Electronics involves the study and control of electron flow in materials. There are two main types of electronic components - active components which require energy and can introduce power into a circuit, and passive components which cannot introduce power but can increase voltage or current. Common electronic components include diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Tools used in electronics include screwdrivers, soldering irons, wire strippers, drills, files, knives, magnifying glasses, oscilloscopes, and signal generators.

2. What is Electronics?
O Electronics is the study of flow of
electrons in various materials or space
subjected to various conditions.
O The main focus of electronics remains the
controlled flow of electrons through a
medium.

3. Electronic Components
O An electronic component is any
basic discrete device or physical entity in
an electronic system used to
affect electrons or their associated fields.
O Components can be classified as passive,
active, or electromechanic.

4. Active Components
O Active components rely on a source of
energy and usually can inject power into a
circuit, though this is not part of the
definition.
O Active components include amplifying
components such as transistors,
triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel
diodes.

5. Diode
O allows current to pass in one direction
while blocking it from passing the opposite
direction.

6. LED (Light-emitting Diode)
O a device that produces light.

7. Varactor Diode
O variable capacitor which stores energy
and controlled by voltage.

8. Zener Diode
O allows current to pass in the opposite
direction after the circuit reaches a certain
threshold (for example, it can conduct
after voltage reaches -5v).

9. Photodiode
O A photodiode is a type of photo
detector capable of converting light into
either current or voltage,
O Used in solar cells

10. Transistor
O A transistor is a semiconductor device
used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power.

11. Battery
O provides voltage

12. Power Supply
O usually a mains hook-up

13. Passive Components
O Passive components can't introduce net
energy into the circuit. They also can't rely
on a source of power, except for what is
available from the (AC) circuit they are
connected to. Although they may increase
a voltage or current.

14. Resistors
O produces opposition to current flow. The
amount of resistance (resistor value)
determines how much current can flow
through a resistor.

18. Potentiometer /
Variable Resistor
O a resistor whose resistance value is not
fixed and can be adjusted.

19. Photoresistor
O light sensing resistor whose resistance
decreases as light intensity increases.

20. Thermistor
O a temperature sensing resistor whose
resistance increases or decreases based
on changes in temperature.

21. Thyristor
O acts as a switch, conducting when it
receives current trigger and continues to
conduct while it is forward biased.

22. Capacitor
O stores charge and used to filter signal. A
capacitors storage capacity can be fixed
or adjustable.

23. Variable Capacitor
O a capacitor whose charging capacity is not
fixed and can be adjusted.

24. Inductor
O stores energy in a magnetic field and
opposes change in current.

25. Transformer
O amplifies or reduces energy.

26. Breadboard
O a board that can be used to construct a
circuit which does not require soldering. It
has holes where components can be
pushed in.

27. Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
O a board that can be used to construct a
circuit which requires soldering.

28. Electromechanical Components
O Electromechanical components can
carry out electrical operations by using
moving parts or by using electrical
connections

29. Cable Assemblies
O Cables with connectors or terminals at
their ends
O Ex. Power Cord

30. Switch
O a device used to break or complete the
current path.

31. Relay
O a switch that is designed to trigger another
switch.

32. Circuit Breaker
O switch designed to
protect an electrical
circuit from overload.
When the circuit breaker
senses an overload in
voltage or current it
switches off to
discontinue electrical flow
to the rest of the circuit.

33. Tools and Equipments in
Electronics

34. Screwdrivers
Oare hand tools specifically
designed to insert and
tighten, or to loosen and
remove screws.

35. Types of Screwdrivers

36. Slotted Screwdriver
Ois used to drive or fasten
negative slotted screws.

37. Phillips Screwdriver
O is used to drive or fasten positive slotted
screws. It is a screwdriver that could take
greater torque and could provide tighter
fastenings.

38. Jeweler's Screwdriver Set
is a set of small screw drivers composed of
slotted and Phillips screwdrivers.

39. Soldering Tools

40. Soldering Iron
O is a device for applying heat to melt solder in
attaching two metal parts. A soldering iron is
composed of a heated metal tip and an
insulated handle. For electrical work, wires
are usually soldered to printed circuit boards,
other wires, or small terminals. A low-power
iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this work.

41. Soldering Tool Stand
O is a place where the soldering iron is
placed during usage. This will keep the
soldering iron away from flammable
materials. The stand often comes with a
sponge used in cleaning the tip of the
soldering iron.

42. Desoldering tool
O is used in removing soldered wires and
components on printed circuit boards for
troubleshooting and repair purposes.

43. Splicing Tools

44. Long Nose
O is used for holding, bending, and
stretching the lead of electronic
component or connecting wires.

45. Side Cutter
O is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not
used to grab or turn anything, but are
used to cut wires.

46. Wire Stripper
O is a pair of opposing blades much like
scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a
center notch makes it easier to cut the
insulation without cutting the wire.

47. Boring Tools

48. 12V Mini-Drill
O is used to bore or drill holes in the printed
circuit board (PCB) with sizes from 1/32” –
1/16”.

49. Portable Electric Drill
O is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or metal
chassis with the use of drill bits having
sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”.

50. Metal Files
O These are hand tools having a series of sharp,
parallel ridges or teeth. Most files have a narrow,
pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be
fitted. Round File - is
also called rat-
tail file which
is gradually
tapered and
used for many
tasks that
require a round
tool, such as
enlarging round
holes or cutting
a scalloped
edge.
Flat File is
parallel in
width and
tapered in
thickness;
they are
used for
flat
surfaces
and edges.
Half Round
File is
tapered in
width and
thickness,
coming to
a point,
and
is narrower
than a
standard
half round
and used
for filing
inside of
rings.

51. Cutting Tools

52. Utility Knife
is a common tool used in cutting various
trades and crafts for a variety of purposes.

53. Hacksaw
O is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips
which keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip. The
small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch
with a handle that fits around a narrow, rigid blade.

54. Auxiliary Tools

55. Magnifying Glass
O is a convex lens which is used to produce a
magnified image of an object. The lens is usually
mounted on a frame with a handle. Roger Bacon
is the original inventor of the magnifying glass. A
magnifying glass works by creating a magnified
virtual image of an object behind the lens. Some
magnifying glasses are foldable with built-in light.

56. Paint Brush
O is a type of brush made of bristles set in
handle, used for cleaning dirty parts of a
circuit or an object aside from using it for
painting.

57. Electronic equipment

58. Oscilloscope
O An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for
cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of
electronic test equipment that allows signal
voltages to be viewed, usually as a two
dimensional graph of one or more electrical
potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a
function of time or of some other voltage
(horizontal axis).

59. Signal generator
OA signal generator is a device
which produces simple wave forms.