Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
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This document discusses how epigenetics and diet can impact cancer. It provides examples of cancer types and greater survival rates associated with certain diets. Studies show that somatic gene mutations account for a small percentage of cancers, and that environmental influences can modify gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms like histone modification. Certain foods and spices can act as epigenetic modifiers to inhibit the cancer master switch NF-kB and related histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases. The document provides recipes and cooking ideas for incorporating these cancer-fighting foods.
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Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
- 1. Epigeneticsin the Anti-Cancer Kitchen Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC • www.Nutritional-Solutions.net Harnessing the Power of Food
- 2. Diet & Nutrition? For Cancer? With our most aggressive weapons, we aren’t winning the War Against Cancer. How could some wimpy foods have any effect?
- 3. Cancer Type Greater Survival Associated With... REF Breast ≥5 servings veggies/fruit per day + exercise 30 min, 6x/wk (45% more likely to survive 10 yrs) J Clin Oncol., 2007 Jun 10;25(17): 2345-51. Ovarian ↑ intake of cruciferous veggies (45% more likely to survive 5 yrs) Int J Cancer, Aug 2003;106(2): 264-9. Gastric less commercially-raised meat & animal fat Cancer, Sept 2000;89: 1205-13. Pancreatic lower fat, higher fiber, avoid excess calorie intake J Am Coll Nutr, Jun 1993; 12(3):109-26. Post-Diagnosis Diet & Cancer Survival
- 5. Studies of cancer in identical twins: Somatic gene mutations account for < 5-10% of cancers PNAS, 2005;102:10604-9. • Biometrics 2005;61, 55-63.
- 6. Every cell has the entire LIBRARY at its disposal
- 7. “Give me the coding sequences of a chimpanzee and the regulatory mechanisms of a mouse, and I’ll give you a mouse.” —Susumu Ohno Evolutionary Geneticist
- 8. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1801 1548 1365 1086 971 916 709 599 478 383 Number of Publications Epigenetics & Cancer
- 9. Microbiome Ecosystem➠Gene Expression Positive Emotions Stress Toxins Oxidation Radiation Infection Diet Disease Health Carcinogens Circadian Rhythm Healthy Lifestyle
- 13. How do these environmental influences “talk” to the genes? Stress Toxins Oxidation Radiation Infection Disease Carcinogens
- 14. NFkß Cancer’s Master Switch Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 2013;13: 44–9. • Curr SignalTransducTher, 2006:1:25-52. • Cancer Res, Feb 15, 2007;13(4):1076-82. TRIGGERS carcinogens oxidation viral infection inflammation radiation chemotherapy NFkß
- 15. NFkß Activates 400+ Genes Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2008;233(1):21-31. Curr SignalTransducTher, 2006:1:25-52. Angiogenesis VEGF, TNF, IL-8 Inflammation IL-6, COX-2, TNF, chemokines Survival/Anti-apoptosis bcl/bax, survivin Proliferation myc, IL-6, Metastasis 5-LOX, CAMs NFkß DeeperDetails
- 16. Spices Inhibit NFkß Ann NY Acad Sci, 2004 Dec;1030:434-41. anise basil black pepper caraway cardamom chili pepper cinnamon clove coriander cumin fennel fenugreek flaxseed garlic ginger Holy basil lemongrass licorice mint mustard seed nutmeg oregano parsley rosemary saffron tamarind turmeric
- 17. inthekitchen Having fresh herbs available will change the way that you eat
- 18. inthekitchen Berbere Spice Mix (Ethiopian) dried red chiles,black peppercorns, ginger,cloves,coriander seeds,ajowan, allspice berries,cardamom,fenugreek, cinnamon stick Chat Masala (Indian) asafoetida,mint,ginger,ajowan, cayenne,black salt,mango powder, cumin,dried pomegranate seeds Curry Powder dried red chiles,coriander seeds, mustard seeds,black peppercorns, fenugreek seeds,ginger,turmeric 5 Spice Powder star anise,fagara,cassia,fennel seeds, cloves Garam Masala (Indian) cumin,coriander seeds,cardamom, black peppercorns,cloves,mace, bay leaf,cinnamon Jamaican Jerk chiles,thyme,cinnamon,ginger,allspice, cloves,garlic,onions Suppressing NFkß
- 19. inthekitchenSuppressing NFkß Quatre- Epices (French) black peppercorns, whole cloves, nutmeg, ginger Panch Phoran (Indian) cumin seeds, fennel, mustard, fenugreek, nigella Ras-el Hanout (North African) peppercorns, cardamom, mace, galangal, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, ash berries, cloves, ginger, turmeric, nigella, lavender, rosebuds, orrisroot, cassia, fennel seeds Sansho 7 Spice (Japanese) sansho, seaweed, chile, orange peel, poppy seeds, white or black sesame seeds Zahtar (Middle Eastern) sumac, roasted sesame seeds, ground thyme
- 20. Beans (dried) cumin,cayenne,chili,epazote,parsley, pepper,sage,savory,thyme Beef (grass-fed) basil,bay,chili,cilantro,curry,cumin,garlic, marjoram,mustard,oregano,parsley,pepper, rosemary,sage,savory,tarragon,thyme Cheese (pasture- raised) basil,caraway,celery seed,chervil,chili,chives, coriander,cumin, dill,garlic,horseradish, lemon peel,marjoram,mint,mustard,nutmeg, paprika,parsley,pepper,sage,tarragon,thyme Chicken allspice,basil,bay,cinnamon,curry,dill, fennel,garlic,ginger lemongrass,mustard, paprika,rosemary,saffron,sage, savory,tarragon,thyme Eggs (omega-3) basil,chervil,chili,chives,curry,dill,fennel, ginger,marjoram,oregano,paprika,parsley, pepper,sage,tarragon,thyme Fish (wild, cold- water) anise,basil,bay,cayenne,celery seed,chives, curry,dill fennel,garlic,ginger,lemon peel, mustard,oregano,parsley,rosemary,thyme, saffron,sage,savory,tarragon,marjoram inthekitchenWhat does it go with?
- 21. inthekitchen Lamb (grass-fed) basil,bay,cinnamon,coriander,cumin, curry,dill,garlic,marjoram,mint,mustard, oregano,parsley,rosemary,savory, tarragon,thyme Potatoes basil,caraway,celery seed,chervil,chives, coriander,dill,marjoram,oregano,paprika, parsley,rosemary,tarragon,thyme Salad Dressings basil,celery seed,chives,dill,fennel,garlic, horseradish,marjoram,mustard,oregano, paprika,parsley,pepper,rosemary,saffron, tarragon,thyme Salads basil,caraway,chives,dill,garlic,lemon peel,lovage,marjoram,mint,oregano, parsley,rosemary,tarragon,thyme Soups basil,bay,chervil,chili,chives,cumin,dill, fennel,garlic,marjoram,parsley,pepper, rosemary,sage,savory,thyme Tomatoes basil,bay ,celery seed,cinnamon,chili, curry,dill,fennel,garlic,ginger,gumbo file, lemongrass,marjoram,oregano,parsley, rosemary,savory,tarragon,thyme What does it go with?
- 22. inthekitchen Jeanne’s Green Tea Chai 8 cups water 2 tsp cardamom pods (green) 2 tsp whole black peppercorns 2 tsp whole cloves 4 tsp cinnamon chips 4 tsp zest from an organic orange 4 whole star anise 4 whole nutmeg bulbs 4 tsp minced fresh ginger 2 tsp pure vanilla extract 4 tea bags (4 TBSP loose) green tea Bring water to boil, add spices (don’t add the tea yet). Cover, reduce heat and simmer for 20 minutes, or longer if you like it spicier. Remove from heat, add tea leaves and steep for 3 minutes. Strain into glass pitcher. Store refrigerated for up to 10 days. To make one cup of chai, warm 1/2 cup unsweetened soy milk or organic grass-fed cow’s milk with one 1/2 cup of the liquid chai blend. Add stevia to sweeten if desired. Makes 8-10 servings. Spiced Chai
- 23. inthekitchen Spa in a Pitcher 1 orange, thinly sliced into rounds 1 Meyer lemon, thinly sliced into rounds 1 unpeeled English cucumber, thinly sliced into rounds 3 sprigs fresh thyme, tarragon, or mint or fennel fronds, or a combination 1 TBSP freshly squeezed Meyer lemon juice 8 cups water or sparkling water Put the orange, lemon, cucumber, herbs, and lemon juice in a large pitcher. Press the fruit, cucumber, and herbs against the bottom of the pitcher with a wooden spoon, pushing down and twisting slightly to release their juices and volatile oils. Add the water and stir to combine. Refrigerate for 1 hour before serving. Variation: In place of the water, use a weak tea made with 8 cups of boiling water and 4 chamomile, ginger, or green tea bags. Let the tea cool to room temperature before adding it to the pitcher. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen,p.200. Herbed Water photo credit:Leo Gong
- 24. inthekitchen Parsley Salad When lettuce is not in season,this makes a lovely green salad and accompaniment to meals. 1 bunch parsley, stems removed 1 shallot, thinly sliced 1 tsp drained capers 4 cornichons, thinly sliced juice of 1 lemon 3 TBSP olive oil sea salt & fresh ground blk pepper Roughly chop the parsley. Mix parsley, shallots, capers and cornichons. Mix the lemon juice and olive oil together and add to the salad. Sprinkle lightly with salt to taste.Top with freshly ground pepper. TamarAdler An Everlasting Meal,p.94 Salsa Verde DON’T MISS Chef Rebecca Katz’ Parsley Mint Drizzle in The Longevity Kitchen,p.189.
- 25. inthekitchen Spice Rub Dallas & Melissa’s Mocha Steak Rub 1 TBSP black peppercorns 1 TBSP coriander 2 tsp sea salt 1/2 tsp cloves 1 tsp cinnamon 1 tsp unsweetened cocoa 2 tsp coffee beans Crush all ingredients with a mortar and pestle (or in a spice grinder). Massage the spice rub generously into the surface of the steaks, cover and allow to rest for at least 30 minutes before cooking. Makes enough for about 4 grass-fed/ grass-finished steaks. It Starts with Food, p.279
- 26. Nuts Inhibit NFkß Ann NY Acad Sci, 2004 Dec;1030:434-41. almonds cashews flaxseeds hazelnuts pecans sesame seeds walnuts
- 27. inthekitchen CURRY SPICED ALMONDS 1 TBSP olive oil 2 cups raw almonds 1 tsp sea salt 1 tsp turmeric ½ tsp ground black pepper ¼ tsp cumin ¼ tsp coriander Place olive oil in a large cast iron skillet over medium heat (warm the pan first,then add oil). Add almonds to skillet. Stir in salt, turmeric, pepper, cumin and coriander. Continue toasting the almonds in the skillet until they are fragrant,about 5 minutes. Remove from heat and allow the nuts to cool then serve! www.elanaspantry.com Spiced Nuts
- 28. inthekitchenPesto! Basil Pistachio Pesto 1 cup tightly packed basil 1 TBSP lemon juice 1/4 tsp sea salt 1/4 tsp freshly ground pepper 1/2 cup raw pistachios 1/3 cup extra virgin olive oil 1 TBSP water (optional) Combine all the ingredients in a food processor and process until well blended. Do a FASS check to see whether you need to add another squeeze of lemon juice or a pinch of salt. Add a tablespoon of water if you want a thinner consistency. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen,p.179.
- 29. inthekitchen Dukkah Rebecca Katz’ Pistachio Dukkah 2 TBSP white sesame seeds 1 TBSP whole coriander seeds 1 TBSP whole cumin seeds 2 tsp fennel seeds ¼ cup raw almonds ¼ cup pistachios 1/4 tsp freshly ground black pepper Heat a medium size pan over low heat and toast the sesame seeds until just golden, about 1 ½ minutes. Remove and let cool. Place the coriander, cumin and fennel seeds in a pan and toast until aromatic, another 1 ½ minutes. Remove and let cool. Place the almonds and pistachios in a food processor with a fitted blade and pulse until like sand. Add the sesame seeds, coriander, cumin, fennel and process until well blended. Store in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 1 month.
- 31. DeeperDetails ‣ Nucleosome, 4 histones pairs wrapped by 147 base pairs DNA ‣ Histone tails epigenetically active ‣ Tails modified by acetylation ‣ Also via: methylation, phosphorylation, isomerization, ubiquitination
- 32. DeeperDetails Euchromatic UNWRAPPED permissive of gene transcription Heterochromatic WRAPPED gene silencing H3 H4 acetylation of histone tails Histone acetylase transferases (HATs) add acetyl groups Histone deacetylase (HDAC) remove acetyl groups
- 33. Wrapped oncogenes DeeperDetails Unwrapped tumor suppressor genes Cancer reflects an imbalance of HATs to HDACs
- 34. Epigenomics, 2011;3(4):503-18. • Ann Rev Nutr, 2008;28:347-66. Histone Modifiers Wrapped Unwrapped Inhibit HDACs Inhibit HATs Histone Acetyl- Transferase HAT Histone Deacetylase HDAC Genistein soy Curcumin turmeric, curry EGCG green tea Selenium brazil nuts Sulforaphane cruciferous veggies Resveratrol grapes, wine Allyl mercaptan garlic ➠ ➡➡➡➡➡➡➡ ➡➡
- 35. P-COUMARIC ACID PHYTIC ACID QUERCETIN QUERCITRIN RUTIN SALICYLIC ACID SINAPIC ACID SINIGRIN SQUALENE STEARIC ACID STIGMASTEROL SUCCINIC ACID SULFORAPHANE TRANS-FERULIC ACID VANILLIC ACID ALLYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID CAFFEIC ACID CHLOROGENIC ACID CINNAMIC ACID CITRIC ACID DIINDOLYLMETHANE (DIM) FERULIC ACID FUMARIC ACID HISTIDINE INDOLE-3-ACETONITRILE INDOLE-3-CARBINOL KAEMPFEROL 4-PE-ISOTHIOCYANATE 6-MS-ISOTHIOCYANATE Can’t I just take a pill?
- 36. Broccoli Sprouts CHALLENGE: “These veggies are too bitter.” “These veggies upset my digestion.” ‣50x ↑ sulforaphane than mature broccoli (1 oz sprouts = 1+lbs broccoli) ‣Purchase certified pathogen-free seed specifically for sprouting ‣Sprout in light (not dark) for 33% ↑ glucosinolates; 62% ↑ phenolics PNAS. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10367-72. • J Sci Food Agric, 2008;88:904-10. • http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8151.pdf
- 37. SPRING/SUMMER arugula bok choy broccoli sprouts collards daikon radish kale mustard greens radish salad turnip watercress FALL/WINTER broccoli broccoli sprouts Brussels sprouts cabbage cauliflower kale kohlrabi rutabaga turnip wasabi inthekitchen
- 38. Optimizing Phytonutrient Content Molecules, 2011 Aug;16(8):6816-32. J Sci Food Agric 2007;87(6):930-44. ‣SEASONAL: autumn grown broccoli, cabbage & turnips ↑ levels of glucosinolates ‣ORGANIC: field pests needed to signal plant to produce phytonutrients ‣LOCAL/FRESH: broccoli ↓ 60% flavonoids in 10 days inthekitchen
- 39. PEITC 4-PENTENYL- ISOTHIOCYANATE 6-MSITC 6-METHYL-SULFINYL- HEXYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE ALLYL-ISOTHIOCYANATE Wasabi ExpTher Med 2010 Jan;1(1):33-40. J Cell Mol Med 2012 Apr;16(4):836-43. ‣406 genes↑≥3-fold ‣717 genes↓≥3-fold NFKß IL-6 COX-2 IL-10 12 53 17 11 6 719 57 Control Wasabi
- 40. inthekitchen Edamame Wasabi Spread 1 cup fresh or frozen shelled edamame, mixed with a spritz of fresh lime juice and a pinch sea salt 2 TBSP freshly squeezed lime juice 3 TBSP extra-virgin olive oil 1/2 tsp sea salt 2 tsp wasabi powder, mixed with 1 tsp water 1 tsp chopped fresh cilantro or parsley 1/4 cup filtered water Combine all of the ingredients in a food processor and process until smooth. Do a FASS check and add additional lime juice or salt if needed. Store in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 2 days. Cook Note: If you’re up for it, go the extra mile and add some additional heat! Another 1/4 tsp of wasabi powder will turn up the zip-zowie factor in this dip. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen, p.172. Wasabi
- 41. inthekitchen COCOA-TOASTED CAULIFLOWER 1 head cauliflower 1 TSP paprika 1 tsp unsweetened raw cocoa 1/2 tsp sea salt 1/4 tsp ground black pepper 1 clove garlic, minced 2 TBSP olive oil or pastured ghee Preheat the oven to 375°F. Cover a baking sheet with unbleached parchment paper. Cut the cauliflower into bite-sized florets and place in a large mixing bowl. In a small bowl, combine oil and spices. Drizzle spiced oil over florets and toss to thoroughly cover. Spread cauliflower on the baking sheet in a single layer. Bake for 25-35 minutes until fork tender. Melissa Joulwan’s Well Fed, p.127 Roasted Cauliflower
- 42. inthekitchen MAPLE-GLAZED BRUSSELS SPROUTS with Caraway 2 TBSP extra-virgin olive oil 1 TBSP Grade B maple syrup 1 TBSP Dijon mustard 1 tsp caraway seeds Pinch of red pepper flakes 1 pound Brussels sprouts, trimmed, cut in half, rinsed, and patted dry 1/4 tsp sea salt Preheat the oven to 400°F.Line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper. Put the olive oil, maple syrup, mustard, caraway seeds, and red pepper flakes in a large bowl and whisk to combine. Add the Brussels sprouts and toss until evenly coated.Transfer to the lined baking sheet and spread in an even layer. Sprinkle with the salt. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes, until the outer leaves are crispy and the Brussels sprouts are tender all the way through.Transfer to a bowl and serve immediately. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen, p.99. Brussels Sprouts
- 43. ✦ Rate of DNA damage reduced to normal levels ✦ Cancer incidence in BrCa1 carriers reduced 50% n=55 BrCa1+ women (compared to BrCa1- siblings) 275mcg selenium x 2mo - 2 yrs Compare DNA damage and cancer rates BrCa1 Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2006 Jan 15;4(1):58. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1302-6.
- 44. inthekitchen Brazil Nut Pizza Crust Ground Brazil nuts serve as a high-protein, low- carbohydrate substitute for wheat flour in this creative and tasty pizza dough. Brazil nut flour bakes up into the most “bread” like consistency of all the nut flours. 1 cup ground Brazil nut flour 1/4 c of arrowroot powder 3 TBSP olive oil 2 large omega-3 eggs ½ tsp sea salt Combine all ingredients in a mixing bowl (it will be the consistency of pancake batter). Pour onto parchment paper-lined baking sheet (11”x15”), and spread evenly with a spatula to form a thin crust. Bake in a preheated 350°F oven for 10-12 minutes. Remove from oven, and spread a thin layer of tomato sauce on the bread, leaving ½” crust zone at the edges. Add your favorite toppings. Bake for another 10-12 minutes until heated and bubbly.Enjoy! Brazil Nuts
- 45. Methyl groups prevent the DNA strand from being UNZIPPED Unzip the Gene 3
- 46. ‣ Added via DNA Methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs) ‣ Sits on C-paired-to-G (CpG) dinucleotide ‣ CpGs—rare in genome—cluster in islands of promoter regions for housekeeping and tumor suppressor genes DeeperDetails CH₃ Methyl Group
- 47. ‣ Added via DNA Methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs) ‣ 3 families DNMTs: DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b ‣ DNMT3b most implicated in cancer DeeperDetails CH₃ Methyl Group
- 48. Disrupted Pattern of DNA Methylation Global HYPO- methylation Promoter Region HYPER- methylation ‣Genomic instability ‣Increase cancer risk ‣Silencing of housekeeping & tumor suppressor genes Top Curr Chem 2012;29:2175-81.
- 49. J Mol Cell Biol 2011;3:51-8. DeeperDetails DNA Repair Gene Detoxification Gene Tumor Suppressor Gene Healthy Cells Promoter Region HYPER- methylation Global DNA HYPO- methylation Cancer
- 50. Methylation Modifiers Promoter Region HYPER-methylation DNMT InhibitorsDNMT Inhibitors Selenium Curcumin EGCG Resveratrol Genistein Vitamin A Lycopene Apple polyphenols Crucifers: isothiocyanates & sulforaphane Berry polyphenols Coffee Butyrate Global DNA HYPO-methylation Methylation Support Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Betaine Choline Magnesium Zinc Top Curr Chem 2012;29:2175-81.
- 51. ‣Deficiency leads to global hypomethylation ‣Folate deficiency increases risk of many types of cancer ‣Excess folic acid may accelerate growth of pre-cancerous lesions ‣Choose food sources and ensure ample intake DNMT regulators Folate vs folic Top Curr Chem 2012;29:2175-81.
- 52. ✦ Wnt signaling pathway regulates cell growth and apoptosis ✦ Methylation of its promoter region leads to evasion of apoptosis ✦ Significant reduction of its methylation w/blk raspberries Ph 1 Pilot Study n=20 CRC pts 20gm TID freeze-dried blk raspberry pdr (~1.3#/d fresh) x 4 wks Wnt/WIF-1 Clin Cancer Res, 2011 Feb 1;17(3):598-610.
- 53. inthekitchen Global Dark Leafy Greens 8 cups, stemmed & chopped dino kale in bite size pieces 2 TBSP extra virgin olive oil 2 ½ cups or one medium red onion, cut into half moons Sea salt 3 cloves garlic, minced 1/4 tsp cumin seeds, (toasted) Pinch of cayenne 1 tsp lemon zest 1 1/2 tsp freshly squeezed lemon juice 1 1/2 tsp freshly squeezed lime juice 1/2 tsp grade B organic maple syrup 2 TBSP toasted pepitas (garnish) Cover the kale with cold water and set aside. Heat the olive oil in a large, deep sauté pan over medium-high heat, then add the onion, a pinch of salt and sauté for 3 minutes. Decrease the heat to low and cook slowly until the onions are caramelized. While the onions are caramelizing toast the cumin seeds in a small pan over medium heat, shaking a few times for even toasting until they become aromatic and start to brown slightly. Transfer to a small bowl and set aside. In the same pan, add the pepitas, shaking the pan for even toasting, until they become aromatic. Transfer to a small bowl and reserve. Increase the heat to medium; add the garlic, cumin, pinch of cayenne and pinch of salt and sauté for 3 to 4 minutes. Drain the kale and add it to the pan. Sauté until the greens turn bright green and wilt,about 4 minutes. While the greens are cooking whisk together the lemon, orange juice, zests and maple syrup together. Test the greens and continue cooking, covered until they become a little more tender. Drizzle with the citrus maple mixture. Top with the toasted pepitas. photo credit:Leo Gong Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen,p.95-98.
- 54. inthekitchen CARROT APPLE SLAW 1 /4 cup unsweetened dried cranberries 1/4 cup very thinly sliced red onion 3 TBSP freshly squeezed orange juice 1 TBSP freshly squeezed lemon juice 8 ounces carrots, peeled and thinly sliced into 1/4-inch strips 1 Granny Smith apple, thinly sliced into 1/4-inch strips 1 TBSP chopped fresh mint 1 /4 tsp sea salt 2 TBSP extra-virgin olive oil 1 TBSP slivered almonds, toasted Put the cranberries, onion, 1 TBSP of the orange juice, and the lemon juice in a small bowl and stir to combine. Let sit for a few minutes to allow the juices to penetrate the cranberries and onion. Put the carrots, apple, mint, salt, cranberry mixture, and remaining 2 tablespoons of orange juice,and salt in a large bowl and toss gently to combine.Drizzle with the olive oil and toss again. Scatter the almonds over the top. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen,p.84. Slaw photo credit:Leo Gong
- 55. ‣Not estrogen, rather SERM - in vivo competes with estrogen and xenoestrogens ‣Modulates estrogen via many pathways - ↑ SHBG, ↓ circulating estrogen, ↑ 2:16-OH estrogen ratio ‣Rodents metabolize soy differently - lower isoflavone conjugation leads to 20-150-fold ↑ circulating levels than in humans FAQ: Is SOY safe for ER+ breast cancer? Population Findings Reference Meta-Analysis: 9,514 US & Asian BrCa pts over ~7.5 yrs ↓Risk of recurrence in those eating soy foods Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul;96(1): 123-32. 3,088 U.S. BrCa pts followed 5 yrs ↓ mortality with increasing intake soy isoflavones Cancer Epidemiol Biomark & Prev. 2011;20(5): 854-8. 5,042 Asian BrCa pts, followed 5 yrs ↓ risk mortality and ↓ recurrence in those with higher soy intake JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22): 2437-43. 1,954 U.S. BrCa pts, followed 6 yrs 60% ↓ rate of recurrence with high isoflavone intake in post-menopausal pts on Tamoxifen Breast Cancer ResTreat. 2009 Nov;118(2): 395-405.
- 56. inthekitchen JALAPEÑO LIME HUMMUS 4 packages tempeh 6 cloves garlic, roasted 2 small limes juiced 5 TBSP pickled jalapenos 3 TBSP olive oil 4 TBSP tahini 4 TBSP fresh cilantro 1 TBSP cumin 1 tsp pepper flakes salt and pepper to taste Cut tempeh into 1” cubes and place in a steamer: cook 15 minutes.Drain and allow to cool. Combine all ingredients in a food processor. Blend until smooth and creamy. Garnish with additional jalapeño slices and cilantro sprigs. Brigitta Borrego Chef at Nutritional Solutions 2008-2011 Tempeh
- 57. BUTYRATE Summer Winter ‣HDAC inhibitor ‣DNMT inhibitor action of GI flora on soluble fiber carb restriction β-OH-butyrate
- 59. Once a gene is unwrapped & unzipped, its proteins can be assembled...or blocked by miRNA
- 60. DeeperDetails
- 61. EMBO Mol Med 2012;4:143-59. DeeperDetails
- 62. mRNA miRNA microRNA blocks protein assembly Green tea Curcumin Soy foods Crucif veg Folate Mol Carcinog 2012;51:213-30. • Genes Nutr, 2011;6(2):93–108. • Pharm Res, 2010 Jun;27(6):1027-41. Vitamins A/D Resveratrol Ellagic acid Omega-3s Butryate
- 63. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010;3:62-72. ↓miRNAs modulation of genes relating to cell proliferation, apoptosis, p53 function, differentiation, Ras activation, NF-kappaB and angiogenesis ↑miRNAs
- 65. Gene Pathways in Cancer www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway
- 68. ✦ 70% reduced expression of her2neu ✦ 34% reduction in ki-67 (rate of cancer cell division and growth) ✦ 30% increase in apoptosis Post-menopausal BrCa pts Muffin with 25 g (2 TBSP) flaxseed meal vs “placebo” muffin x 4-5 weeks Compare tumor baseline (biopsy) and subsequent lumpectomy Her2neu Clin CancerTher, 2005 May 15;11:3828-35.
- 69. ‣Hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells ‣Genistein+quercetin +EGCG (2.5 microM) suppress growth and synergistically alter gene expression Anticancer Res 2009;29:4025-32. EGCG Genistein Quercetin
- 70. NFkß switch off Modify Histones wrap/unwrap Methylation zip/unzip microRNA veto spices turmeric basil mint rosemary garlic parsley thyme sage saffron green tea curcumin cruciferous veg soy foods berries red/purple grapes citrus garlic brazil nuts butyrate leafy greens beets green tea/coffee cruciferous veg soy foods berries/grapes apples brazil nuts tomatoes butyrate green tea curcumin cruciferous veg soy foods leafy greens omega-3 fats butyrate raspberries walnuts
- 71. Plain Steamed Broccoli NFkß switch off Modify Histones wrap/unwrap Methylation zip/unzip microRNA veto Basil Broccoli Rebecca Katz Cancer Fighting Kitchen inthekitchen
- 72. inthekitchen Asian Cabbage Crunch 3 cups red cabbage, shredded 3 cups Napa cabbage, shredded 1 cup red bell pepper, thinly sliced 2 TBSP fresh mint, finely chopped 1/4 cup fresh cilantro or fresh basil, finely chopped 3 scallions thinly sliced 1 cup of fresh or frozen shelled edamame (optional) ½ cup Sesame Miso Dressing (p. 187) 1 TBSP black sesame seeds In a large bowl, combine the cabbages, red bell pepper, mint, and cilantro and scallions. Add the dressing and toss until well combined. Top with black sesame seeds.Allow the salad to sit for a few minutes so the flavors have a chance to penetrate the cabbage. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Cookbook,p.87. NFkß switch off ✔ Modify Histones wrap/unwrap ✔ Methylation zip/unzip ✔ microRNA veto ✔
- 73. inthekitchen Smoked Salmon Nori Rolls 8 Nori Sheets 1 cup Edamame Wasabi Spread (p. 172) 4 oz of Smoked Wild Salmon, spritzed with lime juice 16 pieces of cucumber, thinly sliced lengthwise 16 pieces of thinly sliced red bell pepper 16 pieces of thinly sliced avocado 24 fresh mint leaves 24 fresh cilantro leaves Place the sheet of nori on a work surface with the rough side facing up. Carefully spread 2 tablespoons of the edamame wasabi mixture leaving 1½ inches between the mixture and the bottom edge of the nori that’s facing you. Place one piece of the salmon, 2 slices of cucumber, 2 slices of red bell pepper, 2 slices of avocado about 1 ½ inches from the bottom edge. Top with 3 mint leaves and 3 cilantro leaves.Begin to start rolling the nori, compressing the ingredients gently, away from your body to make a compact roll. Moisten your finger with warm water and run it along the inside edge of the flap that remains at the top of the roll, then press the moistened edge against the roll to seal. Repeat with the remaining ingredients. Cut the rolls in half on the diagonal with a sharp serrated knife before serving. Serves 4. Rebecca Katz,The Longevity Kitchen,p.140.
- 74. PATTERN of the DIET Not just individual foods...
- 75. NFkß & Diet Pattern in Colorectal Cancer Patients Clin Nutr, 2010 Feb;29(1):42-6. ↑ refined carbs ↑ omega 6:3 ratio (≅26:1) ↑ alcohol ↑ omega 6:3 ratio (≅6:1) ↑ fiber ↑ selenium ↑ vitamin E ↑ flavonoids ↑ β-carotene ↑ isoflavones High NFkß High histological aggressiveness Low NFkß Low histological aggressiveness
- 76. ‣Prostate cancer patients not electing surgery, radiation, hormone therapy ‣Gene expression compared after 3 mo on diet ‣Expression of 500+ genes modified ‣Oncogenes were down- regulated PNAS, 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8369-74. Diet Alters Gene Expression BEFOREAFTER
- 77. Ketogenic diet ad lib (no decrease blood glucose cf control SD) Analyzed genes across entire mouse genome Compare gene expression profile tumor & contralateral normal brain Brain AreaBrain Area TUMOR Contralateral Non-Tumor Ketogenic Diet Standard Diet What’s the Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Gene Expression? ?
- 78. Reversion to Normal Gene Expression Profile Epilepsy Res, 2012 Jul;100(3):327-37. ‣COX-2 gene expression reduced to non- tumor levels in KD ‣↓ IGF-1 expression to levels seen in normal brain ‣Genes coding for GPx ↑ in normal but not tumor (effect reversed in standard diet)
- 79. What do these 2 DIETS have in common? Low-fat Plant-based Diet High-fat Ketogenic Diet
- 81. Gene Instability Anti apoptosis Inflammation ‣↑ IGF-1 ‣p53 ‣Bax/Bcl ratio ‣↑ ROS ‣↓/↑ GPx ‣↑ IL-6 ‣↑ TNF-α ‣↑ VEGF ‣↑ PAI-1 ‣↑ free E₂ Angiogenesis Insulin Resistance Exp Diabetes Res 2012:789174. Am J Pathol, 2006 Nov;169(5):1505-22.
- 82. p53 Activity of p53 Stem Cells Malignant Behavior Differentiation Cell Cycle 2012 Dec 1;11(23):4436-46. miR-145miR-34s
- 83. High Glycemic Load Foods Bread, white Bread, whole wheat Cereal Oatmeal Crackers Muffins Bagels Cookies Pancakes Waffles Soda pop Fruit Juice Dried fruits Candy Chips Sugar Honey Flour, white Flour, whole wheat Corn Cornmeal Pasta Potatoes Potato chips Pretzels Rice, white Rice, brown Fat-free foods www.nutritiondata.com www.glycemicindex.com inthekitchen 5g=
- 84. INSTEAD OF THIS INSTEAD OF THIS TRY THISTRY THIS Food (1 cup serving) GL Food (1 cup serving) GL White flour Whole wheat flour 76 44 Almond Flour 0White flour Whole wheat flour 76 44 Coconut Flour 0 Corn, sweet yellow 35 Baby Corn 5 Hamburger bun 18 Rice paper wrap 4 Hamburger bun 18 Portobello mushrooms 3Hamburger bun 18 Romaine lettuce “wrap” 0 inthekitchen
- 85. INSTEAD OF THIS INSTEAD OF THIS TRY THISTRY THIS Food (1 cup serving) GL Food (1 cup serving) GL Brown rice 22 Cauliflower rice 2 Pasta noodles 22 Spaghetti squash 2 Pasta noodles 22 Zucchini “noodles” 1 Pasta noodles 22 Miracle noodles 0 Mashed potatoes 16 Mashed cauliflower 4 inthekitchen
- 86. Case Reports &
- 87. CaseReport ‣Dx: Feb 2006 Oligoastrocytoma III, L temporal ‣J.D., 39 yo male athlete, 6‘2” 172# ‣Tumor profiling pathology reports run 9/4/06, 4/27/07 and 9/17/07
- 88. CaseReport p53 wild Survivin IL-6 Normal Baseline
- 89. p53 cruciferous veggies ad lib selenium 200mcg/d low glycemic diet Survivin mix toco E 400iu + 3 g vit C milk thistle 400mg HS IL-6 culinary spices ad lib ↓ omega-6 intake / ↑ omega-3 boswellia 300mg x 3 TID curcumin 500mg TID resveratrol 100mg/d feverfew @0.7% parth. 250mg/d fish oil 3g/d OA III, p53, IL-6, survivin
- 90. CaseReport p53 wild Survivin IL-6 Normal Baseline Follow-up
- 91. CaseReport ‣Dx: Lynch Syndrome [TCC 12/08; CRC ’08; BrCa ’97; Endometrial ’90] ‣B.P., 61 yo female 6‘2” 145# Baseline > 6 wks > 4 mo VEGF 98 150 190 A1c 6.8% A1c 5.6%
- 93. FOOD is a "language" translated by our bodies as the dance of gene expression. When we eat we are silencing oncogenes and awakening tumor suppressor genes. With every bite of food, meal after meal, cancer patients can leverage their power as Epigenetic Engineers to re-engineer their health.
- 94. Diet, nutrients, phytochemicals, and cancer metastasis suppressor genes Gary G. Meadows # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2012 Abstract The major factor in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients is metastasis. There exists a relative lack of specific therapeutic approaches to control metastasis, and this is a fruitful area for investigation. A healthy diet and lifestyle not only can inhibit tumorigenesis but also can have a major impact on cancer progression and survival. Many chemicals found in edible plants are known to inhibit meta- static progression of cancer. While the mechanisms under- lying antimetastatic activity of some phytochemicals are being delineated, the impact of diet, dietary components, and various phytochemicals on metastasis suppressor genes is underexplored. Epigenetic regulation of metastasis sup- EGF Epidermal growth factor EGFR Epidermal growth factor rec EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid IFN Interferon KAI1 Kangai 1 MALL Mal-like MAPK Mitogen activated protein ki MKK Mitogen-activated protein ki miR Micro RNA NDRG N-myc downstream-regulate NM23 Nonmetastatic gene 23 PDCD Programmed cell death Cancer Metastasis Rev DOI 10.1007/s10555-012-9369-5 Further Reading