A Good Agricultural Practice of medicinal plants is a cultivation program designed to ensure optimal yield in terms of both the quality and quantity of any crop intended for health purposes.
It is unique in bringing together the regulatory authorities and
pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceuticals and develop ICH guidelines.
This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
This document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Harvesting Practices (GHPs) for medicinal plants. It begins by introducing that interest in herbal medicines has grown substantially globally. GAPs and GHPs are voluntary standards that ensure medicinal plants are cultivated, harvested, and processed safely to minimize risks. The main objectives of GAPs and GHPs are to contribute to quality assurance of medicinal plants, guide development of standards, and encourage sustainable cultivation. GAPs cover activities like selection, cultivation, and processing of medicinal plants while GHPs cover optimal harvesting times and procedures. Key recommendations include using quality seeds and soil, proper spacing, limiting weeds and pests, and clean containers
The document discusses Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for herbal medicines in Indian systems of medicine. It outlines the key requirements for GMP compliance, including factory premises requirements, manufacturing processes, equipment, quality control, training, documentation, labeling and packing. The objectives of GMP are to ensure authentic and quality raw materials are used, manufacturing processes are standardized, and finished products meet predefined specifications to ensure consistent quality and minimize contamination and errors.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
The document discusses regulatory issues related to Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It provides information on the regulatory bodies that govern ASU drugs, including the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC). It also outlines regulations for the manufacture of ASU drugs, including Schedule Z of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Schedule T which specifies good manufacturing practices.
It is unique in bringing together the regulatory authorities and
pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceuticals and develop ICH guidelines.
This document provides information about the nutraceutical properties of various herbs and foods. It discusses the health benefits of nutraceuticals in treating diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues. Key points covered include the classification of nutraceuticals, probiotics and prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and the traditional and global market of nutraceuticals. Specific herbs discussed include alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, and honey.
This document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Harvesting Practices (GHPs) for medicinal plants. It begins by introducing that interest in herbal medicines has grown substantially globally. GAPs and GHPs are voluntary standards that ensure medicinal plants are cultivated, harvested, and processed safely to minimize risks. The main objectives of GAPs and GHPs are to contribute to quality assurance of medicinal plants, guide development of standards, and encourage sustainable cultivation. GAPs cover activities like selection, cultivation, and processing of medicinal plants while GHPs cover optimal harvesting times and procedures. Key recommendations include using quality seeds and soil, proper spacing, limiting weeds and pests, and clean containers
The document discusses Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for herbal medicines in Indian systems of medicine. It outlines the key requirements for GMP compliance, including factory premises requirements, manufacturing processes, equipment, quality control, training, documentation, labeling and packing. The objectives of GMP are to ensure authentic and quality raw materials are used, manufacturing processes are standardized, and finished products meet predefined specifications to ensure consistent quality and minimize contamination and errors.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
The document discusses regulatory issues related to Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It provides information on the regulatory bodies that govern ASU drugs, including the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC). It also outlines regulations for the manufacture of ASU drugs, including Schedule Z of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Schedule T which specifies good manufacturing practices.
The document discusses the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines as specified in Schedule T of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. It covers various components of GMP including factory premises requirements, machinery and equipment, production areas, raw material and finished goods storage, worker hygiene, and documentation. The objective of GMP is to ensure quality control throughout the manufacturing process to produce medicines of acceptable standards.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
This document provides information on biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. It discusses key concepts of biodynamic agriculture including treating soil, plants, and animals as an ecologically interrelated system. Organic farming aims to produce high quality food without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document also outlines principles and guidelines for good agriculture practice in cultivating medicinal plants, including using certified organic seeds and compost, minimizing environmental impacts, and documenting all steps of production. Pest management methods for medicinal plants include mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches.
Stability testing of herbal products involves subjecting samples to various conditions like heat, light, and humidity to determine shelf life and ensure quality over time. Key aspects of stability testing include establishing acceptance criteria and storage conditions, conducting both accelerated and long-term real-time tests, and developing a protocol that specifies test attributes, analytical methods, sampling plans, and evaluation procedures. Challenges with testing herbal products relate to their complex compositions, but can be addressed through marker analyses and fingerprinting techniques. Proper stability testing is important for determining appropriate packaging, storage, and expiry dates.
This document outlines World Health Organization (WHO) and International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for evaluating herbal drugs. It discusses evaluating the quality, safety, efficacy and intended use of herbal medicines according to WHO guidelines. This includes assessing the botanical identity and constituents of plant materials, manufacturing processes, stability testing, safety, efficacy based on literature and traditional use, and providing product information for consumers. ICH guidelines on quality and safety are also used to assess drug substances. The overall aim is to help regulatory authorities and manufacturers properly evaluate herbal drugs.
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
Patenting and regulatory requirements of natural products Shagufta Farooqui
A patent refers to an exclusive right granted to an inventor for a limited time period, usually 20 years. It gives the patent holder the right to exclude others from commercially exploiting the patented invention. The document discusses various types of intellectual property rights like patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets. It also discusses concepts related to IPR like biopiracy, bioprospecting, breeder's rights, farmer's rights and examples of biopiracy related to neem and basmati rice.
This document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants. It outlines that food safety is important from health and trade perspectives, and hazards can occur at all stages of food production. Implementing GAP during farm production and post-production is important to ensure a safe food supply. The document then provides definitions and guidelines related to GAP for medicinal plants, including cultivating and collecting practices, and ensuring quality and safety of medicinal plant materials.
The document outlines the regulatory framework for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It discusses the need for drug regulations to ensure safety, quality and promote public health. Key regulatory bodies like the ASU Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drugs Consultative Committees are described. Manufacturing of ASU drugs must follow good manufacturing practices and adhere to standards for hygienic facilities, equipment and record keeping. The sale of adulterated, misbranded or prohibited drugs is penalized under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and the raw materials used in their production. It defines herbal cosmetics as cosmetic formulations containing one or more ingredients of natural origin. Some key raw materials discussed include oils from plants like coconut, olive and sunflower. Herbs and plant extracts used include aloe vera, neem, turmeric and green tea. Herbal cosmetics are classified into skin care products, hair care products and oral care products. Important herbal ingredients for skin care discussed are coconut oil, aloe vera and turmeric. For hair care, key herbs mentioned are amla, henna, brahmi and methi. The document highlights the advantages of herbal cos
The document discusses the evaluation of herbal drugs. It explains that evaluation is necessary to identify herbs, determine quality and purity, and detect adulteration. Various evaluation methods are described, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Standards and limits are set by organizations like WHO to ensure the safety of herbal medicines with regards to contaminants and residues. Proper identification, testing, and storage of herbal drugs is important for stability and quality.
1. The herbal drug industry in India has significant present scope and future prospects due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines that are safer, less toxic, and more affordable than synthetic drugs.
2. India has a large number of plant-based industries and research institutions involved in developing medicinal and aromatic plants, with over 2400 plant species used as raw drugs and 8000 plant varieties used in herbal medicines.
3. The herbal drug market in India is estimated at Rs. 7000 crore currently and is one of the fastest growing sectors due to the popularity of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicine systems.
Stability testing of herbal drugs is important to ensure product quality and determine shelf-life and proper storage conditions. Herbal products are complex with many constituents and can degrade through various mechanisms like temperature, moisture, oxidation, and light exposure. Stability testing methods include accelerated, real-time, intermediate, and stress testing conducted at different time points up to 36 months. Key challenges include instability of some herbal compounds and complexity of combined formulations. Parameters studied are organoleptic, physicochemical, quantitative, microbiological, and fingerprinting profile analysis. Proper protocols must be followed for selection of batches, test attributes, analytical procedures, storage conditions, and evaluation.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs as outlined by WHO guidelines. It describes tests for powder fineness, foreign matter, macroscopic and microscopic examination, thin layer chromatography, determination of ash, extractable matter, water and volatile matter, volatile oils, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, and tannins. The methods provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of herbal drugs to ensure appropriate quality standards.
Application of chromatography Technique in standardization of herbal drugEasy Concept
Chromatography is defined as a technique of isolation and identification of components or compounds or mixture into individual components by using the stationary phase and mobile phase. Plant materials are separated and purified by using various chromatographic techniques.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants provide technical guidance for obtaining quality medicinal plant materials for herbal products classified as medicines. GACP ensures quality control which directly impacts safety and efficacy. The guidelines cover good agricultural practices, collection practices, and objectives like sustainable harvesting levels and appropriate collection techniques. They address issues like obtaining necessary permits, collecting during optimal seasons, ensuring personnel safety, and respecting national regulations to support sustainable cultivation and collection of medicinal plants.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
Good agricultural practices 3rd year bpharm. herbal drug technology .pptxSimeonChristian
The WHO guidelines provide technical guidance for cultivating medicinal plants to ensure quality and sustainability. The objectives are to: 1) Assure quality of plant materials used in herbal medicines; 2) Support sustainable cultivation that respects plant/environment conservation; 3) Guide development of national GACP guidelines and standard operating procedures. Key aspects addressed include identification of plant species, use of quality seeds/propagation materials, optimal cultivation conditions, minimizing environmental impacts, and responsible use of fertilizers/pesticides.
This document provides guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in the cultivation of medicinal plants. It discusses factors to consider for food safety, such as hazards that can occur during production. GAP implementation is important for ensuring a safe food supply. The guidelines cover proper identification of plant species, site selection, soil preparation, irrigation, plant maintenance and protection from pests, and harvest practices. Following these GAP principles can help produce medicinal plant materials of good quality and safety.
The document discusses the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines as specified in Schedule T of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. It covers various components of GMP including factory premises requirements, machinery and equipment, production areas, raw material and finished goods storage, worker hygiene, and documentation. The objective of GMP is to ensure quality control throughout the manufacturing process to produce medicines of acceptable standards.
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
This document provides information on biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. It discusses key concepts of biodynamic agriculture including treating soil, plants, and animals as an ecologically interrelated system. Organic farming aims to produce high quality food without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document also outlines principles and guidelines for good agriculture practice in cultivating medicinal plants, including using certified organic seeds and compost, minimizing environmental impacts, and documenting all steps of production. Pest management methods for medicinal plants include mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches.
Stability testing of herbal products involves subjecting samples to various conditions like heat, light, and humidity to determine shelf life and ensure quality over time. Key aspects of stability testing include establishing acceptance criteria and storage conditions, conducting both accelerated and long-term real-time tests, and developing a protocol that specifies test attributes, analytical methods, sampling plans, and evaluation procedures. Challenges with testing herbal products relate to their complex compositions, but can be addressed through marker analyses and fingerprinting techniques. Proper stability testing is important for determining appropriate packaging, storage, and expiry dates.
This document outlines World Health Organization (WHO) and International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for evaluating herbal drugs. It discusses evaluating the quality, safety, efficacy and intended use of herbal medicines according to WHO guidelines. This includes assessing the botanical identity and constituents of plant materials, manufacturing processes, stability testing, safety, efficacy based on literature and traditional use, and providing product information for consumers. ICH guidelines on quality and safety are also used to assess drug substances. The overall aim is to help regulatory authorities and manufacturers properly evaluate herbal drugs.
The document discusses various herbal excipients that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes natural colorants, sweeteners, and binding agents that are derived from plant sources. Some key points discussed include natural colorants like henna, turmeric, and saffron; sweeteners such as stevia, licorice root, and bitter orange; and binding agents including acacia, tragacanth, and various plant gums. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal excipients like low toxicity, biodegradability, availability, and low cost. It provides details on the plant source, active compounds, and uses of some important natural excipients.
Patenting and regulatory requirements of natural products Shagufta Farooqui
A patent refers to an exclusive right granted to an inventor for a limited time period, usually 20 years. It gives the patent holder the right to exclude others from commercially exploiting the patented invention. The document discusses various types of intellectual property rights like patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets. It also discusses concepts related to IPR like biopiracy, bioprospecting, breeder's rights, farmer's rights and examples of biopiracy related to neem and basmati rice.
This document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants. It outlines that food safety is important from health and trade perspectives, and hazards can occur at all stages of food production. Implementing GAP during farm production and post-production is important to ensure a safe food supply. The document then provides definitions and guidelines related to GAP for medicinal plants, including cultivating and collecting practices, and ensuring quality and safety of medicinal plant materials.
The document outlines the regulatory framework for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani (ASU) drugs in India. It discusses the need for drug regulations to ensure safety, quality and promote public health. Key regulatory bodies like the ASU Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drugs Consultative Committees are described. Manufacturing of ASU drugs must follow good manufacturing practices and adhere to standards for hygienic facilities, equipment and record keeping. The sale of adulterated, misbranded or prohibited drugs is penalized under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
This document discusses herbal formulations, including types such as herbal syrups, herbal mixtures, and tablets. It provides details on preparing herbal syrups, including using equal proportions of herbal infusions/decoctions and honey or sugar. Advantages of herbal syrups include masking bad tastes and soothing irritated tissues. The document also discusses novel herbal dosage forms like phytosomes, which are complexes of herbal extracts and phospholipids that can enhance absorption and bioavailability. Methods of preparing phytosomes and evaluating their properties and advantages are provided.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and the raw materials used in their production. It defines herbal cosmetics as cosmetic formulations containing one or more ingredients of natural origin. Some key raw materials discussed include oils from plants like coconut, olive and sunflower. Herbs and plant extracts used include aloe vera, neem, turmeric and green tea. Herbal cosmetics are classified into skin care products, hair care products and oral care products. Important herbal ingredients for skin care discussed are coconut oil, aloe vera and turmeric. For hair care, key herbs mentioned are amla, henna, brahmi and methi. The document highlights the advantages of herbal cos
The document discusses the evaluation of herbal drugs. It explains that evaluation is necessary to identify herbs, determine quality and purity, and detect adulteration. Various evaluation methods are described, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Standards and limits are set by organizations like WHO to ensure the safety of herbal medicines with regards to contaminants and residues. Proper identification, testing, and storage of herbal drugs is important for stability and quality.
1. The herbal drug industry in India has significant present scope and future prospects due to the increasing demand for herbal medicines that are safer, less toxic, and more affordable than synthetic drugs.
2. India has a large number of plant-based industries and research institutions involved in developing medicinal and aromatic plants, with over 2400 plant species used as raw drugs and 8000 plant varieties used in herbal medicines.
3. The herbal drug market in India is estimated at Rs. 7000 crore currently and is one of the fastest growing sectors due to the popularity of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicine systems.
Stability testing of herbal drugs is important to ensure product quality and determine shelf-life and proper storage conditions. Herbal products are complex with many constituents and can degrade through various mechanisms like temperature, moisture, oxidation, and light exposure. Stability testing methods include accelerated, real-time, intermediate, and stress testing conducted at different time points up to 36 months. Key challenges include instability of some herbal compounds and complexity of combined formulations. Parameters studied are organoleptic, physicochemical, quantitative, microbiological, and fingerprinting profile analysis. Proper protocols must be followed for selection of batches, test attributes, analytical procedures, storage conditions, and evaluation.
The document discusses various quality control methods for herbal drugs as outlined by WHO guidelines. It describes tests for powder fineness, foreign matter, macroscopic and microscopic examination, thin layer chromatography, determination of ash, extractable matter, water and volatile matter, volatile oils, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, and tannins. The methods provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of herbal drugs to ensure appropriate quality standards.
Application of chromatography Technique in standardization of herbal drugEasy Concept
Chromatography is defined as a technique of isolation and identification of components or compounds or mixture into individual components by using the stationary phase and mobile phase. Plant materials are separated and purified by using various chromatographic techniques.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants provide technical guidance for obtaining quality medicinal plant materials for herbal products classified as medicines. GACP ensures quality control which directly impacts safety and efficacy. The guidelines cover good agricultural practices, collection practices, and objectives like sustainable harvesting levels and appropriate collection techniques. They address issues like obtaining necessary permits, collecting during optimal seasons, ensuring personnel safety, and respecting national regulations to support sustainable cultivation and collection of medicinal plants.
The document discusses the herbal drug industry and infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities. It defines herbs and herbal drugs, noting their advantages like being non-toxic with few side effects. It describes the infrastructure of a model herbal drug company, including qualified personnel, extraction and formulation units, and GMP-compliant manufacturing of various dosage forms. It outlines infrastructure requirements for buildings, water supply, waste disposal, container cleaning, and raw material, packaging, and finished goods storage. Machinery needs are listed for different herbal drug categories.
Good agricultural practices 3rd year bpharm. herbal drug technology .pptxSimeonChristian
The WHO guidelines provide technical guidance for cultivating medicinal plants to ensure quality and sustainability. The objectives are to: 1) Assure quality of plant materials used in herbal medicines; 2) Support sustainable cultivation that respects plant/environment conservation; 3) Guide development of national GACP guidelines and standard operating procedures. Key aspects addressed include identification of plant species, use of quality seeds/propagation materials, optimal cultivation conditions, minimizing environmental impacts, and responsible use of fertilizers/pesticides.
This document provides guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in the cultivation of medicinal plants. It discusses factors to consider for food safety, such as hazards that can occur during production. GAP implementation is important for ensuring a safe food supply. The guidelines cover proper identification of plant species, site selection, soil preparation, irrigation, plant maintenance and protection from pests, and harvest practices. Following these GAP principles can help produce medicinal plant materials of good quality and safety.
The document discusses herbs and herbal medicines. It defines herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products. It also discusses biodynamic agriculture, good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants, including identifying the correct species, using quality seeds, cultivation methods, harvesting, personnel requirements, and organic farming techniques. The focus is on ensuring optimal quality and safety in the cultivation and production of herbal medicines.
This document discusses quality standards for herbal medicinal products. It outlines good practices for collection, cultivation, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, and testing of herbs to ensure product quality. Good collection practices, agricultural practices, manufacturing practices, and laboratory practices are important to maintain quality and prevent accidental or intentional contamination. Herbs should be harvested at optimal times and processed promptly using controlled and documented methods. Quality control includes identification of herbs, residue testing, and determining active chemical constituents through various analytical techniques. Adherence to production and testing standards helps ensure herbal medicines are safe and effective.
Organic certification in India ensures that products are grown without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or hormones by complying with National Standards for Organic Production. Certification is issued by testing centers accredited by APEDA and involves an application process, inspections, and payment of certification fees. The entire farm must undergo a three-year conversion period to be certified as organic and must maintain organic management practices on a long-term basis to retain certification. Certified organic practices include using organic seeds, implementing crop rotations and diversity, managing pests naturally, and conserving soil and water resources. Benefits of certification include premium prices, access to growing markets, and environmental sustainability.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
This document discusses good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants. It outlines four pillars of good agricultural practice: economic viability, environmental sustainability, social acceptability, and food safety/quality. Benefits of good practices include sustainable agriculture and meeting quality standards, but challenges include increased costs and competing stakeholder interests. The document provides details on identifying and authenticating plant species, cultivation methods, harvest, and post-harvest processing to ensure quality raw materials for herbal medicines.
pest and disease management in organic farming yehtuhoga00
Organic farmers use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies like crop rotation, companion planting, and maintaining healthy soil to control pests and diseases without synthetic pesticides. Cultural practices include choosing resistant varieties, removing weeds, and ensuring proper spacing. Mechanical controls involve trenching and trapping. Biological controls utilize beneficial insects and microorganisms. Natural substances like neem and pepper extracts are also used as organic pesticides. Monitoring and record keeping are important for identifying issues early and complying with organic standards.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
This document provides information about organic agriculture in India. It discusses key topics such as:
- Definitions and principles of organic agriculture according to IFOAM.
- Statistics on the percentage of area under organic farming in different countries worldwide, with Germany having the highest at 8.4%.
- National trends in India, including the total number of organic farmers and top states such as Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh.
- The need for and process of organic certification to assure consumers that products meet organic standards. This involves accreditation, standards, inspection and certification.
- National Standards for Organic Production in India for crops, livestock management, animal nutrition and prohibited substances.
Medicinal plants organic production There of By Allah Dad Khan A Presentation...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses organic farming of medicinal plants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. It defines organic farming as avoiding synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other additives, and instead using techniques like crop rotation, manure application, and beneficial insect populations to maintain soil fertility. The document outlines 15 principles of organic farming including sustainable production, soil maintenance, resource efficiency, and social well-being. It provides details on integrated pest management, organic fertilizers, and other organic techniques for medicinal plant cultivation. The conclusion emphasizes that organic and biological farming can produce self-sustaining, cost-effective, and healthy crops for domestic and export markets.
This document discusses herbal drugs and technology related to their use. It defines herbs and herbal medicines, and describes herbal medicinal products and preparations. It discusses sources of herbs, including wild and cultivated sources. It covers selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials. Finally, it summarizes processing of herbal raw materials, including primary and secondary processing, as well as guidelines for good agricultural practices in cultivating medicinal plants.
Concept and principles of organic farming technologyNeeraj Pathak
Organic farming is based on principles of health, ecology, fairness and care. It prohibits synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, antibiotics and growth hormones. India's National Programme for Organic Production established standards and certification systems for the organic sector. Organic agriculture in India has grown from 42,000 hectares in 2003-2004 to 1.78 million hectares in 2017-2018. Standards address crop plans, conversion periods, nutrient management, and pest and disease control primarily using on-farm resources. The government promotes organic farming through various schemes.
15. medicinal plants ,organic farming of medicinal plants By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses organic farming techniques for medicinal plants in KPK Province, including avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, maintaining soil fertility through crop rotation and manure use, and following integrated pest management. It outlines the principles and benefits of organic farming, such as reducing toxins, building healthy soil, and promoting biodiversity. The document also provides details on good agriculture practices, organic farming steps and techniques that can be used for medicinal plants cultivation.
Biodynamic agriculture, organic farming, biopestisides by Pooja KhanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
This document discusses organic farming and provides information on techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants. It discusses principles of organic farming including producing nutritious food, maintaining natural soil fertility, and enhancing efficiency without risking health. Basic steps of organic farming are outlined, including land conversion, crop production using organic sources of nutrients, and livestock management. Fifteen techniques for organic farming of medicinal plants are then described in detail, such as zero tillage cultivation, clean culture practices, and use of organic compost fertilizers and biological pest control.
Organic farming definition, methods of organic farming, advantages of organic farming, pest control techniques, necessity in Medicinal and aromatic plants,
Biodynamic agriculture is an organic farming technique developed in 1924 by Rudolph Steiner. It treats farms as living systems and aims to build healthy soil and produce nourished food through techniques like composting and crop rotations. Biodynamic farming emphasizes treating soil, plants, and animals as a single interconnected system and uses herbal and mineral additives. It is practiced in over 60 countries, with Germany leading globally. Good agricultural practices provide 11 components for sustainable farming, including soil/water management, crop/livestock practices, and human/environmental welfare. Biopesticides are natural pesticides derived from organisms like bacteria, fungi, or plants. They offer advantages over chemical pesticides by being non-toxic, bi
ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION STANDARDS OVERLOOK CREATED BY MS.ANUSREE.ORGANIL SERVICES
DECRIPTIVE PROCEDURE AS PER THE ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION STEPS TO BE FULFILLED TOWARDS MAITAINING COMPLIANCE TO ORGANIC STANDARD GUIDELINES AND INTEGRITY. WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY CHECKS TO BE DONE ON A PIECE OF LAND AND HOW TO MAINTAIN A CONSISTENCY IN THE MONITORING PROCEDURE ON CHECKING THE BUFFERZONES, INPUTS, PEST AND DISEASE MGMT, LIVESTOCK INTHE FARM, EROSION FROM OTHER FARMS, WIND DRIFT, SOURCES OF PLANTING MATERIAL ESPECIALLY THE ANNUAL CROPS.
Optimization is selecting the most suitable element from available resources considering all the factors which influence decisions in any experiment.
In the pharmaceutical industry, optimization has always meant changing one variable at a time to solve a problem formulation.
To improve formulation irregularities, modern pharmaceutical optimization uses a systematic design of experiments (DoE).
Quality by Design enhances the assurance of safe and effective drugs to consumer and promise to improve manufacturing quality performance and also product free of contamination and gives the desired benefit as in the label to the consumer.
GMP Requirements & Drug & Cosmetic Act Provision.pptxEasy Concept
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is that part of quality assurance, which ensures that products are regularly produced and controlled according to the quality standards suitable for their use.
(GMP) comes in Schedule M in D & C Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
GMPs are the requirements that the drug and methods/control /facilities used in their manufacturing, processing and packaging conforms to practice that will assure the safety and efficacy of the product.
Role of chemical & biological marker.pptxEasy Concept
Standardization and quality control of herbal medicines requires the use of markers. There are three main types of markers - DNA markers, biochemical markers, and chemical markers. DNA markers can be used for authentication of medicinal plants, genetic variation, herbal drug technology, and more. Biochemical markers like isozymes are useful for distinguishing closely related species. Chemical markers indicate quality and can be used for authentication, differentiation, determining harvesting times, and assessing extraction methods. Markers have various applications including identification of adulterants and determination of lead compounds.
Comparison of various herbal pharmacopoeias.pptxEasy Concept
Herbal Pharmacopoeia is a reference book for the preparation of quality medicines published by the authority of a Government and represents qualitative and therapeutic monographs on botanicals
Pharmacovigilance & WHO Drug Monitoring Program.pptxEasy Concept
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine related problem.
Research Guidline safety & efficacy of herbal drug.pptxEasy Concept
The Research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines are intended to facilitate the work of research scientists and clinicians in this field and to furnish some reference points for the governmental, industrial and non-profit organizations that provide financial support for their work.
It must be emphasized that these guidelines are offered as a summary of scientific standards governing various aspects of the study of herbal medicines.
The European Medicines Agency and regulatory authorities in the EU prepare scientific guidelines to help applicants for herbal medicine marketing authorization. The guidelines provide a harmonized approach across EU states for demonstrating quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines. They include guidelines on good practices for herb cultivation and collection, quality control of herbal substances and preparations, assessing genotoxicity and clinical safety/efficacy of herbal medicines, and public statements on allergic risks and contamination issues.
Preparation of documents for Export regd..pptxEasy Concept
A manufacturer holding valid license copy in Form-25 & Form-
28 can obtain No Objection Certificate from Zonal/Sub Zonal
offices of Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) for export purpose only for approved/unapproved new Drugs / banned drug from India.
Community health is also the subset of public health that is taught to and practiced by clinicians.
Community health volunteers & community health workers work with primary care providers to facilitate entry into, exit from and utilization of the formal health system by community members.
The FDA requires that all primary and secondary packaging materials be suitable for their intended use. “Suitable for intended use” means that the packaging should not only protect the product’s form of dosage, but also be compatible with that dosage form.
It’s also required that primary and secondary packaging be made of a material that’s considered safe to use, both with the product’s administration route and its form of dosage.
Quality control of packaging material.pptxEasy Concept
The selection of package begins with determination of products physical & chemical characteristics.
Quality control of a packaging component starts at design stage. All the aspects of a pack development may give rise to quality problems. It must be identified & minimized by performing quality control tests.
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Packaging is the process by which the pharmaceuticals are suitably placed so that they should retain their therapeutic effectiveness from the time of their packaging till they are consumed.
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Pharmaceutical packaging can be defined as the economical means of providing presentation, protection, identification, information, convenience compliance, integrity & stability of the product.
WHO to provide technical support to develop a methodology to
monitor or ensure the quality, efficacy and safety of traditional
medicine and its products.
To promote and improve the quality of herbal medicines and
also to reduce the proportion of adverse effect caused by the
poor quality of herbal medicines.
The document summarizes India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), which began in 1985 to provide several vaccines to infants, children, and pregnant women. The UIP aims to immunize against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases and has helped reduce child mortality by 75% in India. It also describes key vaccination initiatives under UIP like Mission Indradhanush, which was launched in 2014 to increase vaccination coverage for children under age 2, especially in rural areas. Intensified versions of Mission Indradhanush were later launched to boost immunization rates further.
Polio is a viral disease that destroys the nerve cells present in the spinal cord causing paralysis or muscle weakness to some part of the body.
Pulse Polio Programme was launched in 1995 after a resolution for a global initiative of polio eradication was adopted by World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988.
Health is defined as state of complete Physical,
Mental and Social well being.
It involves more than just the absence of disease.
According these concept- Health means absence of disease.
This concept is based on ‘Germ Theory’
Human body as a machine and disease is an outcome of the breakdown of the machine, and doctors tasks was to repair the machine.
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is that part of quality assurance, which ensures that products are regularly produced and controlled according to the quality standards suitable for their use.
Herbal drugs are considered to be adulterated if GMPs are not met.
GLP is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions, under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported.
cGMP refers to the Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations imposed by the FDA.
cGMP assures proper design, monitoring and control of manufacturing processes and facilities in the herbal drug industry.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
3. A Good Agricultural Practice of medicinal plants is a
cultivation program designed to ensure optimal yield in
terms of both the quality and quantity of any crop
intended for health purposes.
The guidelines on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
provide us the documented proof on how to handle
medicinal plants right from its cultivation to post-
harvesting operations.
Raw medicinal plant materials should meet all
applicable national or regional quality standards.
INTRODUCTION
4. →To raise the income level in rural areas.
→ To provide sufficient inputs to agro-processing industries.
→ to improve the quality, safety and efficacy of finished herbal products.
→ To guide the formulation of national or regional guidelines and monographs for
medicinal plants and related standard operating procedures (SOPs).
→ To encourage and support the sustainable cultivation and collection of medicinal
plants.
Objective Of cGAP
5. ► Selection Of Medicinal Plants
► Identification/authentication of cultivated medicinal plants
► Specimens ► Seeds & other propagating materials
► Cultivation ► Site Selection
► Ecological environment & social impact
► Climate ► Irrigation & Drainage
► Plant Maintenance & Protection
► Harvesting & drying ► Storage
► Personnel ► Soil
Guidelines On GAP
6. ► Selection Of Medicinal Plants
In the case of newly introduced medicinal plants, the species or botanical variety
selected for cultivation should be identified and documented as the source
material used or described in the traditional medicine of the original country.
► Identification/authentication of cultivated medicinal plants
The botanical identity scientific name (genus, species, subspecies/variety, author
and family) of each medicinal plant under cultivation should be verified and
recorded.
Guidelines On GAP
7. ► Specimens
In case of the first registration of a medicinal plant or where reasonable doubt exists
as to the identity of a botanical species, a voucher botanical WHO guidelines on good
agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants specimen should be
submitted to a regional or national herbarium for identification.
► Seeds & other propagating materials
Seeds and other propagating materials should be specified and the suppliers should
provide all necessary information relating to the identity, quality and performance of
their products, as well as their breeding history. The propagating or planting materials
should be of the appropriate quality and free from contamination and diseases to
promote healthy plant growth.
Guidelines On GAP
8. ► Cultivation
The cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management. The
conditions and duration of cultivation required differ depending on the quality of
medicinal plant materials.
► Site Selection
Medicinal plant materials derived from the same species can show significant
differences in quality when cultivated at different sites, due to the influence of sail,
climate and other factors.
► Ecological environment & social impact
The ecological impact on cultivation should be monitored over time. The social impact
of cultivation on local communities should be examined to ensure that negative
impacts on local livelihood are avoided.
Guidelines On GAP
9. ► Climate
Climatic conditions like the length of day, rainfall (water supply) and field temperature
significantly influence the physical, chemical and biological qualities of medicinal
plants.
► Soil
Optimal soil condition includes soil type, drainage, moisture retention, fertility and pH.
The use of fertilizers is vital in order to obtain large yields of medicinal plants. Human
excreta must not be used as a fertilizer due to the presence of infectious micro-
organisms or parasites.
► Irrigation & Drainage
Irrigation and drainage should be controlled and carried out per the needs of the
individual medicinal plant species during its various stages of growth. Water used for
irrigation purposes should comply with local, regional and national quality standards.
Guidelines On GAP
10. ► Plant Maintenance & Protection
The growth and development of individual medicinal plants, as well as the plant
parts intended for medicinal use, should be taken more care and maintained.
Agrochemicals used to protect medicinal plants should be kept to a minimum and
applied only when no alternative measures are available.
► Harvesting & drying
During harvest, care should be taken to ensure that no foreign matter, weeds or
toxic plants are mixed with the harvested medicinal plant materials. Medicinal
plants should be harvested under the best possible conditions, avoiding dew, rain
or high humidity.
Guidelines On GAP
11. ► Storage
Fresh medicinal plants should be stored at low temperatures, ideally, at 2-8°C,
frozen products should be stored at less than -20°C .
► Personnel
All personnel (including field workers) involved in the propagation, cultivation,
harvest and post-harvest processing stages of medicinal plant production should
maintain appropriate personal hygiene and should have received training
regarding their hygiene responsibilities.
Guidelines On GAP
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