This document provides an overview of gallbladder and bile duct anatomy, ultrasound techniques, and common abnormalities. It discusses the anatomy of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Key points include the normal sonographic appearance of the gallbladder and distinguishing features of various gallbladder abnormalities like stones, polyps, and wall thickening. It also reviews bile duct anatomy and variants, ultrasound technique, and pathologies that can cause bile duct dilation or wall thickening such as stones, cancer, and cystic diseases. Evaluation of both the gallbladder and bile ducts is important using ultrasound.
Imaging assessment of malignant focal and diffuse liver lesions from Ultrasound to Mri with overview of interventional modalities and diagnostic snippets,
Ultrasound detection of colonic polyps Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In this presentation we will discuss the role of USG in the diagnosis of Colonic polyps with charecterization.
Imaging assessment of malignant focal and diffuse liver lesions from Ultrasound to Mri with overview of interventional modalities and diagnostic snippets,
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etiology ,classifications of gall stones & causes,risk factors,presentations, clinical examinations ,investigations including radiological (role of ERCP and MRCP ) and serological ,treatment including surgical and non surgical ,post cholecystectomy syndrome and its management ,Iindicatrions for cholecystectomy and cholecystotomy & when to perform ,complications of gall stones ,preventions of gall stone disease
gall stone disease, etiology , pathogenesis , risk factors ,types of gall stones,clinical feature, diagnosis , medical and surgical treatment of gall stones , prevention of gall stones
Choledochal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients with a history of biliary colic, recurrent cholangitis or pancreatitis with associated dilatation of bile duct, particularly if they are <40 years of age. Delay in the diagnosis increases the incidence of associated biliary pathology and suboptimal surgical therapy
In this presentation, I discussed the various liver swellings- both cystic and solid swellings. Cystic lumps are Pyogenic liver abscess, Amebic liver abscess and hydatid cyst. Benign solid swellings are Hepatic adenoma, Focal nodular hyperplasia and Hemangioma. The malignant solid swelings are secondary carcinoma of the liver, primary Hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepatoblastoma.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
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||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
4. ANATOMY
The gallbladder is a long oval-shaped
organ that is positioned beneath the liver
immediately adjacent to the interlobar
fissure.
It is divided into a fundus, body, and neck.
The fundus, is directed downward, forward,
and to the right.
the body and neck are directed upward and
backward to the left.
Blood supply :cystic artery from right
hepatic artery .
Cystic vein portal vein ..
small veins liver.
10. TECHNIQUE
Fast for 6 hours. No food or drink.
Patient position : the gallbladder is best
viewed in the left lateral decubitus position.
However it can be viewed with the patient
supine and erect.
Probe placement : subcostal view, intercostal
view
important to visualize the entire gallbladder,
the gallbladder neck especially important,
because stones can be missed if the entire
neck is not visualized.
11.
12. Characteristic Appearance
Location Inferior to interlobar fissure
Between left and right hemiliver
Size <4 cm transverse
<10 cm longitudinal
Wall thickness <3 mm
Lumen Anechoic
Characteristics of the Normal
Gallbladder
13.
14. GALLSTONES
Gallstones are present in up to 10% of the
population.
The majority (60% to 80%) of gallstones are
asymptomatic (silent).
The most common symptom of gallstones is biliary
colic.
gallstones are radiopaque only in 15-20% of cases .
Us findings: mobile, echogenic, intraluminal
structures that cast acoustic shadows.
stones smaller than 3 mm may not cast a detectable
shadow use Doppler Twinkle artifact.
15. mixed cholesterol pigment
stones(brown&
black)
Percentage 80% 10% 10%
Location gallbladder Gallbladder Brown(bile
duct)
Black(gallbladd
er)
Composition 20-50%
(cholesterol )
+ca
bilirubinate
>50%
cholesterol
<20%
cholesterol
+
High bilirubin
Predisposing
factors
female, rapid
loss of
weight, obesit
y OCP TPN …
similar to
MIXED
BROWN(bacteri
al infection,
biliary stasis)
BLACK (chronic
hemolysis, liver
cirrhosis)
16.
17.
18. SLUDGE
Sludge consists of calcium bilirubinate
granules and cholesterol crystals often in
the setting of thick, viscous bile.
A portion of biliary sludge contains
comparatively large particles (1-3 mm)
called microliths, the formation of which is
an intermediate step in the formation of
gallstones (about 12.5%).
Risk factors: TPN, rapid weight loss ,
pregnancy , dehydration
US findings :low- to high-level,
nonshadowing echoes in the dependent
portion of the gallbladder.
crystals can produce comet tail & twinkle
artifact .
19.
20.
21. POLYPS
Gallbladder polyps are relatively frequent, seen in up
to 7%of the population.
Pathology:
Benign :: 95% of all polyps(cholesterol, adenoma,
inflammatory )
Malignant : 5% of all polyps( adenocarcinoma)
US findings: a non shadowing ingrowth into
gallbladder lumen
small polyps adherent to the wall and smooth
larger lesions tend to be pedunculated and granular
in outline
Management : depends on polyp size .
22. Intraluminal Abnormalities in
the Gallbladder
Ultrasound
characteristics
Common uncommon
Shadowing and mobile Stones Nothing else
Nonshadowing and mobile Sludge Stones (<3 mm)
Nonshadowing and
nonmobile
Polyps Sludge
23.
24. ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
Divided into: calculous and acalculous
Acute calculous cholecystitis: 90-95% of
cases are due to gallstones
asymptomatic gallstones carry an annual
risk of: 2% biliary colic
0.2% acute cholecystitis
Clinical presentation: Constant (ruq) pain>
6h,Nausea, vomiting, and fever
Gangrenous Cholecystitis: advanced acute
cholecystitis, The fundus is the most
common area to perforate , Murphy’s sign is
less likely.
28. ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
Acute acalculous choleystitis : 5-10 % , seen in ( TPN
, PPV , critically ill or injured patients.
Emphysematous cholecystitis: male elderly people
with diabetes , Gas can develop in the gallbladder
wall and/or lumen.
Us findings : bright reflections ( dirty shadow ) from a
nondependent portion of the gallbladder wall.
31. Gallbladder carcinoma
overall uncommon
90 % are Adenocarcinomas, and the
remained are SCC
Risk factors :gallstones(70-90%) ,porcelain
gallbladder, gallbladder polyps > 1 cm,
chronic cholecystitis.
usually asymptomatic until they reach an
incurable stage.
METASTASES :Melanoma is the tumor most
likely to metastasize to the gallbladder and it
can simulate polyps
32. Sonographic Appearance of
Gallbladder Cancer
Mass centered on gallbladder fossa with
associated stones
Eccentric irregular wall thickening
Bulky intraluminal polypoid mass
Infiltration of adjacent liver or vessels
Periportal and/or peripancreatic
lymphadenopathy
Bile duct obstruction
35. PORCELAIN GALLBLADDER
Refers to extensive calcium encrustation of
the gallbladder wall
Patients are usually asymptomatic
It is associated with chronic gallbladder
inflammation and 95% of the cases have
gallstones.
association between porcelain gallbladder
and gallbladder adenocarcinoma : early
studies 22-30% , More recent studies 5-7%
US findings :echogenic superficial GB wall
with dense posterior shadowing.
36.
37. ADENOMYOMATOSIS
characterized by mucosal hyperplasia and
thickening of the muscular layer of the
gallbladder.
relatively common, found in ~9% of all
cholecystectomy specimens .
It is most often an incidental finding and
usually requires no treatment
Three morphological types : fundal ,
segmental ,generalized.
US findings : wall thickening, Comet tail
artifacts produced by cholesterol crystals.
42. COMMON BILE DUCT (CBD):
7-11 cm long and usually <6 mm wide in diameter but
this can be dependent on a number of factors
including age and prior cholecystectomy.
Consists of three parts : supraduodenal, reroduodenal,
pancreatic .
CYSTIC DUCT:
2-3 cm long
2-3 cm diameter
Insertion : right lateral , at middle third of CHD 52%
PORTA HEPATIS :from anterior to posterior (DAVE
MNEMONIC):
D: ducts (right and left hepatic duct branches)
A: arteries (right and left hepatic artery branches)
V: vein (portal vein)
E: epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
43.
44. NORMAL ANATOMIC
VARIANTS
Replaced or accessory right hepatic artery :
runs between the
inferior vena cava and the portal vein and is
situated on the
right lateral aspect of the portal vein.
Cystic duct insertion : three main variations
1. low cystic duct insertion: into the distal-third
of the CHD (~10%).
2. medial cystic duct insertion: into the left, not
the right, side of the CHD (~15%).
3. parallel cystic duct course: courses parallel to
the CHD for at least 2 cm.
45. US EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE
The patient should be fasted.
Probe placement:
anterior (epigastric ) approach
Right subcostal approach.
Throughout a comprehensive investigation
the patient may need to be supine, erect or
left decubitus or LPO.
Utilize inspiration/expiration and asking the
patient to 'puff their stomach out' like a
pregnant belly.
CBD VS hepatic artery :
50. BILE DUCTS DILATATION
INTRAHEPATIC EXTRAHEPATIC INTRA&EXTRA HEPATIC
KLATSKIN TUOMR early
choledocholithiasi
s
pancreatic or ampullary mass
intrahepatic
choledocholithiasi
s
sphincter of Oddi
dyskinesia
choledocholithiasis
Recurrent
pyogenic
Cholangitis
choledochal cyst sclerosing cholangitis
Caroli disease pregnancy recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
chronic pancreatitis
51. ULTRASOUND FEATURES
INTRAHEPATIC EXTRAHEPATIC
>2 mm diameter
>40% of diameter of
adjacent portal vein
Increased through
transmission
Irregular, tortuous
walls
Stellate configuration
centrally
usually measured in
the proximal duct,
near the hepatic
artery
diameter measured
from inner wall to
inner wall
>6 mm +1 mm per
decade above 60 years
of age
>10 mm post-
cholecystectomy
52.
53. CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
Secondary stones: 85% of common duct
stones form in the gallbladder and migrate to
the bile ducts, most are cholesterol stones.
Primary stones :(usually brown pigment
stones), which form in the bile ducts , one risk
factor for this is duodenal diverticulum.
Most stones are located in the distal-most
portion of CBD.
US FEATURES:
visualization of stone(s):echogenic rounded focus ,
~20% of CBD stones will not shadow
dilated bile duct.
54. US
• ABDOMINAL : sensitivity between 13-55%
• EUS : very high sensitivity and specificity.
CT
• Routine contrast-enhanced CT : moderately sensitive
65-88%
• Ct cholangiography sensitivity of 65-88%
ERCP MRCP
• MRCP: sensitivity (90-94%)
• ERCP : High sensitivity , diagnosis &treatment
55.
56. BILE DUCT WALL THICKENING
The bile duct walls are normally displayed as
single bright lines, which actually represent
the reflection between the wall and the bile
in the lumen.
Duct wall thickening is seen as a hyperechoic
inner layer and a hypoechoic outer layer.
57. Causes of Bile Duct Wall Thickening
Sclerosing cholangitis
Common bile duct stones
Pancreatitis
Ascending cholangitis
AIDS cholangiopathy
Cholangiocarcinoma
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Biliary stents
Intramural venous collaterals
58.
59.
60. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
occurs most commonly at the bifurcation of the CHD,
with involvement of both the central left and right
duct (Klatskin tumors).
pattern of growth,: focal stricture(most common),
intraluminal polypoid mass or ,diffuse sclerosing
pattern.
Sonographic findings : a dilated duct that abruptly
terminates at the level of the tumor. A mass may or
may not be seen to explain the obstruction , When
detected, the tumor itself is usually poorly marginated
and is close to the same echogenicity as the liver
,Focal thickening of the bile duct wall.
ultrasound-guided biopsies can be a valuable way of
obtaining a tissue diagnosis
61. Lesions at the ductal confluence
gallbladder carcinoma
hepatocellular cancer.
Pancreatic or ampullary cancer
Metastasis
lymphoma
62.
63.
64. CYSTIC DISEASE
Although choledochal cysts are typically thought of as
pediatric lesions, they are occasionally first detected
during adulthood
Classification schemes vary, (e.g. todani , komi).
The most common is type 1, which is a fusiform
dilatation of the extrahepatic duct.
The classic clinical triad : jaundice80% , palpable
mass50% , abdominal pain
Caroli’s disease is characterized by multifocal saccular
dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts with sparing of
the extrahepatic ducts.
complications of biliary stasis, including ductal stones
and obstruction, cholangitis, and liver abscesses. More
commonly it is associated with hepatic fibrosis.
US: The central dot sign.
65. Differential Diagnosis of Choledochal Cyst
Duplication cyst of duodenum
Dilated cystic duct remnant
Omental or mesenteric cyst
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Right renal cyst
Hepatic cyst
Aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm
66.
67.
68. MIRIZZI’S SYNDROME
Rare abnormality that consists of a common duct
obstruction caused by a gallstone in the cystic duct or
the gallbladder neck.
The obstruction may be caused by the actual mass
effect of the stone or by an associated inflammatory
reaction in the hepatoduodenal ligament
This is more likely to occur with a low-inserting cystic
duct that travels in a commons heath with the CD .
Sonographic findings : suggest the diagnosis in the
setting dilated ducts if an extrinsic mass effect from a
shadowing stone is seen at the level of obstruction.
ERCP is used for diagnosis & sometime stent
placement.
69.
70. References
The Requisites third edition
Medscape
Surgical recall 7th edition
Radiopaedia .com
Ultrasoundpaedia .com