This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Present study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. Powdered stem was extracted with methanol and subjected for the preliminary phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out following OECD guidelines 423 and found safe upto the dose 2000 mg/kg, p.o. Hepatoprotective activity of extract was evaluated against CCl induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups containing 4 6 mice per group. Group 1 animals were administered with vehicle only, Group II animals were administered with CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) to induced hepatotoxicity, 4 group III animals were administered with silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day, group IV and V animals were administered with 4 methanol extract of T. purpurea stem at 75 and 150 mg/kg, po respectively for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day of treatment schedule. Biochemical 4 parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin) were assessed in all the experimental animals. Phytochemical investigation of methanol extract of T. purpurea stem revealed the presence of flavanoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. Methanol extract of T. purpurea stem was exhibited dose dependant hepatoprotective activity comparable to that of silymarin.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Present study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. Powdered stem was extracted with methanol and subjected for the preliminary phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out following OECD guidelines 423 and found safe upto the dose 2000 mg/kg, p.o. Hepatoprotective activity of extract was evaluated against CCl induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups containing 4 6 mice per group. Group 1 animals were administered with vehicle only, Group II animals were administered with CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) to induced hepatotoxicity, 4 group III animals were administered with silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day, group IV and V animals were administered with 4 methanol extract of T. purpurea stem at 75 and 150 mg/kg, po respectively for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day of treatment schedule. Biochemical 4 parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin) were assessed in all the experimental animals. Phytochemical investigation of methanol extract of T. purpurea stem revealed the presence of flavanoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. Methanol extract of T. purpurea stem was exhibited dose dependant hepatoprotective activity comparable to that of silymarin.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of bauhinia purpurea linn.pdfgynomark
Present study was carried out to investigate different extracts of Bauhinia purpurea (B.P) for its
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Mature leaves of Bauhinia purpurea were
collected, authenticated and was subjected to extraction using different solvents like chloroform, alcohol and
water. Healthy wistar albino rats (150-200g) of male sex were used for the in-vivo investigations. Liver damage
was induced by administration of 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (1ml/kg body weight). Activities of liver
marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),
acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total albumin(TA), total bilirubin(TB), Total protein(TP),
direct bilirubin (DB) at a dose of aqueous extract of leaves (100 mg/kg) chloroform extract of leaf of B.P
(100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of leaf of B.P (100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) showed a significant
hepatoprotective effect in comparison with the standard (sylimarin). It is also confirmed by liver
histopathology of treated animals. The present study demonstrated the extracts of B.P have hepatoprotective
effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
The present study revealed a significant decrease in
the serum enzyme levels which can be attributed to
hepatoprotection. BP extract was found to decrease
the levels of ALP, ACP significantly and there is a
dose dependent decrease in the elevated SGOT and
SGPT levels of the extracts when compared to CCl4
group.
CCl4 treated Liver showed perivenular necrosis,
steatosis with degree of steatosis being variable
from ballooning degeneration to necrosis. Central
lobular vacuoles, frequently dilated and congested
central veins were seen with dilatation of
surrounding sinusoids, which contradicted to the
observations of standard sylmarin, the aqueous,
chloroform and alcoholic extracts showed a clear
portal tract and central vein with normal lobular
architecture and decreased cell degeneration
indicating the hepatoprotective action of extracts of
B.purpurea. The histopathological studies further
confirmed the above results presented in fig 1-8.
Therefore, from the above study the extracts of
Bauhinia purpurea exhibited potent
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
toxicity which can be ascribed to its ability to
decrease the oxidative damage.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The outcomes of histological study revealed that there was significant reversal of histological functional of liver. In conclusion, the findings of this study validated that the Ficus carica can improve CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
2. 314 K.N. Chidambara Murthy et al. / Hepatology Research 33 (2005) 313–319
Algae are unexploited sources due to their limited distri-
bution in natural habitat and less information on conditions
for growth and utilization. However, in recent years these
algae are gaining importance due to nutritional composition
and various bioactive compounds they produce to accustom
to the biodiversity of marine environment. Some of the bio-
logically significant compounds of algal origin include car-
rageenan, sulpholipids, pigments like phycocynain and so on
[3].
The genus Dunaliella includes halotolarent, unicellular,
motile green algae with exceptional morphological and phys-
iological properties [4]. Dunaliella devoid of rigid cell wall
and contains a single, large cup shaped chloroplast [5] and
can accumulate massive amount of -carotene, primarily in
response to high light intensity [6]. This makes it interest-
ing subject for utilization as a source of -carotene, which
is well known a precursor of vitamin A, antioxidant and
also a bioactive molecule. Apart from -carotene it is also a
source of protein that has good utility value, rich in essential
fatty acids and it is safe to utilize directly in food formu-
lations [7]. Dunaliella species have shown to exhibit vari-
ous biological activities, like anti-hypertensive, bronchodila-
tor, analgesic and muscle relaxant and anti-edema activity
[8].
The present pharmacological investigation focuses on
evaluation of the efficacy of Dunaliella whole cells for pos-
sible protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Carbon tetrachloride induces hepatic injury characterized by
leakage of cellular enzymes into the blood stream by centri-
olobular necrosis [9]. The degree of protection was measured
by using biochemical markers like, serum AST, ALT, ALP
and total protein. The results of the same were compared
with synthetic -carotene, as it is the major constituent of the
algae.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
SALP, (S)ALT, (S)AST kits were purchased from Span
Diagnostics Ltd., India. All the solvents and chemicals used
for experiment were of analytical grade, solvents used for
HPLC were of HPLC grade and purchased from Ranbaxy fine
chemicals Ltd., India. Standard -carotene was from Sigma
Chemicals Ltd., USA.
2.2. Algal biomass
Dunaliella salina (No. 19-3) obtained from Sammulung
von Algen kulturen, Pflanzen, Physiologische Institute, Uni-
versitat Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. The organism was
initially maintained in AS-100 medium [10], further it was
cultivated using modified medium [11], with slight modifica-
tion for better yield of biomass and -carotene accumulation.
Carotenogenesis was induced by high light (25–30 klx) by
exposing cultures to direct sunlight after the growth for 14
days for 3 days period. The yellowish biomass was har-
vested by centrifugation and lyophilized to remove water.
This lyophilized biomass of carotenoid accumulated cell was
used for nutritional analysis and formulation of feed for eval-
uation of the activity.
2.3. Formulation of feed
Known proportion of the dried algae powder was mixed
with powdered standard commercial feed (Brook Bond India
Pvt. Ltd.) and reconstituted as that of commercial pellet feed
by vacuum drying. This was fed to animals according to the
dosage profile. Carotenoid content was also measured in feed.
It was found that, there was no loss of carotenoids during the
process of formulation of feed.
2.4. Analysis of nutritional composition
Yellow biomass was subjected to biochemical analysis
of total protein [12], carbohydrate by phenol–sulfuric acid
method [13], total lipids by AOAC method [14] and fatty
acid by Levy et al. method [15]. HPLC was done for both
crude and a fraction after passing through column 12.5 mm
(i.d.) × 20 cm glass column containing diatomaceous earth
and silica gel G (1:1) using varying concentration of n-
Hexane and acetone in order to remove chlorophyll [16], -
carotene was also estimated by AOAC method and further
quantified by HPLC (LC10A Shimadzu), using ODS (Bonda
pack)Columnwith,isocraticelutionofmethanolandacetoni-
trile (9:1) at a flow rate of l.0 mL/min, at 450 nm wavelength
in UV–vis detector [17].
2.5. Experimental animals
Albino rats of either sex of the Wister strain weigh-
ing 180–220 g were used for the studies. The animals were
grouped into five groups each group consisting of six ani-
mals each (n = 6). The first group served with normal diet
without treatment of toxin, the second group named as control
received normal diet and was administered with toxin (CCU).
The third and fourth groups were treated with Dunaliella
(2.5 and 5.0 g kg−1 which approximately equivalent to 70 and
140 mg of total carotenoids/kg). Fifth group was treated with
synthetic -carotene orally at dose of 100 g kg−1 (dissolved
in olive oil) for 14 days. The animals of 1st–4th groups were
simultaneously administered with olive oil until 14 days. The
animals of 2nd–5th group were given a single oral dose of
CCl4 (1:1 in olive oil) at dose of 2.0 g kg−1 b.w., 6 h after
the last dose of administration of carotene/olive oil at the
14th day. After 24 h, animals were sacrificed and blood was
collected in heparinized tubes from each animal by cardiac
puncture (∼3.0 mL). Serum was separated by centrifugation
and used for the biochemical analysis. Biochemical analysis
for protein, (S)AST, (S)ALT and SALP was done for all the
animals on 15th day.
3. K.N. Chidambara Murthy et al. / Hepatology Research 33 (2005) 313–319 315
2.6. CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity
One of the groups (V) received synthetic -carotene
(100 mg kg−1 dissolved in olive oil) orally. Animals of test
group received diet with algae, these test groups also received
same dose of vehicle i.e. olive oil in order to know the effect
of olive oil on the hepatoprotective activity. Twenty-four
hours after the last day CCl4 was administered at the dose
of 2.0 g kg−1 b.w. (mixed in the ratio 1:1 with olive oil) and
24 h after the CCl4 administration the biochemical parame-
ters were analysed.
2.7. Assessment of liver function
Rats of the entire group were anesthetized by diethyl ether,
24 h after the hepatotoxin administration. The blood was
obtained from by cardiac puncture from dissected animals
and were allowed to clot for 45 min at room temperature.
Serum was separated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm at 30 ◦C
for 15 min and analyzed for various biochemical parameters.
Serum transaminase viz. aspartate transaminase [18], Serum
alanine transaminase [17], alkaline phosphatase [19] were
estimated by using standard enzymatic kits. Total protein was
estimated by Lowry et al. method [20].
2.8. Statistical analysis
Results of the biochemical estimations are reported as
mean ± S.E.M. Total variation, present in a set of data was
estimated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), results
were analysed by tukey’s multiple comparison test using
PRISM 4.0 version software.
3. Results
As shown in Fig. 1a, growth rate of Dunaliella salina was
linear till 14 days and the cells were diluted to get a cell
count of 50 × 104 concentration and exposed to direct sun-
light (25–30 klx intensity) for accumulation of (-carotene
(Fig. 1b). The cells turned to yellow colour on 3rd day
of exposure and the same was subjected to harvesting by
centrifugation to get a yield of 0.656 ± 0.65 g L−1 of dry
biomass.
The nutritional composition of yellow biomass, showed
the presence of protein 21.5 ± 1.75% essential fatty acids
i.e. 0.79 ± 0.36%, the -carotene content 2.8 ± 0.27%
w/w (Table 1). HPLC has shown -carotene peak at
9.84 ± 0.15 min and the total concentration was found to be
2.8% w/w and has shown the presence of chlorophyll and
other carotenoids in Dunaliella extracts. The standard and
extract -carotene chromatograms are shown in Fig. 2a and
b.
As shown in Figs. 3–6, activities of the AST (S), ALT
(S), and SALP were markedly elevated while total protein
content decreased in control rats compared to normal rats.
Fig. 1. (a) Growth curve of Dunaliella salina in modified medium. The
graph shows the growth pattern of cells under low light for 14 days in which
there is multiplication of green cells in vegetative phase. (b) Carotene accu-
mulation in Dunaliella salina after exposing to high light stress. The cells
were transferred in to high light by diluting with 2.0% w/v sodium chloride
for carotenogenesis, during which there was accumulation of carotenoids up
to 2.8% w/w.
Administration of Dunaliella at two different doses markedly
prevented CCU induced elevation of (S)AST, (S)ALT, SALP
and diminution of total protein.
Dunaliella salina feeding at 2.5 and 5.0 g kg−1 b.w
decreased (S)ALT by 81.0 ± 13.66, 61.33 ± 6.43%, (S)AST
by 117.93 ± 10.91, 80.66 ± 5.64%, respectively. However,
there was not considerably decrease in case of synthetic
-carotene, which was found to be 90.83 ± 10.49 and
144.66 ± 3.84%, respectively. Similarly the alkaline phos-
phatase level was higher in case of CCl4 toxin-treated, where
Table 1
Nutritional composition of Dunaliella salina
Nutritional Component % Value ± S.D
Protein 21.50 ± 1.75
Carbohydrate 26.70 ± 1.11
Total fat 7.78 ± 0.38
Essential fatty acid 0.79 ± 0.36
Total carotenoids 2.80 ± 0.27
-Carotene 2.57 ± 0.66
4. 316 K.N. Chidambara Murthy et al. / Hepatology Research 33 (2005) 313–319
Fig. 2. (a) HPLC Chromatogram of standard synthetic all trans -carotene,
(b) HPLC chromatogram of carotenoids of Dunaliella salina crude extract.
This chromatogram shows the presence of other carotenoids like, xantho-
phylls, lutein and these are totally identified as total carotenoids by extinction
coefficient at 450 nm. Peak at 9.841 corresponds to -carotene of Dunaliella,
which constitutes around 80% of total carotenoids.
as it was nearly half in case of 2.5, 5.0 g kg−1 group. Synthetic
-carotene-treated group animals have also shown decrease
in the SALP, which was not significant. The total protein con-
tent decreased to 3.90 ± 0.62% in case of control and it was
found to be as high as 8.11 ± 0.68 and 7.8 ± 0.59 in case of
2.5, 5.0 g kg−1 biomass-treated and the same was 5.59 ± 0.77
in case of synthetic -carotene-treated group of animals.
Histology has shown in case of control, hepatocytes with
normal architecture and portal triad, portal veins, hepatic
artery and vein are visible (Fig. 7). However, control group
showed total loss of hepatic architecture, areas of necrosis.
Fig. 3. Effect of Dunaliella biomass and synthetic -carotene on serum
alanine transaminase in Wister albino rats as on 14th day of different animals
in comparison with control and treated groups.
Fig. 4. Effect of Dunaliella biomass and synthetic -carotene on serum
aspartate transaminase activity of serum in Wister albino rats as on 14th day
of different animals in comparison with control and treated groups.
Fig. 5. Effect of Dunaliella biomass and synthetic -carotene on serum
alkaline phosphatase in Wister albino rats as on 14th day of different animals
in comparison with control and treated groups.
Fig.6. EffectofDunaliellabiomassandsynthetic-caroteneontotalprotein
content of serum in Wister albino rats as on 14th day of different animals in
comparison with control and treated groups.
5. K.N. Chidambara Murthy et al. / Hepatology Research 33 (2005) 313–319 317
Fig. 7. Histology of liver of different treated groups showing the damage in case of control and the same has been protected in treatment groups (100×).
In case of Dunaliella treated group followed by CCl4, the
liver has retained the normal hepatic architecture with minor
hemorrhage in case of 2.5 g kg−1 treated group and the same
was absent in case of 5.0 g kg−1 treated group.
4. Discussion and conclusion
Carbon tetrachloride induces fatty liver and cell necrosis
and plays a significant role in inducing triacylglycerol accu-
mulation, depletion of GSH, increased lipid peroxidation,
membrane damage and depression of protein synthesis and
loss of enzymatic activity [21,22]. This is due to metabolites
of carbon tetrachloride like, trichloromethyl radical (CCl3
•)
and trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (CCl3O2
•) which are
formed due to the cleavage of carbon-chloride bond (C Cl
bond), these will provoke a sharp increase in the lipid perox-
idation in liver, which also influences the markers release to
plasma [9]. The disturbance in the transport function of the
hepatocytes as a result of hepatic injury causes the leakage
of enzymes from cells due to altered permeability of mem-
brane. This results in decreased levels of (S)AST, (S)ALT
and serum alkaline phosphates in the hepatic cells and a
raised level in serum [23]. Prevention of liver damage by
CCl4 has been widely used as an indicator of liver protec-
tion of drugs in general. Since the changes associated with
CCl4-induced liver damage are similar to that of acute viral
hepatitis, CCl4-mediated hepatotoxicity was chosen as the
experimental model. It has been established that CCl4 is
accumulated in hepatic parenchyma cells and metabolically
activated by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases
to form a trichloromethyl radical (CCl3). The CCl3 radical
alkylates cellular proteins and other macromolecules with
a simultaneous attack on polyunsaturated fatty acids, in the
presence of oxygen, to produce lipid peroxides, leading to
liver damage. Thus, antioxidant or free radical generation
inhibition is important in protection against CCl4-induced
liver lesions [24].
6. 318 K.N. Chidambara Murthy et al. / Hepatology Research 33 (2005) 313–319
Being cytoplasamic in location the damage marker
enzymes like, AST, ALT and ALP are released in serum
[25,26]. These carotenoids show their protective activity by
impairment of CCl4-mediated lipid peroxidation, either by
decrease in production of free radical derivatives or by the
antioxidant activity of these compounds.
It has been therefore found that the different concentra-
tions of D. salina have varied degree of hepatoprotective
activity. Since Dunaliella is reported to be safe for con-
sumption as reported by studies using animals [27], it can
be possibly utilized for such preparations requiring antihep-
atotoxic activity.
Results of above studies showed that the D. salina supple-
mentation in different concentration containing -carotene
along with valuable nutritional factors, like protein and essen-
tial fatty acids, produces characteristic effect on hepatotoxi-
city. -Carotene is responsible for the activity since the same
is known to be antioxidant, which is one of the mechanisms
for hepatoprotective activity [28]. Carrot has shown signifi-
cant hepatoprotection property in rats, which is attributed to
carotenoids it contains [29].
However, Dunaliella contains many carotenoids and xan-
thophylls, which can contribute to greater extent for the same
property.Manycompoundsareknowntobebeneficialagainst
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. They exert protec-
tive action by toxin mediated lipid peroxidation either by
decrease in the production of carbon tetrachloride-derived
free radicals, like trichloromethyl radical and trichloromethyl
peroxyl radical or by their antioxidant potentials. Since
carotenoids are well known for their antioxidant properties it
must be the major mechanism of action by which they protect
liver damage. They are also known for their proton donating
ability hence this may also take care of carbon tetrachloride-
derived free radicals [30].
When the free radical generation is massive, in the CCl4
toxicity, the cytotoxic effect is not localized but can be prop-
agated intracellularly, increasing in the interaction of these
radicals with phospholipids structures and inducing peroxi-
dation process that destroys organ structure. Most of the time
the hepatoprotective activity is most of the time associated
with antioxidant activity, since it is free radical mediated
damage [31]. -Carotene is well known for its antioxidant
properties by various mechanisms, which make Dunaliella
a potent hepatoprotector as it is rich in carotenoids of wide
range.
In contrast to the toxic activation of CCl4 via the P450
2E1 pathway, the detoxification pathway involves GSH con-
jugation of the trichloromethyl radical, a P450 2E1-mediated
CCl4 metabolite. Previous studies on the mechanism of CCl4-
induced hepatotoxicity have shown that GSH plays a key
role in detoxifying the reactive toxic metabolites of CCl4
and that liver necrosis begins when the GSH stores are
markedly depleted. GSH is largely mediated through the
activity of glutathione-S-transferase, and forms adducts with
the toxic metabolites of CCl4. Moreover, GSH contribute to
the detoxification of CCU, and it has been suggested that
one of the principal causes of CCl4-induced liver injury
is lipid peroxidation caused by its free radical derivatives
[32].
Hepatoprotective effect of Dunaliella reported here has
large implications in biotechnological exploitation of these
algae for health food and therapeutic properties, besides its
utility of the algae as a source of (-carotene and other
carotenoids as well as other bioactive carotenoids.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Department of Biotechnol-
ogy, Government of India, for the financial support for the
project and Department of Zoology, University of Mysore,
for providing animal house facility. KNC Murthy is thank-
ful to CSIR, Govt, of India, for providing Senior Research
fellowship.
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