Gadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent

Safety Concerns for Gadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent
The medical field has for nearly 30 years regarded gadolinium based contrast agents used in MRI scans as safe and
nontoxic, believing that gadolinium is rapidly and completely cleared from the body by the kidneys. However, in 2007, the
FDA issued safety warnings for patients with kidney disease in whom gadolinium (Gd) was
linked to Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) [Parazella 2009]. NSF is a scleroderma-like
condition with skin plaques that resemble “orange peel,” typically appearing symmetrically on
the arms and legs and trunk. The fibrosis can progress to affect muscles, lung, liver, heart and
kidneys.
Despite the warning, gadolinium-based contrast
agents (GBCA) continued to be considered
extremely safe and without major adverse effects in
people with normal kidney function. This belief has
now been called into question with the discovery
that gadolinium (Gd) is deposited in brain, bone,
liver and skin, even in patients with normal kidney
function [Kanda et al., 2016, 2015; Kanal et al.,
2016; Murata et al., 2016; Ramalho et al., 2016,
2015]. The journal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
published a special issue on gadolinium bioeffects and toxicity in December 2016. Our goal in sharing this information
with you is to help you manage the risks associated with receiving MRI scans with contrast and any steps you may be
able to take to help reduce those risks.
What are the potential effects, both immediate and long-term?
Acute reactions that have been reported include itching, rash, hives, skin discoloration, increased sweating, respiratory
distress and acute kidney injury. Destruction of WBCs and RBCs (hemolysis) is also possible. Studies have not been
systematically conducted to determine the optimal dose and best imaging time in patients with impaired kidney function,
renal failure, in the elderly or in children.
The long-term, cumulative effects of retained gadolinium in the body are not yet understood. Patients who report suffering
from chronic symptoms related to Gd exposure have created online Gadolinium Toxicity support groups. Frequently
reported symptoms [Burke et al., 2016; Semelka et al., 2016b; Ramalho et al., 2016; Broome et al., 2007] include:
• Headache
• Brain fog or difficulty concentrating
• Central Pain Syndrome. Believed to be caused by CNS injury, Central Pain can affect a large portion of the body or be
restricted to the hands or feet. Pain is typically constant, moderate to severe in intensity, and may be made worse by
touch, movement, emotions, and temperature changes, usually cold temperatures. It is described as burning, "pins and
needles" sensations, pressing or aching pain, often with brief bursts of sharp pain. Some people also experience
numbness and loss of touch sensations on the feet or hands.
• Bone pain deep in hip bones or ribs
• Joint stiffness, swelling or pain
• Difficulty moving or straightening arms, hands, legs or feet
• Skin changes: burning or itching, red or dark patches, swelling, tightening or hardening of the skin
• Edema in the skin, muscles and connective tissue of legs
• Changes in vision or hearing
• Muscle weakness
The onset of symptoms is reported to be immediately following GBCA administration in 66% of cases, and within 6 weeks
in 32% [Burke et al., 2016].
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© 2017 Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC • www.Nutritional-Solutions.net • (435) 563-0053
Physicians have been lulled into
the belief that gadolinium based
MRI contrast agents are
“biologically inert.” Yet in it’s
free, unbound state (Gd3+), it is
a highly toxic heavy metal.
Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC & Michelle Gerencser, MS
Evidence-based cancer nutrition consulting since 1997.
www.Nutritional-Solutions.net • admin@nutritional-solutions.net • (435) 563-0053

These emerging reports have led the U.S. FDA in July 2015 to announce an investigation into the risks of gadolinium
brain deposits in people with normal kidney function.
What is Gadolinium?
Gadolinium is a rare earth mineral with magnetic properties when exposed to magnetic fields. This property permits it to
enhance the detail and clarity of diagnostic MRI and MRA scans. Medical imaging is the only known route of exposure in
humans. The gadolinium ion is highly toxic so it must be chemically bonded (chelated) to a stable carrier molecule, a
ligand. Properly chelated gadolinium is believed to remain in the extracellular space between cells—rather than being
taken up by cells—thereby enhancing its rapid clearance by the kidneys [Mann 1993]. Reports suggest it is eliminated
from the body within 2-4 hrs. In patients with impaired renal function, clearance may exceed 30 hrs, contributing to its
toxicity. Animals studies have shown Gd present in skin biopsies 2-12 months after exposure [Pietsch et al., 2009], and
human case reports find persistent Gd in skin and bone biopsies 3-8 years after last exposure [Darrah et al., 2009;
Thakral et al., 2007].
So how does a so-called stable, chelated agent become toxic? It’s an problem of chelate stability. Reports suggest that
once in the body, current gadolinium formulations become unchelated, exposing tissues to the toxic form, Gd3+
[Greenberg 2010; Mann 1993]. This process is called transmetallation and describes the dissociation of a metal from its
chelating agent (ligand) in the presence of other competing metals. Minerals in the body—copper, calcium, iron and zinc—
appear to compete with gadolinium for binding sites on the chelating agent, displacing Gd3+ [Thakral et al., 2007; Mann
1993]. Free, unbound gadolinium causes tissue injury via inflammation and fibrosis (scarring). Transmetallation is more
likely to occur when Gd remains in the body for longer time periods, such as in those with poor kidney function. With this
key mechanism of action revealed, it is hoped that the industry will develop GBCA with greater stability and reduced
toxicity.
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Source: http://mriquestions.com/so-many-gd-agents.html

Different Forms of Gadolinium
Nine different GBCA formulations are currently available (see chart above). They fall into 2 categories: linear and
macrocyclic molecules. The latter has a ring structure where the Gd3+ is caged inside the chelated ligand, apparently
providing a more stable molecule with improved safety [Radbruch et al., 2015; Runge 2001]. Nonionic linear GBCAs are
reported to have the highest risk for NFS [Hasebroock & Serkova 2009]. Gd has been found deposited in tissues with both
forms [Murata et al., 2016], but linear forms had deposition at 2.5-fold greater amounts [Gibby et al., 2004].
It might be worth noting which contrast agent you are given when you get your scan. You can also study the chart, and
discuss with your doctor which agents are least likely to be harmful. This might be especially protective in long-term
survivors who are a heightened risk of gadolinium accumulation from multiple ongoing scans.
How Does Gadolinium Harm the Body?
CALCIUM: The Gd molecule very closely matches the size and structure of calcium. Gadolinium can bind to enzymes that
usually require calcium as a co-factor such as the cell’s calcium channel. This inhibits the normal function of these
enzymes.
IRON: A key mechanism that drives gadolinium toxicity is its interaction with
iron. Gd prompts tissue resident macrophages, whose job it is to recycle iron,
to release labile iron. This released, free iron causes injury, inflammation and
fibrosis to the affected tissues [Swaminathan 2016]. Iron-rich structures of the
brain appear to be most affected by Gd retention.
While not yet proven, this may mean that individuals with excess iron (high
ferritin, for example) may be at higher risk. Noticing a drop in RBC levels, a
sign of hemolysis, may key you in to this effect. Dietary and nutritional
strategies to chelate iron may be relevant.
• Test ferretin and discuss with Your Nutrition Team self-care strategies to modulate excess iron
• Use caution with iv Vitamin C! It can interact with iron in a fenton reaction, leading to further damage
• Watch your RBC levels on your blood work decoder following your MRI scans
ZINC: When studies are done on the toxicity of Gd, the symptoms mimic zinc deficiency. It is likely that by binding zinc,
Gd creates a relative or functional deficit of zinc.
ENZYMES: Gadolinium blocks a number of enzymes that are important for health.
Who may be at risk?
While there are some reports of people having reactions to Gd after their first exposure, other studies suggest Gd
accumulations become concerning after 6 scans. The dose given and form of Gd are also factors influencing risk.
• Long-term cancer survivors who, due to the high number of MRI scans over time,
may bioaccumulate gadolinium
• Those who have on-going active disease being monitored with frequent, regular
MRIs
• Anyone with reduced kidney function may develop increased gadolinium body
burden. Symptoms of poor kidney function often do not appear until 80% of renal
function is impaired. Be sure to have your kidney function has been tested before
each MRI!
• Those who take medications that impair renal function or increase the risk of acute
kidney injury (see box at right)
• This with excess iron or copper
• Those who are given nonionic linear forms of Gd: Omniscan, Optimark, Magnevist
Should I stop getting scans?
With new information about the potential risks associated with GBCAs, it can be tempting to avoid getting scanned. This
may not be the best option! Instead, discuss with your doctor the benefits vs risks involved. For most people, obtaining
______________________________________________________________________
Drugs that can Exacerbate
the Risk of Kidney Injury
Avastin
Platin-based chemotherapy
Diuretics
NSAIDs
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Statins
Fluoroqunolones
Tetracyclines

essential medical information about their tumor far outweighs the risks. At the same time, you can ask that the frequency
and interval of MRI scans be reduced to that which is truly medically necessary. If you have compromised renal function,
you may need to discuss alternate means of imaging with your doctor.
Protective Steps to Consider
Our office has worked with many long-term survivors who have had numerous scans, and we have not noted these
toxicity symptoms among our clients. Our lead clinician, Michelle Gerencser, MS, notes that there are several reasons
why our clients may be more protected:
• They chelate copper with molybdenum, which is neutral with regard to gadolinium.
• They avoid iron and take steps to chelate iron when it’s level is excessive.
• They avoid taking isolated calcium supplements, and mobilize circulating calcium into bone with vitamin K2 when it is
elevated in serum.
• Clients who actively work with us have maintained healthy kidney function, even those with one kidney and those on
kidney-toxic medications. We teach them how to monitor and support kidney function.
• Our clients have high sulfur diets (including high quality red meat, cruciferous vegetables and alliums like garlic and
onion), and this may help bind gadolinium.
• Our clients sometimes use MSM, a type of sulfur, as part of their copper chelation protocol.
• Our clients support their glutathione levels with whey protein powders and with low or very low glycemic diets.
BEFORE YOUR SCAN
• Ensure you have been properly screened for kidney function [GFR > 60, tested within last 6 weeks], and if impaired
discuss alternate scanning options with your medical team. You may wish to consult with us regarding diet/nutritional
support for kidney health.
• Drink adequate water prior to and immediately following your MRI screen. Let your medical team know if you think you
may be dehydrated.
• Discuss the risks with your physician if you know you have excessively high levels of copper, iron, calcium and/or zinc
(zinc toxicity leading to Gd retention has been reported in persons using denture creams that contain zinc [Greenberg
2010].
• Refer to our Caring for Your Kidneys program for diet and lifestyle strategies to improve renal health.
• Avoid metabolic acidosis (when the blood and tissue pH falls below 7.35-7.45) which can increase the rate of Gd
retention [Peak & Sheller 2007]. You can check your Blood Work Decoder for these signs: high chloride and potassium
with low calcium and CO2.
• Be aware that recent inflammatory events—injuries, infections, surgery, vascular procedures and blood clots—can
increase your risk of retaining gadolinium from the administered GBCA [Sadowski et al., 2007; Peak & Sheller 2007].
You can check your most recent Blood Work Decoder for elevated hsCRP and D-dimer or Fibrinogen. Diet, nutrition and
lifestyle strategies can help you resolve these issues.
AFTER YOUR SCANS
• Boost glutathione levels. The precursor to GSH, N-acetyl cysteine or NAC, helps protect against the renal toxicity of
Gd3+ [Pereira et al., 2012]. However, NAC can have some negative effects. Therefore, lipoic acid, selenium and/or
stabilized glutathione are better choices. Discuss dose, duration, frequency with us.
• Consider keeping a record of the number of MR scans with contrast you have had, together with their dates and which
Gadolinium agent you were given.
• TESTING: you can test your gadolinium levels
Chelation therapy to remove gadolinium from the body is currently being researched by Drs. Jay, Semelka and Prybylski
at the University of NC School of Medicine [Prybylski et al., 2016] but the best therapeutic plan and efficacy have not yet
been reported. Reports from integrative medicine practitioners and environmental naturopaths in online forums have not
reported much success using the typical oral chelation protocols with DMSA or EDTA, though iv chelation with Ca-EDTA
(calcium-EDTA) has a few promising reports.
How Can I Tell if I have Gadolinium Toxicity?
Genova Diagnostics offers urine testing for Gadolinium (and other heavy metals). The “Toxic Elements Clearance Profile”
tests for 20 different heavy metals including gadolinium, and costs about $170 if ordered at www.DirectLabs.com [under
the “Order Tests” tab choose “Specialty Labs”].
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This test can help show you the level of gadolinium accumulation in
your body, but it cannot reveal “toxicity.” Each person has a different
tolerance, and one person may have no obvious symptoms despite
high levels, while another person may have obvious health issues
with a gadolinium level just a little elevated above the reference
range.
Support & Advocacy
The Lighthouse Project (a patient advocacy group) is a wealth of
information, research and support for people. http://
gadoliniumtoxicity.com
Twitter hashtag #MRIsafety
MRIsafety.com Frank G Shellock, PhD, editor of the 2014 medical textbook book MRI Bioeffects, Safety and Patient
Management. See “Screening Form” for a comprehensive, detailed form that covers the many factors your medical team
should examine prior to your MRI. Form provided in both English and Spanish.
If you or a loved one has experienced any symptoms, with or without kidney or renal problems, after undergoing a MRI or MRA with
gadolinium contrast agent, please report it to the FDA by filing a MedWatch Adverse Event report. Call 1-800-FDA-1088 or file online
www.fda.gov/safety/MedWatch/HowToReport . You may also want to seek legal help. MRI Gadolinium side effect lawsuits have been
filed against the contrast agents Magnevist, MultiHance, Omniscan, OptiMARK and ProHance.
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<= 50Arsenic 0
<= 6.7Barium 0.1
<= 0.76Bismuth 0.19
<= 0.64Cadmium 0.05
<= 10.5Cesium 0.0
<= 0.028Gallium 0.413
<= 3.88Nickel 0.45
<= 0.084Niobium 0.082
<= 0.019Gadolinium 0.821

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Gadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent

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