Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
1) Rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a model of Huntington's disease, exhibited weight loss, gait abnormalities, and striatal lesions.
2) The study found a dose-dependent reduction in complex-I activity in the cerebral cortex of 3-NP treated rats, as measured spectrophotometrically and by blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
3) Succinate driven State 3 respiration was significantly inhibited both in vivo and in isolated mitochondria from the cortex of 3-NP treated rats, suggesting complex-I dysfunction in addition to inhibition of complex-II and succinate dehydrogenase activity contributes to cortico-striatal lesions in this model
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Objective: To evaluate the results of the effect of nebivolol on tibial bone defect and graft application in new bone development in the rat.
Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Control group, tibia bone defect was created without any treatment. In the Defect+ Graft group, allograft treatment was performed by forming a 6 mm tibial bone defect. In the Defect+Graft+ Nebivolol group, alloplastic bone graft was placed in the calvarial bone defect and then nebivolol (0.34 mg/mL solution/day) treatment was intraperitoneally applied for 28 days.
Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in the defect area, congestion in the vessels, degeneration in collagen fibers, and an increase in osteoclast cells. There was an increase in inflammation and blood vessel structure in graft application, and osteoblastic activity matrix formation after reorganization nebivolol application in collagen fibers. Osteonectin expression was positive in the collagen fiber and matrix, starting in the Graft group, in osteoblasts, whereas in the Nebivolol group, osteoblasts increased in osteocytes and new bone formation.
Conclusion: Nebivolol is thought to have a positive effect on osteoinductive bone growth factors and contribute to the cell-matrix interaction, in addition to the supporting effect of the graft with its antioxidative effect.
Keywords: allograft; bone; bone regeneration; disease models, animal; nebivolol; orthopedic procedures; osteonectin; rats; tibia; tibial defect
Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol in neuronal structures in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Study Design: Thirty rats were categorized as (1) control group (n=10), saline solution administered i.p. for 14 days, (2) TBI group (n=10), trauma induced by weight-drop model on brain, and (3) TBI+Resveratrol group (n=10), 15 minutes after injury the rats were given resveratrol (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment the cerebellum was excised for routine paraffin tissue protocol. Blood samples were tested for serum biochemical markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-x).
Results: SOD, GPx, and CAT values were lowest in the TBI group. MDA and histological scores of dilations in vessels, inflammation, degeneration in neurons, apoptosis in microglia, ADAMTS8, and GFAP expressions were highest in the TBI group. Sections of the control group showed normal cerebellar histology. The trauma group showed degenerated ganglion layer, pyknotic and apoptotic Purkinje cell nuclei. Vascular thrombus was seen in the substantia alba and substantia grisea. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, most pa- thologies observed in the TBI group were improved. In the control group, GFAP protein was expressed in granular cells, axons, dendrites, Purkinje cells, and microglia cells. In the trauma group, increased GFAP expression was observed in glial processes, neurons, and Purkinje cells. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, GFAP was expressed in molecular layer and glial processes. In the control group, ADAMTS-4 activity was observed in granulosa layer, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. In the trauma group, ADAMTS-4 expression was positive in Purkinje cells and glial cells. In the Trauma+ Resveratrol group, ADAMTS-4 was expressed in Purkinje cells, granular cells, and glial cells.
Conclusion: GFAP and ADAMTS-4 proteins may be involved in regeneration of damaged astroglial cells and other glial cells, Purkinje cells, and synaptic extensions. We suggest that antioxidative drugs such as resveratrol may be alternative target agents in neurological disease.
Keywords: ADAMTS-4, brain, cerebellum, GFAP, rat, resveratrol, traumatic brain injury
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Anusha Daragshetti has experience as a junior immunologist, R&D executive, and intern conducting research. She has worked on projects related to type 2 diabetes, cosmeceutical product development, and photoactivity of doped nano-titania. Anusha holds an MSc in Immunology and Immunogenetics from the University of Manchester and a BSc in Chemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology. She has skills in various biomedical techniques and data analysis methods.
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
1) Rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a model of Huntington's disease, exhibited weight loss, gait abnormalities, and striatal lesions.
2) The study found a dose-dependent reduction in complex-I activity in the cerebral cortex of 3-NP treated rats, as measured spectrophotometrically and by blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
3) Succinate driven State 3 respiration was significantly inhibited both in vivo and in isolated mitochondria from the cortex of 3-NP treated rats, suggesting complex-I dysfunction in addition to inhibition of complex-II and succinate dehydrogenase activity contributes to cortico-striatal lesions in this model
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Objective: To evaluate the results of the effect of nebivolol on tibial bone defect and graft application in new bone development in the rat.
Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Control group, tibia bone defect was created without any treatment. In the Defect+ Graft group, allograft treatment was performed by forming a 6 mm tibial bone defect. In the Defect+Graft+ Nebivolol group, alloplastic bone graft was placed in the calvarial bone defect and then nebivolol (0.34 mg/mL solution/day) treatment was intraperitoneally applied for 28 days.
Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in the defect area, congestion in the vessels, degeneration in collagen fibers, and an increase in osteoclast cells. There was an increase in inflammation and blood vessel structure in graft application, and osteoblastic activity matrix formation after reorganization nebivolol application in collagen fibers. Osteonectin expression was positive in the collagen fiber and matrix, starting in the Graft group, in osteoblasts, whereas in the Nebivolol group, osteoblasts increased in osteocytes and new bone formation.
Conclusion: Nebivolol is thought to have a positive effect on osteoinductive bone growth factors and contribute to the cell-matrix interaction, in addition to the supporting effect of the graft with its antioxidative effect.
Keywords: allograft; bone; bone regeneration; disease models, animal; nebivolol; orthopedic procedures; osteonectin; rats; tibia; tibial defect
Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol in neuronal structures in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Study Design: Thirty rats were categorized as (1) control group (n=10), saline solution administered i.p. for 14 days, (2) TBI group (n=10), trauma induced by weight-drop model on brain, and (3) TBI+Resveratrol group (n=10), 15 minutes after injury the rats were given resveratrol (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment the cerebellum was excised for routine paraffin tissue protocol. Blood samples were tested for serum biochemical markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-x).
Results: SOD, GPx, and CAT values were lowest in the TBI group. MDA and histological scores of dilations in vessels, inflammation, degeneration in neurons, apoptosis in microglia, ADAMTS8, and GFAP expressions were highest in the TBI group. Sections of the control group showed normal cerebellar histology. The trauma group showed degenerated ganglion layer, pyknotic and apoptotic Purkinje cell nuclei. Vascular thrombus was seen in the substantia alba and substantia grisea. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, most pa- thologies observed in the TBI group were improved. In the control group, GFAP protein was expressed in granular cells, axons, dendrites, Purkinje cells, and microglia cells. In the trauma group, increased GFAP expression was observed in glial processes, neurons, and Purkinje cells. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, GFAP was expressed in molecular layer and glial processes. In the control group, ADAMTS-4 activity was observed in granulosa layer, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. In the trauma group, ADAMTS-4 expression was positive in Purkinje cells and glial cells. In the Trauma+ Resveratrol group, ADAMTS-4 was expressed in Purkinje cells, granular cells, and glial cells.
Conclusion: GFAP and ADAMTS-4 proteins may be involved in regeneration of damaged astroglial cells and other glial cells, Purkinje cells, and synaptic extensions. We suggest that antioxidative drugs such as resveratrol may be alternative target agents in neurological disease.
Keywords: ADAMTS-4, brain, cerebellum, GFAP, rat, resveratrol, traumatic brain injury
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Anusha Daragshetti has experience as a junior immunologist, R&D executive, and intern conducting research. She has worked on projects related to type 2 diabetes, cosmeceutical product development, and photoactivity of doped nano-titania. Anusha holds an MSc in Immunology and Immunogenetics from the University of Manchester and a BSc in Chemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology. She has skills in various biomedical techniques and data analysis methods.
The document reports on a study investigating the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The study found that depletion of p38γ exacerbated neuronal excitotoxicity, cognitive deficits, neuronal circuit abnormalities, and premature mortality in an AD mouse model overexpressing amyloid-β (Aβ). In contrast, increasing p38γ activity abolished these Aβ-induced deficits. Furthermore, mimicking site-specific tau phosphorylation by p38γ alleviated Aβ-induced neuronal death and excitotoxicity. The findings suggest p38γ phosphorylation of tau at specific sites inhibits Aβ toxicity in early AD, challenging the view that tau phosphorylation is purely pathogenic.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
The document discusses a study investigating the cardioprotective effects of Terminalia catappa and Cissampelos pareira extracts against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. The study involved assessing the effects of various doses of the plant extracts on serum biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in normal and doxorubicin-treated rats. The results showed that the plant extracts significantly reduced elevated serum biomarker levels and restored antioxidant enzyme levels in doxorubicin-treated rats, indicating their potential cardioprotective activity.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
This study investigated the effects of spinal cord injury on the bladder tissue of rats. Twenty rats were divided into a control group and spinal cord injury (SCI) group. The SCI group exhibited statistically higher levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, MPO), epithelial degeneration, vascular dilation, inflammation, and expression of VEGF and APAF-1 compared to the control group. The SCI group also had lower levels of the antioxidant GSH. Histological examination of the SCI group showed degeneration of epithelial cells, thickened fibrosis, dilated blood vessels, and increased VEGF and APAF-1 expression compared to the control group. The results suggest that spinal cord injury leads to increased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
Dr. Ravi Shankar Pandey is a scientist at the Cancer Research Lab of the Institute of Life Sciences in Bhubaneswar, India. He received his PhD in Medicinal Biochemistry from the Institute of Medical Sciences at Banaras Hindu University. He has held several postdoctoral positions in the United States and research positions in India. His research focuses on macrophage function in atherosclerosis and inflammation. He has published over 15 papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented his work at several conferences.
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
This study investigated the role of autophagy on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell viability and apoptosis under oxidative stress. RPE cells were divided into control, H2O2, and H2O2+3-MA groups. H2O2 treatment activated autophagy and increased apoptosis while decreasing cell viability. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA decreased apoptosis. The results suggest that autophagy is involved in H2O2-induced apoptosis of RPE cells under oxidative stress conditions.
Potential Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale on Lead-I...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Natural products were studied to combat reproductive alterations of lead. The current work
aimed to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale to alleviate lead
acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups.
Group 1 was considered control, group 2 received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50
mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100
mg/kg/rat of Z. officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected
to ultrastructural examination. It was observed that PbAc caused degenerative alterations in
the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ cells and vacuoles inside the
cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae
and widening of the interstitial tissue, while nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes
were broken up, and axonemes of the mid-pieces of the sperms were distorted. With the
treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these
modifications. It was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to
lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action.
Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, lead acetate, ultrastructure, Zingiber officinale.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
The study investigated the protective effects of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and I/R + losartan treatment. Biochemical markers and histopathological analysis of the jejunum tissue were performed. Losartan treatment reduced oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and apoptosis compared to the I/R group. This suggests losartan may protect against intestinal damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury.
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
In vivo modulation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathways by cytisine derivat...Georgi Daskalov
This study examined the ability of the nicotinic receptor agonist cytisine and two halogenated derivatives (3-bromocytisine and 5-bromocytisine) to stimulate dopamine release in vivo and protect against dopamine depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Microdialysis experiments showed that cytisine, 5-bromocytisine, and nicotine were more effective than 3-bromocytisine at inducing striatal dopamine release. Administration of cytisine and 5-bromocytisine before and after an intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly prevented the decrease in striatal dopamine levels, but 3-bromocytisine did not provide protection. These results suggest that the efficacy
Catalogue thiết bị tưới nhỏ giọt cảnh quan DIG corp USANhà Bè Agri
This document is a catalog from DIG Corporation that provides information on various irrigation products including dripline, emitters, micro sprayers, filters, controllers, valves, fittings and accessories. It highlights key features and specifications of DIG's Micro-Line and Excel pressure compensating dripline which can be used above or below ground and maintain uniform flow rates regardless of pressure variations. Customer satisfaction is a cornerstone of DIG's philosophy and they aim to provide knowledgeable support through all project stages.
This document contains several articles related to customer service week from October 5th to 9th. It highlights the winner of a customer service contest, ways that dogs can teach us lessons about customer service, and 12 insightful tweets about customer service. It also includes a request to take a survey about how cloud and multi-channel solutions are changing customer service delivery.
The document reports on a study investigating the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The study found that depletion of p38γ exacerbated neuronal excitotoxicity, cognitive deficits, neuronal circuit abnormalities, and premature mortality in an AD mouse model overexpressing amyloid-β (Aβ). In contrast, increasing p38γ activity abolished these Aβ-induced deficits. Furthermore, mimicking site-specific tau phosphorylation by p38γ alleviated Aβ-induced neuronal death and excitotoxicity. The findings suggest p38γ phosphorylation of tau at specific sites inhibits Aβ toxicity in early AD, challenging the view that tau phosphorylation is purely pathogenic.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
The document discusses a study investigating the cardioprotective effects of Terminalia catappa and Cissampelos pareira extracts against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. The study involved assessing the effects of various doses of the plant extracts on serum biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in normal and doxorubicin-treated rats. The results showed that the plant extracts significantly reduced elevated serum biomarker levels and restored antioxidant enzyme levels in doxorubicin-treated rats, indicating their potential cardioprotective activity.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
This study investigated the effects of spinal cord injury on the bladder tissue of rats. Twenty rats were divided into a control group and spinal cord injury (SCI) group. The SCI group exhibited statistically higher levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, MPO), epithelial degeneration, vascular dilation, inflammation, and expression of VEGF and APAF-1 compared to the control group. The SCI group also had lower levels of the antioxidant GSH. Histological examination of the SCI group showed degeneration of epithelial cells, thickened fibrosis, dilated blood vessels, and increased VEGF and APAF-1 expression compared to the control group. The results suggest that spinal cord injury leads to increased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
Dr. Ravi Shankar Pandey is a scientist at the Cancer Research Lab of the Institute of Life Sciences in Bhubaneswar, India. He received his PhD in Medicinal Biochemistry from the Institute of Medical Sciences at Banaras Hindu University. He has held several postdoctoral positions in the United States and research positions in India. His research focuses on macrophage function in atherosclerosis and inflammation. He has published over 15 papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented his work at several conferences.
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
This study investigated the role of autophagy on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell viability and apoptosis under oxidative stress. RPE cells were divided into control, H2O2, and H2O2+3-MA groups. H2O2 treatment activated autophagy and increased apoptosis while decreasing cell viability. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA decreased apoptosis. The results suggest that autophagy is involved in H2O2-induced apoptosis of RPE cells under oxidative stress conditions.
Potential Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale on Lead-I...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Natural products were studied to combat reproductive alterations of lead. The current work
aimed to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale to alleviate lead
acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups.
Group 1 was considered control, group 2 received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50
mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100
mg/kg/rat of Z. officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected
to ultrastructural examination. It was observed that PbAc caused degenerative alterations in
the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ cells and vacuoles inside the
cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae
and widening of the interstitial tissue, while nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes
were broken up, and axonemes of the mid-pieces of the sperms were distorted. With the
treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these
modifications. It was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to
lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action.
Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, lead acetate, ultrastructure, Zingiber officinale.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
The study investigated the protective effects of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and I/R + losartan treatment. Biochemical markers and histopathological analysis of the jejunum tissue were performed. Losartan treatment reduced oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and apoptosis compared to the I/R group. This suggests losartan may protect against intestinal damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury.
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
In vivo modulation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathways by cytisine derivat...Georgi Daskalov
This study examined the ability of the nicotinic receptor agonist cytisine and two halogenated derivatives (3-bromocytisine and 5-bromocytisine) to stimulate dopamine release in vivo and protect against dopamine depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Microdialysis experiments showed that cytisine, 5-bromocytisine, and nicotine were more effective than 3-bromocytisine at inducing striatal dopamine release. Administration of cytisine and 5-bromocytisine before and after an intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly prevented the decrease in striatal dopamine levels, but 3-bromocytisine did not provide protection. These results suggest that the efficacy
Catalogue thiết bị tưới nhỏ giọt cảnh quan DIG corp USANhà Bè Agri
This document is a catalog from DIG Corporation that provides information on various irrigation products including dripline, emitters, micro sprayers, filters, controllers, valves, fittings and accessories. It highlights key features and specifications of DIG's Micro-Line and Excel pressure compensating dripline which can be used above or below ground and maintain uniform flow rates regardless of pressure variations. Customer satisfaction is a cornerstone of DIG's philosophy and they aim to provide knowledgeable support through all project stages.
This document contains several articles related to customer service week from October 5th to 9th. It highlights the winner of a customer service contest, ways that dogs can teach us lessons about customer service, and 12 insightful tweets about customer service. It also includes a request to take a survey about how cloud and multi-channel solutions are changing customer service delivery.
This document shows the results of a survey about a short film presented in a series of graphs. The graphs show that most respondents were between 22-27 years old, male, thought the narrative behind the film was suitable, and preferred a male lead. Most also thought the film would entertain a younger audience and could be categorized as a drama or thriller. Respondents identified narrative as the strongest aspect but also the weakest aspect, and the majority said they would watch the film on various mediums.
This document contains Anna Rosales' resume. It lists her contact information, objective of finding a career in the medical field where she can utilize her skills, and lists her skills such as Microsoft Office, customer service, medical certifications in phlebotomy, food handling, and caregiving. Her education includes certifications in phlebotomy, food handling, caregiving, CPR/first aid, and as a nursing assistant. Her experience includes positions as a certified nursing assistant, caregiver, medication technician, customer service representative, and front office assistant. She provides references from previous supervisors.
The document provides a script for a radio interview with a comedian guest. It introduces the radio station and presenters at the start. The presenter welcomes the guest and they exchange greetings. An archive clip of a joke from the guest's previous show is played. The presenter then thanks the guest for coming in and wraps up by reminding listeners of the radio station name. The script aims to sound professional while using everyday language for the interview. The archive clip was scrutinized to ensure the joke would not offend listeners.
This document provides information about an English lesson on the famous poet Rabindranath Tagore. It includes an introduction to Tagore's life and accomplishments, as well as a poem titled "Taj Mahal" that describes the Taj Mahal monument as Shah Jahan's attempt to preserve his grief over his wife's death. The lesson instructs students to read the poem individually and discuss it, looking up unfamiliar words, answering questions about it, and appreciating its rhyming structure. Students are then asked to re-read and evaluate the poem by writing about an imaginary visit to the Taj Mahal.
Quality Rotomoulded Tanks for 21st CenturyIan Hansen
Explanation of the rotational moulding Water & Chemical tank Standard that provides a recipe for success, using computer analysis technology and high performance long term UV protections. Extract of presentation given at SPE International Polyolefins Conference
Fotos de evidencia del desfile y desarrollo de los juegososmir valencia
El documento describe fotos tomadas durante un desfile y los juegos escolares. Contiene imágenes que muestran a los estudiantes participando en el desfile, así como competencias deportivas y otras actividades durante los juegos.
The City of Tukwila's public works department provides information about the city's water supply and quality on its website. Water quality tests have shown levels of some regulated substances like lead, copper and mercury below limits set by the EPA. More details about Tukwila's water and treatment process can be found on the city's website.
El documento cita una frase de Benjamin Franklin que expresa que la involucración y participación son clave para el aprendizaje, más que simplemente escuchar o que se nos enseñe. La frase es la única parte sustancial del documento, el cual consiste principalmente en repeticiones de la URL "pradoescalona.com".
Shawn Alff is a 33-year-old writer from Austin, Texas. He began writing in 2005 after graduating with an English degree. Alff writes fiction stories and does PR work for adult entertainers. He runs a blog called "Literary Smut Peddler" where he posts chapters from his novels and interviews with porn stars. Alff enjoys the life experiences he gains from writing and hearing feedback from readers. While writing can be difficult, he is motivated by validating responses to his work. Alff advised the blogger to understand their goals and let that shape what they write.
Lower melt index (MI) polyethylenes are preferred for rotomoulding large tanks because they have higher toughness. Higher toughness is important for tanks that experience substantial hydrostatic loads. Lower MI materials have higher viscosity when melted, making them more difficult to mould but improving properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. The increased entanglement of longer polymer chains in lower MI materials provides greater resistance to cracking and higher toughness overall.
Phetso Motimedi is applying for a job as a potential Security Process Manager. He has experience working in security for Debswana Diamond Company since 2012 and previously served in the Botswana Defence Force from 2006 to 2012. He has obtained diplomas in Security Management and Legal Studies from the Zimbabwe Institute of Management. His work experience includes risk management, investigations, traffic control, and project work. He believes he would be an asset because of his skills in process improvement, developing others, integrity, and ability to work with minimal supervision.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
This study examined the effects of prolonged simvastatin (SIM) treatment on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced acute kidney injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: sham, ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. The I/R group showed intense inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis in kidney tissue. The I/R+SIM group showed reduced inflammation and tissue damage. Biochemical analysis found increased oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the ischemia and I/R groups compared to control, but levels in the I/R+SIM group were similar to control. Histological analysis also showed more damage in ischemia and I/R groups versus control, while the I/R+
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
Effect of sodium selenite and vitamin e on the renal cortex in rats an ultras...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study examined the effects of sodium selenite and vitamin E supplementation on renal cortex tissue in rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving sodium selenite alone for 2 or 4 weeks, or sodium selenite with vitamin E for 2 or 4 weeks. Kidney tissue was analyzed for changes at the microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Sodium selenite alone caused damage to renal structures like Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubules. Vitamin E supplementation helped reduce this damage and improved cellular integrity when given alongside sodium selenite. The study suggests vitamin E may help alleviate toxic effects from sodium selenite overdose.
The study aimed to examine the protective effects of taxifolin on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a healthy control group, a cisplatin group, and a taxifolin-cisplatin group. The cisplatin group was given cisplatin only, while the taxifolin-cisplatin group was given both taxifolin and cisplatin. After 14 days, biomarkers of kidney damage were measured in blood and tissue samples. Histological examination of kidney tissue was also performed. The results showed that cisplatin increased oxidative stress markers and kidney damage, while taxifolin prevented these effects of cisplatin and reduced kidney damage. The study demonstrated
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
The document summarizes a study on the effects of cypermethrin pesticide on rabbit biochemistry and liver/kidney histology. Rabbits received low, medium, or high doses of cypermethrin intraperitoneally over 71 days. Blood samples were analyzed for liver and kidney enzymes/proteins. Liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. Results showed cypermethrin increased liver enzymes and urea/creatinine levels in blood in a dose-dependent manner, indicating liver and kidney damage. Histological examination found corresponding dose-dependent lesions in the liver (degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia) and kidneys (necrosis, cast deposition, increased urinary space), confirming cyper
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The electrolytic effect of sida acuta leaf extract on the kidney electrolyte ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on kidney electrolytes in adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 14 days. Blood tests after treatment found increased sodium levels and decreased potassium, chloride, and creatinine levels in the experimental groups compared to the control. The results suggest that Sida acuta leaf extract can adversely affect kidney electrolyte levels in rats at the doses used in this study.
The evaluation of the effect of Sida acuta leaf extract on the microanatomy a...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the micro-anatomy of the liver and some biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing between 140-180g were assigned to three groups (A, B and C) with ten animals each. Group A served as the control while groups B and C served as the experimental groups and received 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kgbw of the extract respectively for fourteen days. All the animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum liver enzymes s The liver was removed, preserved and processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The animals in the control group showed normal histological and biochemical parameters. Conversely, animals that received 100mg/kgbw of the extract showed slight difference in their hepatic cyto-architecture while animals that were administered with 200mg/kgbw of the extract revealed distorted morphological feature showing shrunken sinusoid and dilation of the central vein suggesting that the extract has adverse effect on the morphology of the liver. Results of the serum liver enzymes of animals treated with 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kg revealed significantly decreased values of AST, ALP and ALT (P <0.05) relative to the control. From the result of this experiment, it is concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaves may be toxic to Wistar rats at the doses administered.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, a setting in which the functional mass is ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document discusses a study on the effects of the phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The study found that tadalafil treatment before ischemia/reperfusion injury helped restore normal liver enzyme levels, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in liver tissue, and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Histological analysis also showed tadalafil treatment helped protect against liver damage. The findings suggest that modulating the inflammatory response may be one mechanism by which tadalafil provides hepatoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hydrogen Sulfide Donor): Ameliorates the Pituitary-testic...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the protective effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS) on the pituitary-testicular axis dysfunction caused by cyclophosphamide (CYP) and/or ionizing gamma radiation (IR) in rats. Rats received STS before and during treatment with CYP and/or IR, while control groups received CYP and/or IR only. STS significantly reduced oxidative stress in the pituitary gland and testes by lowering malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. It also elevated reduced luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels. Furthermore, STS reduced pathological changes and apoptosis in the pituitary and testes induced by CYP and/or IR. This study demonstrates
This document describes a study that investigated the gastroprotective effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) in a rat model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The study found that pretreatment with AGE for 10 days significantly reduced ulcer severity, increased gastric pH and levels of protective factors like glutathione and nitric oxide, and decreased oxidative stress compared to rats that only received indomethacin. The protective effects of AGE were comparable to the reference drug omeprazole. The results suggest that AGE has promising gastroprotective properties against indomethacin-induced gastric damage, potentially through its antioxidant effects and increasing levels of gastroprotective mediators.
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extracts on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were divided into four groups: one receiving a high cholesterol diet only, one receiving the diet plus simvastatin, one receiving the diet plus S. crispus extract, and a control group. Histological analysis found lesser thickening of the aorta in the S. crispus and simvastatin groups compared to the high cholesterol group. Liver tissue from the S. crispus group showed no fatty or inflammatory changes seen in the other groups. The results support that S. crispus may slow atherosclerosis development through hypocholesterolemic effects.
Whey protein products and their combination with L-methionine prevent liver f...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
This study investigated the effects of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract on liver enzymes in rats with carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were divided into four groups: a control, Rauwolfia vomitoria extract,
carbon tetrachloride, and carbon tetrachloride with Rauwolfia vomitoria extract. Liver enzymes and weights
were measured after treatment. Carbon tetrachloride significantly increased liver enzymes and weight compared
to controls, while Rauwolfia vomitoria prevented these increases, indicating it has a protective effect against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Efficiency of cape gooseberry in attenuating some biochemical disorders and o...Professor-Dr Hanaa Hassan
In conclusion, the present data indicated the efficacy of CG juice supplementation as an
anti-hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its ability as a chemosensitizer for ADR treatment. This is
mediated by intracellular pathways, involving improvement the alterations in liver functions as well as
other aspects of HCC, the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant defense
mechanism. Thus, supplementation with edible CG may help in safe application of cancer technology
in medicine as well as in many other aspects of nowadays life. Fractionation guided evaluation could
help in the development of ideal anticancer in the near future.
Similar to Protective role of antioxidants on thioacetamide induced acute hepatic encephalopathy biochemical and ultrastructural study. (20)
Ameliorative potential of the quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage mor...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
1) The study assessed the effects of lead exposure and quercetin supplementation on testicular damage in rats.
2) Rats exposed to lead showed decreased sex hormones, antioxidants, and sperm quality while oxidative stress increased.
3) Rats given both lead and quercetin showed reduced oxidative stress, restored hormone and antioxidant levels, and improved sperm quality compared to rats given only lead. Quercetin thus showed potential to ameliorate testicular damage from lead exposure.
The pattern of branching and intercommunications of the musculocutaneous nerv...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The aim of the present work was to provide evidence about the anatomical variations as regard the origin, distribution, and branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN).
Materials and methods:
Brachial plexus was dissected in 40 upper limbs of 20 male adult cadavers. The pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve was photographed by a digital camera.
Results:
The location and length of the nerve branches between left and right arms were recorded and statistically analyzed. In (90%) of specimens the MCN originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, in (5%) it arose from the median nerve (MN), while in the remaining (5%) specimen, it was absent. The musculocutaneous nerve pierced the coracobrachialis muscle in 90% of specimens, and in the remaining (10%) did not pierce it. The motor branches to biceps brachii muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (90%): one branch that divides to supply the two heads of biceps; Type 2 (5%): double branches, innervating each head of biceps separately. The motor branches to brachialis muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (82.9%): one branch; Type 2 (14.2%): double branches and Type 3 (2.9%): three branches that innervating brachialis muscle. Communications between the MCN and the MN were observed in 35% of specimens.
Conclusions:
The knowledge of the common and uncommon musculocutaneous nerve variations is important especially to the surgeons for carrying out surgical procedures in axilla and arm.
Background:
The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a true well-defined ligament in the knee first described in 1879 by Segond. After the work of Claes et al., several studies were conducted about biomechanics and its role in stability of the knee. The anatomical existence of the ALL has been studied by and various radiographic diagnostic modalities and in cadavers. It originates from lateral femoral epicondyle and is inserted between Gerdy’s tubercle and the fibular head. There has been controversy about the existence of ALL in pediatric patients. The aim of this work was to confirm the presence of ALL in pediatric patients by using MRI.
Materials and Methods:
We reviewed the knee MRI scans of 100 pediatric patients (ages between one and 12 yr) who had no knee injury or congenital deformity and had been evaluated by an expert radiologist.
Results:
The ALL was detected in 90% of the pediatric patients with the use of MRI.
Conclusions:
The main finding of this study was that ALL can be seen in pediatric patients using MRI. Despite numerous studies, additional research is needed to further define the role of the ALL in knee function.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and fetal cerebellar dam...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: In spite of its industrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilisation of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic. In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and foetal cerebellar damage produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
Materials and methods: Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.w. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/kg b.w./day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 to day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the foetuses. Pb level in the maternal and foetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and foetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
Results: The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and foetuses in the form of decrease in maternal weight gain, placental and foetal weights, brain weight and diminished foetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared with the control group. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and foetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of development of foetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
Conclusions: This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of foetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 1-15).
Keywords: Purkinje cells; garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead.
Protective role of co q10 or l carnitine on the integrity of the myocardium i...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent used for treatment of different cancers and its clinical usage is hindered by the oxidative injury-related cardiotoxicity. This work aims to declare if the harmful effects of DOX on heart can be alleviated with the use of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or L-carnitine. The study was performed on seventy two female Wistar albino rats divided into six groups, 12 animals each: Control group; DOX group (10mg/kg); CoQ10 group (200mg/kg); L-carnitine group (100mg/kg); DOX+CoQ10 group; DOX+L-carnitine group. CoQ10 and L-carnitine treatment orally started 5days before a single dose of 10mg/kg DOX that injected intraperitoneally (IP) then the treatment continued for 10days. At the end of the study, serum biochemical parameters of cardiac damage, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological changes were investigated. CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels. Both corrected the cardiac alterations histologically and ultrastructurally. With a visible improvements in α-SMA, vimentin and eNOS immunohistochemical markers. CoQ10 or L-carnitine supplementation improves the functional and structural integrity of the myocardium.
Keywords: Cardiotoxicity; CoQ10 and L-carnitine; Dox; Vimentin; eNOS.
One year mortality rate after hip fracture in the western region of saudi ara...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The mortality rate of elderly patients who sustain a hip fracture is high compared to the general population. Identifying risk factors can help predict patients at risk of hip fracture to reduce the mortality rate. No studies have shown the mortality rate of patients with hip fractures in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the mortality of patients with hip fractures admitted to the King Abdulaziz Hospital and compare the results with other studies.
Methods:
The mortality rate (within 1 yr or less) in 177 patients over the age of 60 yr who were admitted to the university hospital between July, 2007, and September, 2012, with hip fractures was retrospectively studied. The patients were assessed with regard to gender, age, type of hip fracture, and type of surgical intervention.
Results:
The overall mortality rate 1 yr after hip fracture was 12.43%, and the mean age was 77.77 yr old. The risk factors most associated with mortality were as follows: advanced age (71 to 80 and 81 to 90 yr old), male, peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fracture, and operative fixation with dynamic hip screw.
Conclusions:
The mortality rate of patients with hip fractures within 1 yr has a high-risk potential, especially for male patients over 71 yr of age with peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fractures. Surgical treatment with dynamic hip screw also was shown to be a risk factor between the different treatment options.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases ac...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders characterized by a large spectrum of clinical and laboratory features. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible use of serum level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2Ra) as biomarkers for monitoring of SLE and SSc disease activity. Moreover, it aimed to compare the specificity and sensitivity as well as cut-off value of both biomarkers in a sample of Egyptian patients. 50 SLE patients, 30 SSc patients and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in our study. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra were measured in serum samples obtained from all participants. In addition to Erythosedimentation rate (ESR), complete blood count (CBC), Antineuclearantibodies (ANA) estimation, disease activity of both diseases were also assessed. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra levels were higher in SLE and SSc patients versus control. Both parameters are correlated with each other as well as the activity parameters. A cut-off levels of 455.59 (ng/ml) &2525935 (pg/ml) in both SLE & SSs respectively was observed with the highest specificity and sensitivity. It could be concluded that sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are noninvasive biomarkers for SLE and SSc that could play a pathophysiologic role in development and progression of both diseases. Moreover, sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are correlated with the disease activity at cut-off values of 455.59 (ng/ml) & 2525935(pg/ml) respectively.
Morphohistometric study of the ligamentum flavum in cervical,thoracic and lum...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT Anatomic characterization and fine structure of the human ligamentum flavum (LF), especially at different spinal levels, represent an attractive focus for the scientific and surgical application. Descrip-tive anatomical and structural study of LF at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels of the vertebral column in human cadavers is carried out here. The aim of the work is to clarify the anatomical features and fine structural differences in the human LF at different vertebral levels (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). Specimens of vertebral column were ob-tained from 34 human preserved cadavers. Their average age ranged between 56 and 69 years. Morphometric parameters including height, width and thickness of the ligament flavum at the mid-levels of cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions were measured. Sections obtained from different levels were stained with different stains. Morpho-metric measurements involved the relative elastic area, relative collagen area, elastic area% and collagen area% were measured.The results of the height, width and thickness of the LF at different spinal levels showed gradual increase in their mean values respectively. The LF midline gaps were found in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. The morphometrical measure-ments showed that the average elastic area was highest in the cervical region and lowest in the tho-racic region. In the lumbar region, the percentages of both elastic area and the collagen area were nearly the same. The characterization of morpho-logical and histological aspects of the LF at differ-ent spinal levels will be of great importance for ap-plications in spinal surgery, biomechanical and physical rehabilitation of vertebral column.Keywords: Ligamentum Flavum – Spinal – Collagen and elastic fibers
Correlation between acl injury and involvement of the anterolateral ligament ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
Clinical testing has demonstrated the role of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in controlling anterolateral laxity and knee instability at high angles of flexion. Few studies have discussed the association between an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ALL injury, specifically after residual internal rotation and a post-ACL reconstruction positive pivot-shift that could be attributed to ALL injury. The goal of this study was to assess the correlation between ALL injury and ALL injury with concomitant ACL injury using MRI.
Material and Methods:
This was a retrospective study of 246 patients with unilateral ACL knee injuries from a database that was reexamined to identify whether ALL injuries occurred in association with ACL injuries. We excluded the postoperative reconstructed cases. The charts were reviewed on the basis of the presence or absence of diagnosed ACL injury with no regard for age or sex.
Results:
Of the 246 patients with ACL injury, there were 165 (67.1%) patients with complete tears, 55 (22.4%) with partial tears, and 26 (10.6%) with sprains. There were 176 (71.5%) patients with ALL and associated ACL injuries, whereas 70 (28.5%) did not have associated ACL injuries. There was a significant statistical relationship between ACL and ALL injuries (P<0.0001).
Conclusions:
There is high incidence of ALL tears associated with ACL injuries. Clinicians should be aware of this injury and consider the possibility of simultaneous ALL and ACL repair to prevent further knee instability.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Neuro-amelioration of cinnamaldehyde in aluminum-induced Alzheimer’s disease ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxic substance which has played an important role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and development of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. This study was carried out to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of aqueous cinnamon extract against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Forty adult male albino rats, randomly divided into four equal groups. Control group; ACE200 group administered aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE) orally; AlCl3 group received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of AlCl3 for 60 days to induce neurotoxicity and AlCl3 + ACE200 group received a combination of AlCl3 and ACE in the same dose and route as previous groups. Aluminum administration significantly enhanced the memory impairment and the Aβ formation in the rat model. The cerebellum exhibited a significant reduced number of Purkinje cells, marked decrease in the density of dendritic arborization and prominent perineuronal spaces in the molecular layer. There was loss of dendritic spines, neurofibrillary degeneration, and appearance of neuritic plaques. Concomitant administration of AlCl3 and ACE displayed an observable protection against these changes with progressive improvement in memory and intellectual performance. In conclusion, ACE may play a protective role against formation of amyloid-β plaques in cerebellum.
Analytical Study of Clinicopathological Data of Saudi Patients with Osteoarth...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease. Epidemiological studies have revealed various risk
factors for OA, including sex, aging, obesity, occupational illnesses, and chronic diseases. Here we evaluate the clinical, pathological,
and radiological findings of knee OA in a subset of Saudi patients who were subjected to total knee replacement (TKA). The study
population included 30 Saudi patients with knee OA who were operated by TKA (from June 2014 to December 2015) in the Department
of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Patient’s clinical and radiological data were collected
from the hospital files. Pathological examination of the excised superior articular surface of tibia and femoral condyles were done.
Pearson Chi-squared analysis was used to test for differences between the variables in associated risk factors. There were more women
than men. Sixty per cent of patients were older than 60 years [mean age, 59.2 (females) and 61.7 (men) years-old]. All patients exceeded
obesity class 1, with females being more obese than males. Pathological examination of the superior articular surface of tibia and femoral
condyles showed high score lesions, which was more apparent in females than in males. Radiological findings showed that most lesions
were high grade. The findings of this study will help to understand the pathogenesis of OA and improve treatment decision making
relevant to TKA in knee OA in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.
KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis; Knee; Arthroplasty.
A Study on the Toxic Effect of Different Doses of Diclofenac Sodium on the De...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by
morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and
divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9
mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth
were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin
and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels,
increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group.
Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects
that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
KEY WORDS: Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis;Cyclooxygenase.
Thymoquinone ameliorates oxidative damage and histopathological changes of de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) toxicity is known to be a chief environmental health issue, especially for pregnant
women and young children. Today, the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of many diseases
and different toxic agents has become highly accepted due to their effectiveness and lower costs.
Thymoquinone (TQ), which is extracted from Nigella sativa seeds, is a potent antioxidant and anti
inflammatory agent. This study was designed to explore the optional protectivity of TQ against
maternal and fetal oxidative stress and brain damage induced by Pb administration. Pregnant
rats were distributed into seven groups: control group, TQ group, DMSO group, two groups Pb
treated (160 and 320 ppm), and two groups Pb-treated (160 and 320 ppm) co-treated with TQ.
Administration started from gestation day 1 (GD1) to day 20 (GD20) through oral gavage once
daily. Lead administration caused a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also,
the histopathological assessment of the brains from Pb-treated groups showed marked altera
tions. Co-treatment of with TQ and Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared
with those treated with Pb alone and amelioration of histopathological changes in the brains. It
was concluded that co-treatment of TQ along with gestational Pb exposure could mitigate the
effects against Pb-induced maternal and fetal neurotoxicity.
KEYWORDS
Lead; oxidative stress; brain;
Thymoquinone; fetal toxicity
A study on the toxic effect of different doses of Diclofenac sodium on the de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
Keywords : Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis; Cyclooxygenase.
Zingiber Officinale Alleviates Maternal and Fetal Hepatorenal Toxicity Induce...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study was designed to address the protective effects of Zingiber officinale on the toxic outcomes of prenatal Cadmium administration on pregnancy outcome. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (eight rats/each), control group received distilled water, 2nd group treated with 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b. wt, 3rd group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, and 4th group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, followed by 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b.wt. Daily body weight of pregnant was recorded from GD1-GD20, and then pregnant rats were sacrificed at GD20. Samples of maternal and fetal livers and kidneys were processed for histological examination. Administration of Cd to pregnant rats showed adverse effects on pregnant mothers and their fetuses; reduced maternal weight gain, reduced absolute organ weights, reduced fetal growth parameters and placental weights together with altered histological appearance of the maternal and fetal livers and kidneys. While co-administration of Zingiber officinale showed an improvement of these toxic alterations. Zingiber officinale through its antioxidant activity could be beneficial against toxic outcomes of Cd exposure during pregnancy.
Evaluation of the safety of conventional lighting replacement by artificial d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Short morning exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations termed as artificial daylight is beneficial for the mental health of people living in geographical areas with important seasonal changes in daylight illuminance. However, the commercial success of high illuminance light sources has raised the question of the safety of long hour exposure.
Methods
We have investigated the effect of the replacement of natural daylight by artificial daylight in Swiss mice raised under natural lighting conditions. Mice were monitored for neurotoxicity and general health changes. They were submitted to a battery of conventional tests for mood, motor and cognitive functions’ assessment on exposure day (ED) 14 and ED20. Following sacrifice on ED21 due to marked signs of neurotoxicity, the expression of markers of inflammation and apoptosis was assessed in the entorhinal cortex and neurons were estimated in the hippocampal formation.
Results
Signs of severe cognitive and motor impairments, mood disorders, and hepatotoxicity were observed in animals exposed to artificial daylight on ED20, unlike on ED14 and unlike groups exposed to natural daylight or conventional lighting. Activated microglia and astrocytes were observed in the entorhinal cortex, as well as dead and dying neurons. Neuronal counts revealed massive neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation.
Conclusions
These results suggest that long hour exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations induced severe alterations in brain function and general health in mice partly mediated by damages to the neocortex-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus axis. These findings raise caution over long hour use of high illuminance artificial light.
Beneficial Effects of Curcumin Inmaternal and Fetal Oxidativestress and Brain...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study investigated the protective effects of curcumin against lead-induced oxidative stress and brain damage in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Pregnant rats were exposed to two doses of lead acetate, with or without curcumin supplementation. Lead exposure resulted in toxicity for both mothers and fetuses, as well as increased oxidative stress and brain histopathology. Co-treatment with curcumin significantly reduced lead levels and oxidative stress, and improved brain histopathology. The results suggest that curcumin has an ameliorative effect against lead-induced neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and reversing tissue damage.
Immunohistochemical Study of the Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Liver Re...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study investigated the effect of vitamin E pretreatment on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.
The key findings were:
1) Liver regeneration, as indicated by PCNA labeling, peaked at 1 day after partial hepatectomy then decreased at 3 and 7 days.
2) Vitamin E pretreatment inhibited liver regeneration at 1 day compared to no pretreatment, but enhanced regeneration at 3 and 7 days, as shown by increased PCNA labeling.
3) These results suggest that vitamin E has an initial inhibitory effect on liver regeneration within 24 hours, but promotes regeneration at later time points of 3 and 7 days after partial hepatectomy.
The ameliorative potential of hyphaene thebaica on streptozotocin induced dia...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal
disease. The aim of the current study is to investigate the possible beneficial effects
of Hyphaene thebaica in DN.
Materials and methods: For this, 50 male albino rats were divided into five
groups: group I — represented the control group; group II — received Hyphaene thebaica extracts of 150 mg/kg BW by oral gavage for 6 weeks; group III
— received single intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg BW)
to induce type-2 diabetes mellitus; group IV (protective) — diabetic rats received Hyphaene thebaica extract (150 mg/kg BW) orally for 6 weeks; group V
(curative) — received Hyphaene thebaica extract (150 mg/kg BW) orally after the
diagnosis of DN.
Results: In the DN protected group, blood glucose, urea, and creatinine decreased
significantly, while insulin and C-peptide increased significantly. Moreover, cystatin C
and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin decreased. Collagen fibre deposition is increased with an apparent thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s
capsules and the basal lamina of convoluted tubules, as well as increase of the
immune-reaction of caspase-3 and desmin. The introduction of Hyphaene thebaica
led to greater amelioration in the biochemical markers, apoptotic alterations, and
podocyte injuries of the protected group than in the curative group.
Conclusions: Hyphaene thebaica may be advised as a good choice that can delay
diabetic renal complications. (Folia Morphol 2015; 74, 4: 447–457)
Key words: diabetic nephropathy, Hyphaene thebaica, podocyte injury,
apoptosis
Prophylactic role of coenzyme Q10 and Cynara scolymus L on doxorubicin-indu...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Objective: The study aims to evaluate the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Cynara scolymus L (CS) on doxorubicin (dox)-induced toxicity.
Materials and Methods: Sixty male rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 as a control. Group 2 received dox (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Group 3 received CoQ10 (200 mg/kg). Group 4 received CS (500 mg/kg). Group 5 received CoQ10 (200 mg/kg) and dox (10 mg/kg). Group 6 received CS (500 mg/kg) and dox (10 mg/kg). The rats were then evaluated biochemically and immunohistochemically.
Results: Dox produced a significant deterioration of hepatic and renal functional parameters. Moreover, an upsurge of oxidative stress and nitrosative stress markers. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was increased and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was decreased. Administration of CoQ10 and CS resulted in a significant improvement of hepatic and renal functional parameters, and an improvement of both α-SMA and PCNA.
Conclusion: It is concluded that pretreatment with CoQ10 and CS is associated with up-regulation of favorable protective enzymes and down-regulation of oxidative stress. That can be advised as a supplement to dox-treated patients.
Keywords: Alpha-smooth muscle actin, doxorubicin, nitrosative, oxidative, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362 351
(McDonough, 2003). Hence, many studies have been done to test
different antioxidants or free radicals scavengers for the avoidance
and management of acute and chronic liver damages. The results
of some of those studies revealed that antioxidants playing role
in prevention and treatment of chronic liver disease (Bruck et al.,
2001). Consequently, elimination of free radicals in both the lipid
and the aqueous phases, in extracellular and intracellular spaces is
the main strategy for prevention of oxidative stress (Singh et al.,
2004).
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is considered the first-
order antioxidant, because of its antioxidant, membrane stabilizing
properties and the water-soluble property (Al-Attar, 2011). Vitamin
E is a main non-enzymatic antioxidant, present in the lipid phase.
There are eight forms of vitamin E but the form that possesses the
highest biological activity is ␣-tocopherol (Blatt et al., 2001).
The aim of the present experimental study was to assess
the beneficial effects of vitamins C, E and their combination
in thioacetamide induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rat
model. Hepatic damage was assessed by measurement of serum
levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotrans-
ferase (AST) activities, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides.
Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring liver and brain tis-
sue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidant and reduced
glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels as antioxidant. The
morphological picture of TAA and antioxidants effects on hepatic
tissues were examined using light and transmission electron
microscopy.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Animals
Male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 170 g at the begin-
ning of the study were purchased from the animal house of the King
Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University. They
were subjected to controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 3 ◦C),
50–60% humidity, illumination (12-h light:12-h dark cycle, lights
on at 08:00 h) and were provided with standard pellet diet and
water ad libitum for at least one week before starting the exper-
iment. All animal cares and procedures were in accordance with
the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986
(86/609/ECC) and the R.D. 223/1988, and were approved by Ethi-
cal Committee of Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. All experimental procedures were performed
from 8 to 10 a.m.
2.2. Preparation of drugs
All the reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
TAA was prepared freshly by dissolving in sterile distilled water
and stirred well until all crystals were dissolved. Vitamin C was
dissolved in sterile distilled water. Vitamin E was dissolved in corn
oil.
2.3. Experimental protocols
Eighty rats were used to perform the study were divided into
five groups with 16 animals each as follows.
Group 1 (control group): rats received saline (2 mL/kg) intraperi-
toneally (IP) once then administered orally saline and corn oil at
dose of 5 mL/kg daily for 3 days.
Group 2 [hepatotoxic (TAA) group]: rats received TAA
(300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) once (Pawa and Ali, 2004).
Group 3 (vitamin C and TAA): rats received TAA (300 mg/kg)
intraperitoneally (IP) once on the first day and then administered
orally vitamin C (100 mg/kg) daily for 3 days after 24 h of TAA injec-
tion (Ming et al., 2006).
Group 4 (vitamin E and TAA): rats were received TAA
(300 mg/kg) once intraperitoneally (IP) on the first day and then
administered orally vitamin E (200 mg/kg) daily for 3 days after
24 h of TAA injection (Ming et al., 2006).
Group 5 (vitamin C, vitamin E and TAA): rats received TAA
(300 mg/kg) once intraperitoneally (IP) on the first day and
then administered orally vitamin C (100 mg/kg) and vitamin E
(200 mg/kg) daily for 3 days.
The animals received dextrose water and ringer lactate solu-
tions (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) to prevent renal failure, hypoglycemia
and electrolyte imbalance till the end of the experiment. All rats
were sacrificed under anesthesia 24 h after the last treatment and
overnight fasting. Before sacrifice, blood samples were collected
from the retro-orbital venous plexus. The liver and brain were
extracted and frozen immediately at −80 ◦C.
2.4. Preparing serum and tissue homogenates
Blood samples (approximately 4 mL) were taken from each rat
from retro-orbital veins, using a sterile syringe, during sacrifice at
end of experiments. These samples were kept at room temper-
ature for 30 min and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Serum
samples were stored in a freezer (−20 ◦C) for use in biochemi-
cal analyses [aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase
(ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total protein, triglyceride
and total cholesterol].
After sacrifice, the abdomen was open wide and the liver and
brain were removed and washed three times with cold physio-
logical saline (0.9% NaCl). The liver and brain were weighted and
homogenized. Tissue samples were placed into labeled plastic cups
and wrapped in aluminum foil, then stored in −80 ◦C until anal-
ysis. Tissue homogenates were used for oxidative stress markers
analysis.
2.5. Hepatic biochemical parameters in serum
Serum AST and ALT were determined according to the method
of Reitman and Frankel (1957) using ELISA kits supplied by Bio-
diagnostic Company (Cairo, Egypt). GGT activity was determined
according to method of Goldbarg et al. (1960) for measurement
of catalytic concentration of enzymes using ELISA kit supplied
by Gamma Trade (Cairo, Egypt). Total protein was determined
spectrophotometrically as described by Bradford (1976) using
bovine serum as a standard. Total cholesterol and triglyceride were
determined by colorimetric methods using kits supplied by Biodi-
agnostic Company (Cairo, Egypt).
2.6. Oxidative stress markers activities in tissue homogenates
Tissue homogenate malondialdehyde (MDA) level was mea-
sured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)
assay, as described by Mihara and Uchiyama (1978) and expressed
as nmol/g wet tissues. Lipid peroxidation products were estimated
by the determination of the level of TBARS that were measured as
malondialdehyde (MDA). The latter is the decomposition product
of the process of lipid peroxidation and is used as an indicator of
this process. The principle of assay depends on the colorimetric
determination of a pink pigment product, resulting from the reac-
tion of TBARS with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in an acidic medium at
high temperature. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was deter-
mined in stomach homogenate according to the method of Beutler
et al. (1963) and expressed as mg/g wet tissue. The method
depends on the fact that both protein and non-protein thiol (SH )
groups (mainly GSH) react with Ellman’s reagent [5,5 -dithiobis
3. 352 H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362
(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] (Ellman, 1959) to form a stable yellow color
of 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid, which can be measured col-
orimetrically at 412 nm. Tissue NO metabolites were determined
according to the method described by Miranda et al. (2001) and
expressed as M/g wet tissue. The assay determines total NOx
content based on the reduction of any nitrate to nitrite by vana-
dium followed by the detection of total nitrite (intrinsic + nitrite
obtained from reduction of nitrate) by Griess reagent. The Griess
reaction leads to the formation of a chromophore from the dia-
zotization of sulfanilamide by acidic nitrite followed by coupling
with bicyclic amines such as N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine. The
chromophoric azo derivative can be measured colorimetrically at
540 nm.
2.7. Histological study
For light microscopic examination, the Liver specimens excised
and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 h dehydrated
in ascending ethanol series, cleared in xylene and embedded in
paraffin wax. Then cut into (3–5 m) thickness and stained with
hematoxylin and eosin, then observed and photographed for details
using Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP21
camera.
2.8. Histochemical study
Bromophenol blue technique was used for the demonstrating of
total proteins (Mazia et al., 1953).
2.9. Ultrastructure study
Liver specimens were fixed overnight at 4 ◦C in 2.5% glutaralde-
hyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). Specimens were
then cut into small pieces of 1 mm3, post-fixed in 2% osmium
tetroxide in phosphate buffer for 2 h at room temperature. Follow-
ing fixation, tissues were dehydrated at increasing concentrations
of ethanol. They were then embedded in Epon-Araldite. Ultrathin
sections (60–70 nm) prepared with Ultratome III (LKB Instruments
Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) equipped with a diamond knife. The sec-
tions were stained with uranyl acetate saturated in 70% ethanol,
and lead citrate (Reynolds, 1963). Tissue sections were evaluated
using a JEOL transmission electron microscope (JEM-1200EX II,
JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).
2.10. Statistical analysis
Data will be analyzed using SPSS (version 20; SPSS,
Chicago, IL, USA). Results are expressed as mean ± SD and
minimum–maximum. Comparisons of quantitative variables
among groups were made using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) or the corresponding non-parametric (Kruskal–Wallis)
test, as required. Post hoc comparisons were performed using
the LSD test. Statistical correlations between measured variables
were calculated using the Pearson correlation analysis method.
P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
3. Results
Table 1 showed that in TAA group, serum levels of AST, ALT,
triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly higher than healthy
controls (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.007). In vitamin C
and TAA, serum levels of AST, ALT, total protein and cholesterol
were significantly higher than healthy controls (P < 0.012, P < 0.021,
P < 0.012, P < 0.043); meanwhile levels of AST, ALT and triglyceride
were significantly lower (P < 0.042, P < 0.007, P < 0.0001) while total
protein was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than TAA group. In vita-
min E and TAA, serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly
higher (P < 0.035, P < 0.007) while triglyceride was significantly
lower (P < 0.0001) than healthy controls; meanwhile serum levels
of AST, ALT, triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly lower
(P < 0.0001, P < 0.022, P < 0.0001, P < 0.002) than TAA group; while
total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol were lower (P < 0.012,
P < 0.012, P < 0.016) than vitamin C and TAA group. In vitamin C
and vitamin E and TAA group, serum levels of AST, ALT and choles-
terol were significantly higher (P < 0.0001, P < 0.023, P < 0.005) than
healthy controls; meanwhile levels of ALT and triglyceride was sig-
nificantly lower (P < 0.007, P < 0.001) than TAA group; while AST and
triglyceride were higher (P < 0.042, P < 0.011) while total protein
was lower (P < 0.008) than vitamin C and TAA group; AST, triglyc-
eride and cholesterol were higher than vitamin E and TAA group
(P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.002).
Table 2 illustrated that in TAA group, Liver-MDA and brain-
MDA were higher (P < 0.007, P < 0.005), while liver-GSH, liver-NO,
brain-NO were lower (P < 0.004, P < 0.0001, P < 0.013) than healthy
controls. In vitamin C and TAA group, brain-MDA and brain-
NO were lower (P < 0.002, P < 0.019) than healthy controls, while
liver-MDA, brain-MDA were lower (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), while
liver-NO was higher (P < 0.003) than TAA. In vitamin E and TAA
group, brain-MDA, liver-NO and brain-NO were lower (P < 0.0001,
P < 0.003, P < 0.019) while brain-GSH was higher (P < 0.017) than
healthy controls; brain-MDA was lower (P < 0.0001) while liver-
GSH, brain-GSH were higher (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) than TAA
group; brain-GSH was higher (P < 0.009) while liver-NO was lower
(P < 0.025) than vitamin C and TAA.
In vitamin C and vitamin E and TAA group, brain-MDA, liver-
NO, brain-NO were lower (P < 0.002, P < 0.003, P < 0.031) while liver-
GSH was higher (P < 0.017) than healthy controls; liver-MDA and
brain-MDA were lower (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001) while liver-GSH and
brain-GSH were higher (P < 0.0001, P < 0.040) than TAA; liver-GSH
was higher (P < 0.0001) while liver-NO was lower (P < 0.026) than
vitamin C and TAA group; liver-GSH was higher (P < 0.0001) than
vitamin E and TAA group.
In control group, positive significant correlations were found
between ALT with triglycerides (r = 0.874, P < 0.023) and liver-
MDA (r = 0.927, P < 0.008); between total protein with cholesterol
(r = 0.917, P < 0.028), between brain-GSH with brain-NO (r = 0.895,
P < 0.016) (Figs. 8 and 9).
In TAA group, a positive correlation was found between ALT
with liver-GSH (r = 0.850, P < 0.032), while negative correlations
were found between total protein with brain-GSH (r = −0.881,
P < 0.048); between cholesterol with liver-NO (r = −0.837, P < 0.038)
(Figs. 10–12).
In vitamin C and TAA group, a positive correlation was found
between AST with liver-GSH (r = 0.951, P < 0.004) (Fig. 13).
In vitamin E and TAA group, a positive correlation was found
between AST with brain-NO (r = 0.996, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 14).
In vitamin C and vitamin E and TAA group, a negative correlation
was found between AST with total protein (r = −0.891, P < 0.042)
(Fig. 15).
3.1. Histological results of liver specimens
Examination of H&E stained sections of control liver showed
the characteristic hepatic architecture (Fig. 1A). Sections of thioac-
etamide (TAA) rats revealed massive hepatocytic necrosis, com-
prising bridging necrosis, inflammatory cells influx (Fig. 1B). Liver
sections of TAA rats treated with vitamin C revealed that the hepa-
tocytes showing coagulative necrosis and apoptosis with intact
hepatocytes in the central zone (Fig. 1C). Liver sections of TAA rats
treated with vitamin E showed marked regeneration and improve-
ment in hepatic cells around the central vein and prominent
4. H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362 353
Table 1
Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E and their combination in thioacetamide induced liver injury in serum liver functions in different studied groups.
Groups AST (U/L) ALT (U/L) GGT (U/L) Total protein (g/dL) Triglycerides (mg/dL) Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Control 21.24 ± 11.15 43.67 ± 14.53 3.94 ± 6.59 8.07 ± 1.48 95.16 ± 10.89 71.15 ± 5.86
6.90–30.50 19.00–55.00 0.00–17.30 6.34–10.36 82.42–109.51 64.71–78.99
Thioacetamide 146.17 ± 14.80 133.33 ± 16.4 10.46 ± 6.85 7.31 ± 0.95 151.59 ± 28.08 126.33 ± 50.82
117.00–159.00 115.00–161.00 3.47–17.37 6.19–8.63 102.59–174.64 71.43–192.44
P < 0.0001 P < 0.0001 P < 0.117 P < 0.234 P < 0.0001 P < 0.007
Vitamin C and thioacetamide 103.83 ± 33.63 84.83 ± 32.11 6.48 ± 6.37 9.80 ± 0.67 79.73 ± 17.06 111.06 ± 26.69
39.00–130.00 40.00–125.00 2.32–17.37 9.07–10.69 57.06–101.44 80.67–146.22
P < 0.012 P < 0.021 P < 0.504 P < 0.012 P < 0.165 P < 0.043
*
P < 0.042 *
P < 0.007 *
P < 0.348 *
P < 0.001 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.423
Vitamin E and thioacetamide 65.33 ± 52.11 92.50 ± 34.16 5.10 ± 2.67 8.08 ± 0.53 50.49 ± 6.62 62.89 ± 18.07
21.00–163.00 47.00–140.00 2.32–9.26 7.16–8.50 42.07–56.48 27.73–74.79
P < 0.035 P < 0.007 P < 0.761 P < 0.996 P < 0.0001 P < 0.663
*
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.022 *
P < 0.209 *
P < 0.232 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.002
**
P < 0.063 **
P < 0.649 **
P < 0.725 **
P < 0.012 **
P < 0.012 **
P < 0.016
Vitamin C and vitamin E and
thioacetamide
151.50 ± 41.08 83.92 ± 38.48 9.50 ± 7.25 7.96 ± 1.01 109.41 ± 22.46 129.55 ± 40.13
90.00–198.00 40.25–141.00 2.32–17.37 6.89–9.52 77.81–134.29 84.03–177.31
P < 0.0001 P < 0.023 P < 0.152 P < 0.856 P < 0.199 P < 0.005
*
P < 0.790 *
P < 0.007 *
P < 0.818 *
P < 0.309 *
P < 0.001 *
P < 0.865
**
P < 0.042 **
P < 0.957 **
P < 0.449 **
P < 0.008 **
P < 0.011 **
P < 0.333
***
P < 0.0001 ***
P < 0.611 ***
P < 0.272 ***
P < 0.852 ***
P < 0.0001 ***
P < 0.002
Data are expressed as mean ± SD (minimum–maximum). P: significance versus control; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-
glutamyltransferase.
The bold values represent significant P < 0.05 while un-bold values represent non-significant P values.
*
P: significance versus thioacetamide.
**
P: significance versus vitamin C (100 mg/kg) and thioacetamide.
***
P: significance versus vitamin E (100 mg/kg) and thioacetamide.
improvement around the portal area (Fig. 1D). Liver sections of
TAA rats treated with a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E
revealed vacuolation and congestion around the portal vein. While
the hepatocytes in the central zone are not affected (Fig. 1E).
3.2. Histochemical results of liver specimens
With reference to bromophenol blue reactivity for total protein
demonstration, the hepatocytes of control rats showed positive
reaction and moderate protein content (Fig. 2A). In TAA rats, the
hepatocytes in pericentral and periportal regions showed faint
reaction, resulting from a decrease in protein contents (Fig. 2B).
Treatment TAA rats with vitamin C, resulted in moderate improve-
ment in protein content in liver cells (Fig. 2C). Treatment TAA rats
with vitamin E, resulted in marked improvement in protein con-
tent in liver cells (Fig. 2D). After treatment TAA rats with combined
vitamin C and vitamin E, there is moderate improvement in protein
content in liver cells (Fig. 2E).
Table 2
Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E and their combination in thioacetamide induced liver injury in liver and brain oxidative stress markers in different studied groups.
Groups Liver MDA (mmol/g) Brain MDA (mmol/g) Liver GSH (M/g) Brain GSH (M/g) Liver NO (M/g) Brain NO (M/g)
Control 526.87 ± 39.85 285.22 ± 24.06 4.6 ± 0.95 2.65 ± 0.99 139.14 ± 8.39 13.98 ± 5.69
470.00–577.56 264.04–328.85 3.20–5.80 1.78–4.05 125.14–151.00 8.00–20.14
Thioacetamide 676.29 ± 45.83 377.41 ± 22.22 2.63 ± 0.96 1.83 ± 0.30 98.55 ± 18.48 7.57 ± 2.29
601.28–728.21 339.74–398.72 1.56–3.95 1.52–2.31 74.14–124.86 3.86–10.29
P < 0.007 P < 0.005 P < 0.004 P < 0.312 P < 0.0001 P < 0.013
Vitamin C and thioacetamide 501.09 ± 99.36 182.69 ± 76.25 3.72 ± 0.48 2.45 ± 0.49 130.40 ± 25.35 7.69 ± 2.80
401.92–633.33 120.51–291.67 2.79–4.10 1.84–3.25 96.86–160.00 5.29–12.43
P < 0.602 P < 0.002 P < 0.166 P < 0.803 P < 0.372 P < 0.019
*
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.090 *
P < 0.443 *
P < 0.003 *
P < 0.964
Vitamin E and thioacetamide 577.79 ± 92.54 133.70 ± 45.97 4.08 ± 1.38 4.60 ± 2.38 106.17 ± 11.41 7.70 ± 3.22
455.83–653.21 82.05–211.54 2.63–6.38 2.16–8.46 87.57–115.57 5.14–13.20
P < 0.324 P < 0.0001 P < 0.391 P < 0.017 P < 0.003 P < 0.019
*
P < 0.063 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.022 *
P < 0.001 *
P < 0.457 *
P < 0.960
**
P < 0.128 **
P < 0.103 **
P < 0.560 **
P < 0.009 **
P < 0.025 **
P < 0.997
Vitamin C and vitamin E and
thioacetamide
494.12 ± 126.25 185.53 ± 61.71 6.12 ± 1.26 3.49 ± 1.34 106.37 ± 11.92 8.26 ± 5.19
396.15–685.90 80.13–285.26 3.93–7.45 2.13–5.09 85.29–114.14 4.14–17.00
P < 0.524 P < 0.002 P < 0.017 P < 0.286 P < 0.003 P < 0.031
*
P < 0.001 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.0001 *
P < 0.040 *
P < 0.445 *
P < 0.785
**
P < 0.888 **
P < 0.920 **
P < 0.0001 **
P < 0.188 **
P < 0.026 **
P < 0.827
***
P < 0.111 ***
P < 0.086 ***
P < 0.001 ***
P < 0.145 ***
P < 0.985 ***
P < 0.831
Data are expressed as mean ± SD (minimum-maximum). P: significance versus control. MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: glutathione; NO: nitric oxide.
The bold values represent significant P < 0.05 while un-bold values represent non-significant P values.
*
P: significance versus thioacetamide.
**
P: significance versus vitamin C and thioacetamide.
***
P: significance versus vitamin E and thioacetamide.
5. 354 H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362
Fig. 1. (A) Photomicrograph from a section of control rat liver showing normal hepatic architecture: the hepatocytes with acidophilic granular cytoplasm and central vesicular
nuclei. The portal vein (PV) and the bile ducts (BD) are also seen (H&E, 400×). (B) Photomicrograph from TAA rats showing acidophilic cytoplasm and binucleated hepatocytes
(stars). Notice mononuclear cellular infiltration, hemorrhage (H) and apoptotic hepatocytes (circle) around the congested central vein (H&E, 400×). (C) Photomicrograph
from a section of liver of TAA rats treated with vitamin C showing the formation of a single layer of short cuboidal epithelial cells (black arrow) forming a layer contact with
the mesenchyme lining the portal vein. The hepatocytes in this area revealed coagulative necrosis (white arrow) and apoptosis (circle). The inflammatory cells (M) separated
ductular epithelium-like cells and congestion appears at the area. In the central zone, the hepatocytes are intact (Bi) (H&E, 400×). (D) Photomicrograph from a section of liver
of TAA rats treated with vitamin E showing marked regeneration and improvement in hepatic cells around the central vein and prominent improvement around the portal
area (H&E, 400×). (E) Photomicrograph from a section of liver of TAA rats treated with a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E showing edema, fibrous tissues, vacuolation
and congestion around the portal vein, while the hepatocytes in the central zone are not affected (H) (H&E, 200×).
Fig. 2. (A) Photomicrograph from a section of control rat liver showing normal protein distribution in hepatocytes cytoplasm (i.e. normal strong cytoplasmic reactions). (B)
Photomicrograph from a section of liver given TAA rats showing marked reduction in protein content especially in damaged areas (i.e. weak reaction). (C) Photomicrograph
from a section of liver of TAA rats treated with vitamin C showing moderate to strong reaction (i.e. moderate improvement in protein content in liver cells). (D) Photomicrograph
from a section of liver of TAA rats treated with vitamin E showing weak reaction in destroyed cells adjacent central vein (arrow) others cells have positive strong reaction (solid
arrow) (i.e. marked improvement of protein content in cytoplasm of hepatic cells is seen). (E) Photomicrograph from a section of liver of TAA rats treated with a combination
of vitamin C and E showing weak to moderate reaction in destroyed or impacted cells (i.e. moderate improvement in protein content in liver cells) (bromophenol blue
reaction, 400×).
6. H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362 355
Fig. 3. (A) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the control group revealed numerous small sized crowded mitochondria with dark matrices and ill-defined cristae
(white arrows), numerous fat droplets (less clustering) of various sizes (black stars), hepatocyte nucleus (N) showed increased peripheral heterochromatin (arrowheads).
Note glycogen droplets and few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) are seen among the mitochondria. (B) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the control
group revealed lipid droplets of variable sizes and less clustered (black stars). Few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum less fragmented with no dissociated ribosomes
(rER). Mitochondria with ill-defined cristae and dark matrices are larger and more numerous (white arrow). Note bile canaliculus (BC) with luminal microvilli is bounded by
both desmosomes and tight junctions (TJ) (white arrows) (TEM, 5000×).
3.3. Ultrastructural results of liver specimens
More detailed exploration of liver structural organization is pro-
vided by the electron micrographs; liver of control group revealed
hepatocyte presented rounded large central nucleus surrounded
by a double membrane envelope interrupted by nuclear pores,
dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Numerous mitochon-
dria either circular or elongated with prominent cristae reside
close to RER, plenty of rough endoplasmic reticulum arranged
in parallel stacks of flattened cisternae. Furthermore, glycogen
inclusions appeared as coarse electron dense granules aggregated
in rosette shaped and few lipid droplets were present. Additionally,
Bile canaliculi is surrounded by junctional complexes and showing
normal microvilli. Hepatocyte disclosed projecting microvilli on the
adjacent surfaces, blood sinusoids and phagocytic von Kupffer cells
(Fig. 3A and B).
Fine structure of liver of TAA treated group exhibited
histopathological alterations referred to cytoplasmic organelles;
degenerated hepatocytes, nucleus in some hepatocytes showed
loss of normal chromatin pattern with aggregation of clusters of
nuclear chromatin at the nuclear envelope, accumulation of many
large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Mitochondria become polymorphic,
swollen with dramatic modification of their cristae and appear-
ance of electron dense granules within the mitochondria and whorl
like myelin figures and cellular debris. There is an increase in RER
with fragmented cisternae, drastic glycogen exhaustion become
few and scattered, numerous lipid droplets disseminated in the
cytoplasm. Moreover, bile canaliculi become dilated with abnormal
microvilli. Phagocytic Kupffer cells destructed and blood sinusoids
fragmented, apparent decrease of short microvilli from adjacent
surfaces of hepatocytes and extensive cytoplasmic degeneration
were also observed (Fig. 4A and B).
Furthermore, electron microscopic findings of liver treated with
antioxidants and TAA demonstrated hepatocytes regained their
normal appearance as their cytoplasm contained vesicular rounded
nuclei, homogenous chromatin distribution and prominent nucle-
oli, surrounded by nuclear envelope and minimal lipid droplet.
The hepatocytes revealed reduction in rough endoplasmic reticu-
lum cisternae, glycogen inclusions again occupied the cytoplasm,
while the mitochondria were numerous but still damaged and
of variable shape and size and laminated membrane arrays were
rarely existed. In addition, the hepatocytes regain their healthy bile
canaliculi with abundant microvilli and normal junctional com-
plexes, blood sinusoid intact with recovered Kupffer cell. Many
short microvilli projecting from adjacent surfaces of hepatocytes
were observed. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes exhibited few
vacuoles (Figs. 5–7{A and B}).
4. Discussion
Liver plays the main role in metabolism of different nutrients,
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids; in addition, it shares in
clearance of waste products resulting from metabolism and elimi-
nation of exogenous drugs and other xenobioc (Saleem et al., 2010).
Increase level of ammonia as result from liver failure is the main
etiology of hepatic encephalopathy. Hyperammonemia affect the
function of mitochondria, which may result in reduction of ATP syn-
thesis and it enhance free radicals production (Bachmann, 2002).
TAA is considered as a selective hepatotoxin, which is used
experimentally to induce hepatic failure. The result of TAA
metabolism is highly reactive compound which is thioacetamide-
S dioxide; it binds to the tissue macromolecules and may result
in hepatic necrosis (Reddy et al., 2004). In this study TAA treat-
ment is accompanied by liver affection which is manifested by
increased serum levels of liver enzymes (AST and ALT), triglyc-
eride and cholesterol and decrease in serum levels of total proteins.
In addition, oxidative stress is manifested in hepatotoxic rats by
increased MDA levels in the homogenate of liver and brain tis-
sues and there are diminution of GSH and NO levels in liver and
brain tissues homogenate. Consequently, our study emphasizes
that existence of liver failure and brain oxidative stress due to TAA
administration, which is in agreement with Bruck et al. (2004).
In accordance with our study, Galisteo et al. (2006) reported
that TAA intoxication models registered significantly lower plasma
total protein levels compared to healthy models. Moreover, Túnez
et al. (2005) reported that TAA reduced the antioxidant status and
enhanced lipid peroxidation in liver and brain tissues. Bastway
Ahmed et al. (2010) had confirmed the occurrence of oxidative
7. 356 H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362
Fig. 4. (A) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received thioacetamide revealed irregular nuclear outlines (white arrow), increase peripheral chromatin,
lipid droplets (black stars) and presence of rarified cytoplasmic vacuoles indicate organelle degeneration (white stars) (TEM, 2000). (B) Electron micrograph of ultrathin
section of the group received thioacetamide showing hepatocyte nucleus with deformed outlines, i.e. irregular nuclear membrane (thin white arrow), increased peripheral
chromatin (black arrows). Mitochondria (thick white arrows) have dark matrix and ill-defined cristae. Few thin strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) could be seen
(TEM, 5000×).
stress through significant increase of MDA levels and significant
decrease of GSH and NO in liver rats as an effect for TAA administra-
tion. Aydın et al. (2010) reported that TAA administration resulted
in significant increases in plasma transaminase activities as well as
hepatic hydroxyproline and lipid peroxide levels, while liver glu-
tathione, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase protein
expressions and activities decreased.
Reddy et al. (2004) confirmed presence of oxidative stress in
the cerebral cortex of hyperammonemic and HE animals. Also
Sathyasaikumar et al. (2007) reported that they found significant
oxidative stress in rats treated with thioacetamide in cerebral
cortex, cerebellum, and pons medulla. Moreover, they established
that oxidative stress was more distinct in the pons, medulla
and cerebral cortex than that present in cerebellum as they found
significant increase in the levels of MDA and nitric oxide levels with
significant decrease in glutathione ratio and altered antioxidant
machinery. In a study for Fadillioglu et al. (2010) had studied the
different oxidant and antioxidant parameters on three different
parts of brain tissue in thioacetamide-induced HE in this rat model.
Then they reported that after thioacetamide injection, there was
significant increase in the blood ammonia level and significant
increase in ALT and AST activities in TAA administered group com-
pared to the control group. In addition they reported a significant
decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities in the cerebral cortex,
brain stem and cerebellum. So they reported those protein oxida-
tion and lipid peroxidations were produced in three brain tissue
parts. They explained their results by that oxidative injury in the
brain tissue are due to increase level blood ammonia (Figs. 8 and 9).
Fig. 5. (A) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit. C + thioacetamide revealed part of rat hepatocyte with less condensed nuclear chromatin in
the nucleus (N) with irregular nuclear membrane, pleomorphic degenerated mitochondria (white arrows) without apparent cristae, numerous obvious vacuoles all over the
cytoplasm. Few small lipid droplets (black stars) (TEM, 2000×). (B) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit. C + thioacetamide showing magnified
part of rat hepatocyte to show the decrease in lipid droplet accumulation (black stars) and ill-defined degenerated mitochondria (white arrows), visible numerous cytoplasmic
vacuoles (V) (TEM, 5000×).
8. H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362 357
Fig. 6. (A) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit. E + thioacetamide revealed part of rat hepatocytes with slight increase in nuclear peripheral
heterochromatin (thin white arrows). Few lipid droplets (black star). The cytoplasm is heavily populated with mitochondria (thick white arrows) (TEM, 2000×). (B) Electron
micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit. E + thioacetamide revealed magnified part to show the normal population of mitochondria with ill-defined cristae
(white arrow) and in-between strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). Note vacuoles (v) all over the cytoplasm, bile canaliculus (BC) with luminal microvilli bounded
by tight junctions (TJ) (TEM, 5000×).
Similar to our findings Al-Attar (2011) reported an elevation
in serum lipid triglyceride and cholesterol and liver enzymes, e.g.
AST, ALT, and GGT while there was a decrease in serum total
protein rats treated with TAA (300 mg/kg twice weekly for 10
weeks). The aminotransferases liver enzymes (ALT and AST) are
the most frequently used as diagnostic markers for liver cell dam-
age and necrosis. However, ALT is more specific for liver injury
than AST which is present in a diversity of different tissues; more-
over, ALT is present only in the cytosol while AST present in both
the mitochondria and cytosol of hepatocytes (Thapa and Walia,
2007).
In this study, in TAA group, positive correlations were found
between ALT with liver-GSH, while negative correlations were
found between total protein with brain-GSH and between
cholesterol with liver-NO. Treatment with vitamin C led to a
positive correlation was found between AST with liver-GSH and
treatment with vitamin E leads to a positive correlation between
AST with brain-NO. These findings can be explained by that
treatment with TAA led to oxidative stress and elevation in serum
liver enzymes that resulted from liver cell necrosis and that led
to release of these enzymes to the blood (Gressner et al., 2007) as
result of that the body formed more antioxidant as GSH and NO
to counterbalanced oxidative stress and remove reactive oxygen
species formed (Figs. 10–12).
In accordance with our results, regarding great decrease in
serum total protein as results of liver toxicity by TAA (Low et al.,
2004) explained this decrease due to defect in RNA processing
while the second reported that this reduction in total serum protein
Fig. 7. (A) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit. C + vit. E + thioacetamide revealed part of 2 hepatocytes where bile canclculi can be seen
(BC). Notice the accumulation of fat droplets (black stars), mitochondria are pleomorphic, few and small in size and dark with apparent cristae (M). Increase in nuclear
heterochromatin islands (white arrows). Notice vacuoles all over the cytoplasm (V) (TEM, 2000×). (B) Electron micrograph of ultrathin section of the group received vit.
C + vit. E + thioacetamide showing magnified part to show bile canaliculus with luminal few microvilli (BC), the few dark elongated and circle mitochondria with prominent
cristae (M), fragmented rER (white stars). Notice cytoplasmi vacuoles of different sizes (V) (TEM, 5000×).
9. 358 H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362
Fig. 8. Scatter chart showed a significant positive correlation between Alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) with liver malondialdehyde (MDA) (r = 0.927, P < 0.008) in
control group.
Fig. 9. Scatter chart showed a significant positive correlation between brain glu-
tathione (GSH) with brain nitric oxide (NO) (r = 0.895, P < 0.016) in control group.
Fig. 10. Scatter chart showed a significant positive correlation between alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) with liver malondialdehyde (MDA) (r = 0.850, P < 0.032) in
thioacetamide group.
Fig. 11. Scatter chart showed a significant negative correlation between total pro-
tein with brain glutathione (GSH) (r = −0.881, P < 0.048) in thioacetamide group.
owing to disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, lipid metabolisms
due to acute liver intoxication by TAA (Fig. 13).
Thioacetamide administration caused death to some animals
during our study. The survival rate of animals in HE group
after 24 h thioacetamide injection was 90%. In Fadillioglu et al.
(2010), the survival rate of animals in HE group after 60 h of
thioacetamide injection was 37.5%. Bruck et al. (1999) demon-
strated that the survival rate was 30% for only thioacetamide and
0.9% NaCl solution injected group after 52 h after first thioac-
etamide injection, Norton et al. also indicated that female rats
lived longer than male rats and all female and male rats were
dead 72 h after thioacetamide injection (Norton et al., 1997)
(Fig. 14).
In accordance with the previous studies there are two major fac-
tors for induction of HE which are oxidative damage and increase
blood ammonia level. So to prevent HE you have to prevent ROS
injury and decreasing blood ammonia level. The nervous system
is largely susceptible to oxidative damage because the brain is
enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (Öztürk et al., 2008).
The nervous system also has low level of defense repair mecha-
nisms and very high oxygen consumption against oxidative injury
Fig. 12. Scatter chart showed a significant negative correlation between cholesterol
and liver nitric oxide (NO) (r = −0.837, P < 0.038) in thioacetamide group.
10. H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362 359
Fig. 13. Scatter chart showed a significant positive correlation between aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) with liver glutathione (GSH) (r = 0.951, P < 0.004) in vitamin
C and thioacetamide group.
(Halliwell et al., 1985). Vitamins C and E are considered the most
important endogenous antioxidants due to their exceptional chem-
ical properties which helping them in elimination of different free
radicals. The effectiveness of vitamins C and E in the treating dis-
eases resulted from long-term exposure to oxidative stress, has
been well known (Mayne, 2003). Many authors, reported that TAA
treated animals lead to great reduction of their endogenous antiox-
idants as vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH (Sun et al., 2000) and
beneficial effects of antioxidant treatment have been recognized
(Bruck et al., 2002) (Fig. 15).
In our study, we reconfirmed that vitamin C and vitamin E
played substantial role against the progression of acute hepatic
encephalopathy and oxidative stress induced by TAA in rat model.
Oral administration of vitamin C in dose of 100 mg/kg for 3 days
and/or vitamin E in dose of 200 mg/kg daily for 3 days in acute
hepatic injury rat model was accompanied by decrease in serum
levels of liver enzymes (AST and ALT), triglyceride and cholesterol
and elevation of total proteins. This was accompanied in liver and
brain tissue homogenate with decrease of MDA and elevation of
Fig. 14. Scatter chart showed a significant positive correlation between aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) with brain nitric oxide (NO) (r = 0.996, P < 0.0001) in vitamin
E and thioacetamide group.
Fig. 15. Scatter chart showed a significant negative correlation between aspar-
tate aminotransferase (AST) with total protein (r = −0.891, P < 0.042) in vitamin
C + vitamin E + thioacetamide group.
GSH and NO. The results of this study also showed that vitamin C
administration significantly elevated serum total protein and liver
NO. Meanwhile, vitamin E administration was accompanied with
decrease serum levels of AST, triglyceride and cholesterol and ele-
vation of brain GSH than vitamin C. Combination of vitamin C and
E administration was accompanied by elevation of liver GSH than
when each vitamin administer alone. Hence, our results are similar
to other studies that indicated that single or combined treatment of
antioxidants; vitamins E and C; impressively defend liver function
against TAA damage (Ming et al., 2006).
Our study in agreement, with different studies showed that
the administration of antioxidants like vitamin E and or vita-
min C decrease the severity of hepatic encephalopathy owing
to TAA intoxication, indicating that free radicals and reactive
oxygen species have an important role in the pathogenesis of
hepatic encephalopathy (Velvizhi et al., 2002). Najmi et al. (2010)
reported that TAA depleted tissue GSH and increased tissue
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly. The
post-treatment of animals with l-ornithine-l-aspartate signifi-
cantly reserved the TAA-induced changes of these oxidative stress
markers.
Two key assumptions can be offered to clarify mechanisms of
synergistic shielding effects proposed by co-treatment of vitamins
E and vitamin C. Primarily, vitamins E and vitamin C possess specific
chemical characters which make them can attack and eliminate free
radicals produced after TAA administration. TAA intoxication leads
to exaggeration in free radical production starting in the mitochon-
dria then rapidly affecting the whole cell leading to disturbance in
energy metabolism and membrane transport ending in cell apopto-
sis and necrosis. Because of the great increase of the free radicals
levels the endogenous antioxidants, e.g. vitamin E and vitamin C
are completely consumed diminishing anti-oxidant power of cells
and tissues resulting in sever oxidative injury (Galli et al., 2005;
Valko et al., 2006).
Secondly, the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C that
results in preserving them in their reduced form which may help in
restoring the endogenous antioxidant after being totally exhausted
due to TAA intoxication (Fang et al., 2002).
In this respect, Fadillioglu et al. (2010) found that treatment
by the laxative and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) leading to
decrease of levels of MDA, ROS, and nitric oxide levels, increase
glutathione much closer to those of control rats in all brain parts.
11. 360 H.N. Mustafa et al. / Tissue and Cell 45 (2013) 350–362
However, these reversing effects in the brain stem were not as suc-
cessful as in other brain parts for catalase activities. They explain
the effects of CAPE treatment due to affect mitochondrial func-
tion of neurons and also it may to have a role on apoptosis
neuronal pathway such as inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-3-
independent/p38 (Wei et al., 2008).
The results obtained from this study showed that histologi-
cal examination of the liver of rats injected with TAA showed
massive necrosis associated with degenerative changes including
cytoplasmic vacuolation and hydropic degeneration accompa-
nied by cellular infiltration. This agreed with other investigation
(Uskokovi´c-Markovi´c et al., 2007) who studied hepatotoxic effects
of TAA, they reported that the necrosis becomes more severe and
widespread as the time passes and the event is associated with
mononuclear cellular infiltration. In addition, they stated that TAA
acute toxicity give rise to centrilobular necrosis in liver without
fatty change. Other studies discovered that centrilobular necrosis
and immense inflammatory reaction after a single dose of TAA was
more pronounced with respect to the time factor (Caballero et al.,
2001) that coincided with our findings related to TAA treated group.
It was described that mechanism of TAA hepatotoxicity may be
that TAA acts as creator of free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation
(Shapiro et al., 2006). Moreover, TAA causes increased apoptosis
and necrosis, were necrosis become predominant when great doses
of TAA were used (Apte et al., 2003). Lately, it was found that the
release of hydrolytic enzyme Calpain from dying hepatocytes result
in liver cells injury even after cessation of the hepatotoxicant. That
led to destruction of the surrounding cells and inflammatory pro-
cess progress (Limaye et al., 2003).
Moreover, ultrastructural findings of hepatocytes of TAA treated
rats shown polymorphic mitochondria with destruction of their
cristae, accumulation of electron dense granules, fragmentation of
rough endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of cytoplasmic vac-
uoles with disturbed nuclear chromatin, slight increase in lipid
droplets and loss of short microvilli. Furthermore, these alterations
in the cytoplasmic organelles might be due to toxic effects of TAA,
which injured protein systems included in the endoplasmic reticu-
lum, those involved in mitochondrial respiration (Fan and Weng,
2005). Additionally, generation of reactive oxygen species caused
lipid peroxidation, oxidation of cellular proteins and extensive
mitochondrial DNA strand breakage, thus inducing impairment of
mitochondrial protein synthesis (Lewis et al., 2001). The ultrastruc-
tural changes agreed by other researchers like Faa et al. (1992) who
found that TAA toxicity resulted in mitochondrialdamage, RER frag-
mentation, disorganization and dispersion of ribosomes, depletion
of the glycogen and finally loss of the microvilli (Pérez et al., 2004;
Tasci et al., 2008).
In contrast, the ultrastructural picture of liver received antiox-
idants and thioacetamide revealed a round nucleus and nucleolus
with clear nuclear envelope, dispersed chromatin masses and
minimal lipid droplets with an undamaged rough endoplasmic reti-
culum but the mitochondria were still impaired without deposits.
As well, the hepatocytes exhibited a healthy bile canalicului with
normal microvilli and intact junctional complexes. The blood sinu-
soid was unharmed with a healthy Kupffer cell. The improvement
is more obvious with vitamin E, which assisted to enhance the
antioxidant defense system (Kirimlioglu et al., 2006).
It has been revealed by many authors that antioxidants, such as
vitamin E (Honegger et al., 1995) and the vitamin C (Vereckei et al.,
1993) or their combination when administered in liver injury, led
to decrease the pathological lysosomes in number and in size (Allan
Butterfield et al., 2002). However, this did not wholly preclude
myelin figures creation or electron dense deposits (Al-Kahtani,
2010). Bansal et al. (2005) disclosed that the hepatocytes were
nearly normal, with minimal necrosis and proved that the co-
treatment with vitamin E and C diminished the degree of oxidative
stress in a time-dependent manner. The mitochondria still affected
and degenerated and this might be due to that mitochondria were
the most sensitive and target organelle attacked by TAA. It was
reported that exposure of rats to oxidants like TAA, increased
the production of many cytokines as nitric oxide synthase-2,
cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) by the
activated Kupffer cell and injured hepatocytes (Wang et al., 2004).
Therefore, that vitamin C and E may play a role in interfere with
release of that inflammatory mediators (cytokines) or inhibiting
their activity in injured hepatocytes (Karabay et al., 2005). More-
over, vitamin C and E act as an antioxidant in vivo and in vitro
studies (Timbrell et al., 1995). The mechanisms of the possible
antioxidant effects are the ability to suppress lipid peroxidation
(Dor˘gru-Abbaso˘glu et al., 2001). In addition, vitamin C and E not
only inhibit hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis and DNA dam-
age, but also inhibit the lesions in the extracellular matrix induced
(Zhou et al., 1996).
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that: (i) TAA
encourages both liver and brain oxidative stress, together with
acute hepatic failure; (ii) Brain and hepatic oxidative stress can be
protected by vitamin C and vitamin E and/or their combination;
(iii) vitamin C and vitamin E and their combination protect against
liver and brain damage. Treatment with vitamin E is more effective
than vitamin C in protection of the liver and increase brain-GSH
while vitamin C is effective in elevation of liver-NO than vitamin C.
This can be explained by decrease levels of GSH leads to defect in
function of vitamin C as antioxidant. In addition, antioxidants espe-
cially vitamin E administration led to decrease in the histologic as
well as ultrastructural changes in the parenchyma of rat liver. These
data indicate the valuable effect of antioxidant agents, particularly
vitamin E, against oxidative stress and hepatic and brain illnesses
induced by TAA, as well as its potential usage in the management
of liver injury and hepatic encephalopathy persuaded by fulminant
hepatic failure.
Authors’ contributions
All authors participated in the design of this work and performed
equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR),
King Abdulaziz University for the research grant (14-140-D1432).
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