be focused on the possible mechanism
of action, isolation, characterization and
purification of active constituents which is
responsible for anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic
activities.
The present study reveals the acute toxicity of Diospyros malabarica fruit extract. No morbidity and mortality were observed at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg throughout the 14 days observation period. This acute study helps to predict that it does not contain any type of toxicity and it it full safe. Gentamicin induced nephroxicity is characterized by elevated levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein sodium and potassium in serum as well as urine urea and creatinine, severe proximal tubularnecrosis, renal failure were found to be significantly increased in rats treated with only gentamicin. Similar pattern of changes were also observed in this study following gentamicin treatment. DM supplemation to GM treated rats recorded decrement in levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, sodium and potassium in serum and also in urine urea and creatinine. These observations indicate an improved in renal function. GM administration to control rats produced a typical pattern of nephrotoxicity which was manifestated by marked increase in serum BUN. DM supplementations to GM treated rats recorded decrement in levels of blood urea nitrogen in plasma. Histopathological results demonstrating structural changes n renal tissue of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as GM were reported by some researches. Histopathological view of renal sections in GM treated groups showed the degeneration, desquamation and necrosis in tubules, blood vessel congestion and swelling in glomerulus, as compared to control groups. Groups treated with GM + DM 200 mg/ kg showed tubular necrosis, necrotic changes, karyopicnosis, glomeruli showed mesangeal matrix expansion. Glomerular and tubular epithelial changes were considerably mild in groups treated with GM + 400 mg/kg and GM + 600 mg/kg i.e animal treated with DM 400 mg/kg showed mild glomerular mesangeal matrix expansion, mild tubular epithelial changes and no congestion in blood vessels while in case of animal treated with DM 600 mg/kg showed regeneration in tubular epithelial cells. Thus, morphological changes in kidneys were because of GM administration, but these changes tended to be mild in GM + DM treatment.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER AND ANTIPARKINSON ACTIVITY OFETHANOLIC EXTRACT.pdfgynomark
Whole plant extract of celosia cristata linn showed anti alzheimer's and anti parkinson's activity as evidenced by the statistical data provided by the study
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Canthium dicoccum Ethanolic Extract In Rats.pdf
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ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-13, Issue-6, June 2023
Page | 112 Copyright @ 2023 Authors
EVALUATION OF ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF CANTHIUM DICOCCUM
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT IN RATS.
I Veena Rani Department of Pharmacology, SSJ College of Pharmacy, Gandipet, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India.
Veena Gadicherla Department of Pharmacology, Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Sheriguda,
Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. District, Telangana, India-501510.
Email Id: vina913@gmail.com
Abstract:
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Canthium dicoccum on
Gentamicin and Caliculi Producing Diet (CPD) induced urolithasis in rats.
Methods:
Thirty male albino wistarrats were divided randomly into six groups. Group I were treated with normal
saline, Group II were treated with Gentamicin for a period of 7 days, Group III treated with Cystone
(p.o), Group IV,V,VI was treated with plant extract 150, 300,600 mg/kg respectively for 14 days with
gentamicin treatment from day 7 to 14. All the animals were fed with caliculi Producing diet for entire
study period. Later, urine samples were collected at the end of the studyand analysed for renal function
parameters like Creatiinine, BUN, Serum Urea etc. The kidneys of the sacrificed animals were isolated
and sectioned for histopathological studies.
Results:
The rats treated with ethanolic extract of canthiumdicoccum at doses 150,300,600 mg/kg significantly
showed improved effect and prevented urolithasis in rats which is evident in the reduction of creatinine,
Urea and BUN levels when compared to gentamicin treated group. The histopathological studies also
showed less degenerative changes.It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules
in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had significantly reduced the urolithiasis that was
caused by an CPD diet combined with gentamicine injection in rats.
Keywords: Gentamicin, Anti-Urolithiatic activity, Canthiumdicoccum, ethanol.
Introduction:
Urolithiasis additionally known as kidney stones or nephrolithiasis or renal calculi occurs when
super saturation of the urine occurs with stone forming salts.Less commonly it occurs from persistent
urinary tract infection with urease producing bacteria (1).Formation of kidney stones is a complex
process which involves the physicochemical events like crystal nucleation, aggregation and with
retention in the urinary tract. The formation of kidney stones are multiple types, 80 percent of stones
are composed of calcium oxalates. Other types include 10 percent of stuvite, 9 percent of uric acid, 1
percent of cystone significantly. Different types of stones are formed due to risk factors like diet, prior
personal, environmental factors, medication history etc (2).
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Renal calculi are common condition that affects about 1 out of 11 people in the United states
with its prevalence of 12 percent worldwide. In India it is relatively common in northern part of India
with 15% of increase in calculi cases (3). The rising of calculi cases is primarilyaffecting the working-
age population (4). Men present more common than women with 10.6% vs 7.5% obese and overweight
individuals compared to normal-weight individuals (5). A recurrence rate of up to 50% has been seen
in five years from the initial episodes of kidney stone formation. Many patients with kidney stones can
be managed with expectant management, analgesic and anti-emetic medication; however, stones that
are associated with obstruction, renal failure and infection require further increasingly critical
interventions (1).
Canthiumdicoccum is a flowering plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is commonly
known as Nallabalusu in Telugu, NallaMandharam in Tamil Nadu. It is mostly cultivated in India (6).
Traditionally it was used for the treatment of diarrhoea, fever, fungal infections (7). Scientifically
reported activtities ofCanthiumdicoccuminclude antibacterial activity (8), antihelmentic,
antihypertensive activity (9), antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis (10), anti-Inflammatory (11), anticancer
activity (12) and hepatoprotective (13, 14). Based upon the literature sources, the present study was
planned to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of the plant Canthiumdicoccumon
Gentamicin and calculi producing diet induced urolithiasis since there was no study reported on this
activity.
Materials and Methods:
Collection of plant material and preparation of plant extract:
The plant of Canthium dicoccum was collected from the forest area of Tirupathi, Andhra
Pradesh and was authenticated by a botanist. The fresh whole plant material collected was shade dried
and made into coarse powder. The powder of Canthium dicoccum obtained was subjected to Soxhlet
extraction using 95% of ethanol for 72 hrs. The extract obtained was kept for drying and stored in
vacuum desiccators till use.
Phytochemical screening of the extract:
The obtained Extract of Canthium dicoccum (ECD) was subjected for screening of
phytochemical constituents by using standard procedures.
Animals:
Thirty healthy male wistar rats weighing 200-300gms were housed at 22-250
C room
temperatures with 12 hours dark and light condition. They were given standard laboratory feed with
water ad libitium. All the procedures of the study were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical
committee with approval number is SSJP/CPCSEA/2020/04.
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Acute Toxicity Studies:
The rats were fasted overnight with free access to drinking water. The animals were divided
randomly in to six groups with a dosage range as per OECD guideline 423 and administered orally
through gastric lavage. The animals were observed for the first 2 hrs continuously to monitor any
neurological, behavioural changes. At the end of the study period the mortality was defined to calculate
the LD50 of the extract. The LD50 of the extract was found to be above 2000mg/kg.
Experimental Design:
Thirty male wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, each containing 5 rats and were housed
properly with calculi producing diet (CPD) and water ad libitum. The study period was 14 days with
Urolithiac induction done by administration of Gentamicin subcutaneously at a dose off 40 mg/kg from
day 7 of the study till day 14. The randomization of the experiment is as follows
Group I (Control Group) : Normal saline orally
Group II (Toxic Control group) :Gentamicin (40mg/kg) S.C.
Group III (Standard Group) :Cystone (750mg/kg) P.O + Gentamicin (40mg/kg) S.C
Group IV (Test Group I) : ECD (150/kg) P.O. Gentamicin (40mg/kg) S.C.
Group V (Test Group II) : ECD (300mg/kg)P.O.+ Gentamicin (40mg/kg) S.C.
Group VI (Test Group III) : ECD (600mg/kg)P.O.+ Gentamicin (40mg/kg) S.C.
Assessment of Antiurolithiatic Activity:
Collection and analysis of urine:
At the end of the study period urine samples of the rats were collected by placing them in
metabolic cages. During the urine collection period, animals were provided access to drinking water.
The collected urine was subjected to estimation of specific gravity, urinary pH, urine volume.
Collection of Blood and analysis of serum:
At the end of the study period, animals were anaesthetized under light ether anaesthesia and
blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus. The serum separated was subjected for
estimation of creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
Histopathological studies:
The rats were sacrificed by decapitation and the kidneys were isolated. The isolated kidneys
were stored in 10% buffered formalin solution until the histopathological examination. The tissue
sections were stained using heamotoxylin and eosin dyes and subjected to microscopical examination.
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Page | 115 Copyright @ 2023 Authors
Statistical Analysis:
The results obtained in the study were anlaysed by applying One way ANOVA followed by
Dunnet’s t test for comparative analysis with p<0.05. All the data values were expressed as Mean ±
SEM.
Results:
Phytochemical Screening:
The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of Canthium dicocum
revealed the presence of taninns, cardiac glycosides, steroids, saponins and triterpenes. Mucilage and
proteins were absent.
Serum biochemical parameters:
The blood was collected from the retro orbital plexus under anaesthetic condition and serum
was estimated for creatinine, uric acid, urea and BUN. In present study, administration of gentamicin
in toxic group increased the levels of urea, uric acid and BUN when compared to control group. These
levels were significantly decreased in test groups (IV,V,VI) on treatment with plant extract of
Canthium dicoccum and prevented changes in stone formation in kidneys.
Table 1: Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of Canthium dicoccum extract
Phytochemical Test Methanolic extract
Alkaloids
Dragandroffs test
Mayers test
Wagners test
+
+
+
Flavonoids
Shinoda test
Alkaline reagent test
+
+
Glycosides Conc.H2SO4 +
Cardiac glycosides Keller-kilianni test +
Saponins Frothing test +
Steroids Libbermann-Burchard test +
Tannins FeCl3 test +
Triterpentoids H2SO4 test +
Carbohydrates Molisch’stet +
Mucilage Ruthenium red test -
Proteins Biuret test -
(-): absent, (+): present.
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Table 2: Effect of administration of gentamicin and ethanolic extract of canthium dicoccum for
7 days on serum creatinine level, urea, uric acid, BUN, urine volume.
Groups Creatinine Urea Uricacid BUN
Control Group
0.34±0.01**
3.26±0.06**
1.37±0.06*
38.70±0.16**
Toxic group
0.06±0.06 40.30±0.07 4.02±0.02 50.02±0.14
Standard Group
0.33±0.02**
23.74±0.04*
1.72±0.02**
36.72±0.25**
Test Group I
0.46±0.01*
22.56±0.05**
1.93±0.04*
40.43±0.12*
Test Group II
0.40±0.02**
20.52±0.04***
1.82±0.07**
36.25±0.23**
Test Group III
0.36±0.01**
17.03±0.04***
1.70±0.07**
33.02±0.02***
Values expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 5), statistical analysis is done by ANOVA followed by
Dunnet’s test to find out significance ***p < 0.001, **p< 0.01 and *p <0.5, Creatinine, BUN, Uric
acid, Urea levels were compared with toxic group
Kidney Histopathology:
No CaOx crystal deposits in the kidney of the control group (control group) as shown in (Figure
1-A) were seen. In Group II, many CaOx crystal deposits were seen in the lumen of PCT. Congestion
and dilation of the parenchymal blood vessels were also seen in the renal tissue of (toxic group) as
shown in (Figure 1-B). In the standard group, the kidney showed normal architecture with mild dilation
of tubules in the cortico-medullary junction with minimal interstitial inflammation, (Figure 1-C). In
test groups I, II and III, the kidney showed normal architecture and few renal tubules that revealed
vacuolar degeneration with mild CaOx crystal deposits (Figure 1-D, E, F) with minimal inflammation
in renal tubules with absence of CaOx crystal deposits.
Table 3: Urine analysis of the collected urine from rats treated with Canthium dicoccum extract
Groups
Specific gravity
of Urine
Urine pH
Urine volume
Weight of
kidney g/100 g
Control Group 1.009 ± 0.003**
7.6 ± 0.45
7.99±0.13** 1.03 ± 0.09**
Toxic Group 1.21 ± 0.004 6.3 ± 0.18
4.75±0.16
1.67 ± 0.08
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Standard Group 1.007 ± 0.003**
7.3 ± 0.32
7.0±0.03** 1.13 ± 0.02**
Test Group I 1.016 ± 0.003**
6.9 ± 0.44
7.1±0.04* 1.51 ± 0.05
Test Group II 1.021 ± 0.004**
7.0 ± 0.25
7.12±0.01** 1.47 ± 0.09*
Test Group III 1.029 ± 0.004**
7.2 ± 0.43
7.01±0.06*** 1.31 ± 0.04*
Values expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 5), statistical analysis is done by ANOVA followed by
Dunnet’s test to find out significance ***p < 0.001, **p< 0.01 and *p <0.5, were compared with
toxic group.
Table 4: Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes from rats treated with Canthium dicoccum extract
Groups Glutathione peroxidase Lipid peroxidation
Control Group 3.59 ± 1.23***
22.25 ± 8.72***
Toxic Group 1.56 ± 0.31 73.43 ± 10.32
Standard Group 16.56 ± 2.43***
24.32 ± 5.67***
Test Group I 5.67 ± 1.46*
46.34 ± 2.34**
Test Group II 9.87 ± 2.01*
37.87 ± 3.43***
Test Group III 11.97 ± 1.89**
31.25 ± 3.78***
Figure 1: Histopathological studies of Isolated Kidney from rats treated with gentamicin and
ethanolic extract of Canthium dicoccum
A. Control Group B. Negative Control group
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C. Positive Control Group D. Test Group I
E. Test Group II F. Test group III
DISCUSSION:
In essence, the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation is a multi-step
process that involves urine saturation, urinary super saturation, nucleation, crystal development, crystal
aggregation, and crystal retention. Different substances in the body have an impact on one or more of
the aforementioned stone-forming processes, which affects a person's body's capacity to encourage or
inhibit stone development. Stone formation is aided by stone formation promoters and prevented by
stone formation inhibitors. Stone formation is known to be aided by low urine volume, low urine pH,
calcium, salt, oxalate, and urate. Numerous chemical and inorganic compounds, including citrate,
magnesium, urinary prothrombin fragment 1, glycosaminoglycans, and osteopontin, have been shown
to prevent the formation of stones. Organic inhibitory substances adhere to the crystal's surface and
prevent crystal development (15).
We understand only a little about the occurrence and characteristics of spontaneous urolithiasis
in rats. Because early studies have demonstrated decreased incidence of calculi deposition with 3%
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ammonium oxalate, 5% ammonium oxalate is employed in the current study instead of 3% ammonium
oxalate as reported by Sanjay Kumar et al. This regimen of gentamicin plus an ammonium oxalate-
rich diet causes renal tubular damage, increases calcium and oxalate super saturation, and creates
conditions that favour the development and proliferation of CaOx stones (16). Chronic hyperoxaluria
appears to be the main contributor to CaOx stone development. In the current investigation,
hyperoxaluria caused by gentamicin and an ammonium oxalate-rich diet enhanced CaOx deposition
in the kidney and, as previously reported, also caused papillary damage and incrustations. This
treatment schedule of gentamicin and ammonium oxalate increase calcium and oxalate super
saturation, renal tubular injury and produce favourable condition to the formation and growth of CaOx
stones (17).
The present study indicates that there is and increase in weight of kidneys in toxic group than
compared to control group of animals which is in accordance with the histopathological studies which
showed degenerative changes and deposition of stones were observed (Figure 1). Further treatment of
ECD reduced the changes and reduced the weight of kidneys which suggested the reduction of stone
formation and is in accordance with the H & E sections showing intact nephrotic cells.
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) decreases as a result of the obstruction caused by stones
that prevent urine from exiting the body. The accumulation of waste products, especially nitrogenous
compounds like urea, creatinine, and uric acid in blood, is caused by a decrease in GFR. The level of
blood urea nitrogen is regarded as a reliable sign of nitrogen metabolism equilibrium. It usually gets
better as tissue catabolism rises. In the current investigation, the treated group reduced considerably in
blood urea level than that of toxic group. Increased serum creatinine is a sign of hyperoxaluria-related
renal impairment. Treatment with ECD reduced the serum creatinine levels significantly than
compared to toxic control group. Similar results were shown in levels of Urea and uric acid (18).
According to studies, oxalate, a key ingredient in the formation of stones, interacts with
polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes to cause tissue damage and induce lipid peroxidation.
The kidney is vulnerable to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of its high amount of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxidative Stress (OS) is caused by an imbalance between the levels of
oxidants and anti-oxidants. Low levels of renal cellular glutathione are thought to promote lipid
peroxidation and cause the kidney to retain calcium and oxalate (19). In the current investigation, it
was found that feeding rats an ammonium oxalate-rich diet along with gentamicin injections caused a
considerable rise in the level of lipid peroxidation in the kidney tissue of the negative control group
compared to the normal control group. Administration of ECD significantly reduced the lipid
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peroxidation levels and improved the glutathione levels respectively, attributing towards its actions in
reducing the formation of stones (20).
Thus, the present study suggests that the antiurolithiac actions of the ECD may be by improving
the antioxidant status and integrity of cell membrane with increased urine volume and inhibition of
crystal formation, growth and aggregation.
Conclusion:
The alcoholic extract if Canthium dicoccium showed a marked antiurolithiac activity in a dose
dependent manner and further studies is required to know the in depth molecular mechanisms and
exploration of active principles of the plant.
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