Getting Started with Arduino

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1Make Things with Arduino – Karkhana Makerspace©
By Siddharth Bhatter & Akash Verma
This manual is the Intellectual property of Karkhana Makerspace. It must only
be published in its origianl form. Using parts or republishing altered parts of
this guide is prohibited without permission from Karkhana Makerspace

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CHAPTER - 1
BASIC ELECTRONICS

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1. Basic Electronics
Getting started with basic electronics is easier than you
think.This instructable will hopefully demystify the
basics of electronics so that anyone with an interest in
building circuits can hit the ground running. This is a
quick overview into practical electronics and it is not
my goal to delve deeply into the science of electrical
engineering. If you are interested in learning more
about the science of basic electronics, Wikipedia is a
good place to start your search.
By the end of this Instructable, anyone with an interest
to learn basic electronics should be able to read a
schematic and build a circuit using standard electronic
components.

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1.1 Electricity

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There are two types of electrical signals :-
a) Alternating Current (AC)
Fig 1. Circuit
Diagram with
AC Source
Fig 2.
Waveform of
AC signal
With alternating current, the direction electricity flows
throughout the circuit is constantly reversing. You may
even say that it is alternating direction. The rate of

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reversal is measured in Hertz, which is the number of
reversals per second. So, when they say that the US
power supply is 60 Hz, what they mean is that it is
reversing 120 times per second (twice per cycle).
b) Direct Current (DC)
Waveform of DC signal
Fig3.Circuit diagram
with DC source

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With Direct Current, electricity flows in one direction
between power and ground. In this arrangement there
is always a positive source of voltage and ground
(0volt) source of voltage.
1.2 Circuit
A circuit is a complete and closed path through which
electric current can flow. In other words, a closed
circuit would allow the flow of electricity between
power and ground. An open circuit would break the
flow of electricity between power and ground.
Circuit

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Anything that is part of this closed system and that
allows electricity to flow between power and ground is
considered to be part of the circuit.
1.3 Resistance
In the circuit above, the motor that electricity is flowing
through is adding resistance to the flow of electricity.
Thus, all of the electricity passing through the circuit is
being put to use.
In other words, there needs to be something wired
between positive and ground that adds resistance to
the flow of electricity and uses it up. If positive voltage
is connected directly to ground and does not first pass
through something that adds resistance, like a motor,
Resistance

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this will result in a short circuit. This means that the
positive voltage is connected directly to ground.
Likewise, if electricity passes through a component (or
group of components) that does not add enough
resistance to the circuit, a short will likewise occur.
Shorts are bad because they will result in your battery
and/or circuit overheating, breaking, catching on fire,
and/or exploding.
It is very important to prevent short circuits by making
sure that the positive voltage is never wired directly to
ground.

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1.4 Series Vs. Parallel
Series and Parallel Circuits
There are two different ways in which you can wire
things together called series and parallel.
When things are wired in series, things are wired one
after another, such that electricity has to pass through
one thing, then the next thing, then the next, and so
on.
When things are wired in parallel, they are wired side
by side, such that electricity passes through all of them
at the same time, from one common point to another
common point.

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1.5 Basic Components
In order to build circuits, you will need to become
familiar with a few basic components. These
components may seem simple, but are the bread and
butter of most electronics projects. Thus, by learning
about these few basic parts, you will be able to go a
long way.Bear with me as I elaborate as to what each
of these are in the coming steps.

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1.6 Resistors
As the name implies, resistors add resistance to the
circuit and reduces the flow of electrical current. It is
represented in a circuit diagram as a pointy squiggle
with a value next to it.
The different markings on the resistor represent
different values of resistance. These values are
measured in ohms.
You read the values from left to right towards the
(typically) gold band. The first two colors represent the
resistor value, the third represents the multiplier, and

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the fourth (the gold band) represents the tolerance or
precision of the component. You can tell the value of
each color by looking at a resistor color value chart.
Or... to make your life easier, you
could simply look up the values using a graphical
resistance calculator.
Anyhow... a resistor with the
markings brown, black, orange, gold will translate as
follows:
1 (brown) 0 (black) x 1,000 = 10,000 with a tolerance of
+/- 5% Any resistor of over 1000 ohms is typically
shorted using the letter K. For instance, 1,000 would be
1K; 3,900, would translate to 3.9K; and 470,000 ohms
would become 470K.Values of ohms over a million are
represented using the letter M. In this case, 1,000,000
ohms would become 1M.

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1.7 Capacitors
A capacitor is a component that stores electricity and
then discharges it into the circuit when there is a drop
in electricity. You can think of it as a water storage tank
that releases water when there is a drought to ensure a
steady stream.
Capacitors are measured in Farads. The values that you
will typically encounter in most capacitors are
measured in picofarad (pF), nanofarad (nF), and
microfarad (uF).

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Types of capacitor :-
a) Electrolytic Capacitors
 Electrolytic capacitors are typically polarized.
 One leg needs to be connected to the ground
side of the circuit and the other leg must be
connected to power.
 Electrolytic capacitors have the value written
on them,typically represented in uF.
 They also mark the leg which connects to
ground with a minus symbol (-).

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i) Ceramic Disc Capacitors
 Ceramic disc capacitors are non-polarized.
 Electricity can pass through them no matter
how they are inserted in the circuit.
 They are typically marked with a number code
which needs to be decoded.

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Step 8: Diodes
Diodes are components which are polarized. They only
allow electrical current to pass through them in one
direction.This is useful in that it can be placed in a
circuit to prevent electricity from flowing in the wrong
direction.

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The ring found on one end of the diode indicates the
side of the diode which connects to ground. This is the
cathode. It then follows that the other side connects to
power. This side is the anode.
They are represented in schematic as a line with a
triangle pointing at it. The line is that side which
connected to ground and the bottom of the triangle
connects to power.
Step 9: Transistors

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A transistor takes in a small electrical current at its
base pin and amplifies it such that a much larger
current can pass between its collector and emitter pins.
The amount of current that passes between these two
pins is proportional to the voltage being applied at the
base pin.
There are two basic types of transistors, which are NPN
and PNP. These transistors have opposite polarity
between collector and emitter.
 NPN transistors allow electricity to pass from
the collector pin to the emitter pin. They are

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represented in a schematic with a line for a
base, a diagonal line connecting to the base,
and a diagonal arrow pointing away from the
base.
 PNP transistors allow electricity to pass from
the emitter pin to the collector pin. They are
represented in a schematic with a line for a
base, a diagonal line connecting to the base,
and a diagonal arrow pointing towards the
base.
Step 10: Integrated Circuits

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An integrated circuit is an entire specialized circuit that
has been miniaturized and fit onto one small chip with
each leg of the chip connecting to a point within the
circuit. These miniaturized circuits typically consist of
components such as transistors, resistors, and diodes.
Step 11: Potentiometers
Potentiometers are variable resistors. In plain English,
they have some sort of knob or slider that you turn or
push to change resistance in a circuit. If you have ever

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used a volume knob on a stereo or a sliding light
dimmer, then you have used a potentiometer.
Potentiometers are measured in ohms like resistors,
but rather than having color bands, they have their
value rating written directly on them.

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Step 12: LEDs
LED stands for light emitting diode. It is basically a
special type of diode that lights up when electricity
passes through it. Like all diodes, the LED is polarized
and electricity is only intended to pass through in one
direction.

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How to find the anode and cathode of the LED?
i) The LED has a longer positive lead
(anode).
ii) A shorter ground or negative lead
(cathode).
iii) And The other indicator is a flat notch on
the side of the LED to indicate the
negative (cathode) lead. Keep in mind
that not all LEDs have this indication
notch (or that it is sometimes wrong).

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Step 13: Switches
A switch is basically a mechanical device that creates a
break in a circuit. When you activate the switch,
it opens or closes the circuit. This is dependent on the
type of switch it is.
Normally open (N.O.) switches close the circuit when
activated.
Normally closed (N.C.) switches open the circuit when
activated.

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Step 14: Batteries
A battery is a container which converts chemical
energy into electricity. To over-simplify the matter, you
can say that it "stores power."
By placing batteries in series you are adding the voltage
of each consecutive battery, but the current stays the
same.For instance, a AA-battery is 1.5V. If you put 3 in
series, it would add up to 4.5V.
If you were to add a fourth in series, it would then
become 6V.

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By placing batteries in parallel the voltage remains the
same,but the amount of current available doubles.
Step 15: Breadboards
Breadboards are special boards for prototyping
electronics. They are covered with a grid of holes,
which are split into electrically continuous rows.
In the central part there are two columns of rows that
are side-by-side. This is designed to allow you to be

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able to insert an integrated circuit into the center.
After it is inserted, each pin of the integrated circuit
will have a row of electrically continuous holes
connected to it.
Step 16: Wire
In order to connect things together using a breadboard,
you either need to use a component or a wire.
Wires are nice because they allow you to connect
things without adding virtually no resistance to the
circuit. This allows you to be flexible as to where you
place parts because you can connect them together

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later with wire. It also allows you to connect a part to
multiple other parts.
Step 17: Your First Circuit

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Parts List:
a) 1K ohm - 1/4 Watt resistor
b) 5mm red LED
c) SPST toggle switch
d) 9V battery connector

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If you look at the schematic you will see that the 1K
resistor, LED, and switch are all connected in series
with the 9V battery. When you build the circuit, you
will be able to turn the LED on and off with the switch.
You can look up the color code for a 1K resistor using
the graphical resistance calculator. Also, remember
that the LED needs to be plugged in the right way (hint
- the long leg goes to the positive side of the circuit).

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Want to organise Training Program in your campus:
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2. Machine Learning
3. Data Science
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11. Data Structure and Algorithm

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Chapter 1
Getting Started
The purpose of this book is to get you started on the
road to creating things using micro-controllers. We will
discuss only enough electronics for you to make the
circuits, and only enough programming for you to get
started. The focus will be on your making things. It is
my hope that as you go through this book you will be
flooded with ideas of things that you can make.
So let’s get going...
The first question we’ll start with is:
1.1 What is a Microcontroller?
Wikipedia says:
A micro-controller is a small computer on a single
integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable input/ output peripherals The
important part for us is that amicro-controller contains
the processor (which all computers have) and memory,
and some input/output pins that you can control.

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(often called GPIO - General Purpose Input Output
Pins).
1. Introduction
i) Arduino is an open-source electronics
prototyping platform based on flexible,
easy-to use hardware and software.
ii) It’s intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or
environments.
iii) Arduino can sense the environment by
receiving input from a variety of sensors

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and can affect its surroundings by
controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators.
iv) The microcontroller on the board is
programmed using the Arduino
programming language and the Arduino
Development Environment.
v) Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or
they can communicate with software
running on a computer.
vi) There are plenty of other microcontrollers
available. So you may be asking, why
choose the Arduino? Arduino really
simplifies the process of building projects
on a microcontroller making it a great
platform for amateurs.
vii) You can easily start working on one with
no previous electronics experience.
In addition to Arduino’s simplicity, it is also
inexpensive, cross-platform and open source. The
Arduino is based on Atmel’s ATMEGA8 and
ATMEGA168 microcontrollers. The plans for the

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modules are published under a Creative Commons
license, so experienced hobbyists and professionals can
make their own version of the Arduino, extending it
and improving it.
Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience,
Arduino has been used in thousands of different
projects and applications. The Arduino software is
easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users.
 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least
expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled
Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to
Windows.

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 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino
Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible
enough for advanced users to take advantage of as
well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the
Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be
familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino
software is published as open source tools, available
for extension by experienced programmers. The
language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and
people wanting to understand the technical details can
make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming
language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.
 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of
the Arduino boards are published under a Creative
Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can
make their own version of the module, extending it and
improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can
build the breadboard version of the module in order to
understand how it works and save money.

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What Can You Do With an Arduino?
There is a lot you can do with an Arduino. An Arduino
can basically do anything by interfacing sensors with a
computer. This would allow you to take any sensor and
have any action applied with the readings. For example
(in one of our projects) we will read the level of light in
a room and adjust an LED’s brightness to react based
on that input. This of course is a simple example of
what you can do with an Arduino. A more complicated
example would be to read from multiple sensors and
use that data to affect other outputs. Think of the
possibility of wiring your house with all sorts of
different sensors (photocells, oxygen sensors,
thermometers) and having it adjust your blinds, air
conditioner and furnace and make your house a more
comfortable place. Hackers have used Arduinos to
create some amazing electronics projects.

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Things like:
• Robots
• Breathalyzers
• Remote controlled cars
• 3d printers
• Video games
• Home automation systems
• Million More ....

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What Is Inside an Arduino?

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Although there are many different types of Arduino
boards available, this manual focuses on the Arduino
Uno. This is the most popular Arduino board around.
So what makes this thing tick?
Here are the specifications:
• Processor: 16 Mhz ATmega328
• Flash memory: 32 KB
• Ram: 2kb
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage: 7-12 V
• Number of analog inputs: 6
• Number of digital I/O: 14 (6 of them pwm)
The specs may seem meager compared to your
desktop computer, but remember that the Arduino is
an embedded device. We have a lot less to process
than your desktop. Another wonderful feature of the
Arduino is the ability to use what are called “Shields”.
Although we will not be covering shields in this manual,
an Arduino shield will give you crazy functionality like
you wouldn’t believe. Check out this list of some really
cool Arduino shields to take your projects to the next
level.

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The Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
You use the Arduino IDE on your computer (picture
following) to create, open, and change sketches
(Arduino calls programs “sketches”. We will use the
two words interchangeably in this book.). Sketches

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define what the boardwill do. You can either use the
buttons along the top of the IDE or the menu items.
Our First Circuit
Before we get to the programming, let’s connect an
LED. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. If you
connect the LED directly to power and ground, too
much current will go through the diode and destroy it.
To keep that from happening we will use a resistor to
limit the current. You can think of a resistor like a water
pipe. The higher the value of the resistor is like using a
smaller pipe that lets less electricity “flow” through.
This is not technically correct, but it is close enough for
this book. We will use a 330 Ohm (Ohm is often shown
as !) resistor (Resistance is measured in ohms. A 330!
resistor will have color bands: Orange-Orange-Brown)It
doesn’t matter which way you plug in a resistor. The
two leads (sometimes called “legs”) of an LED are
called an anode and a cathode. The anode is the longer
lead. IMPORTANT: IF YOU PLUG IT IN BACKWARDS, IT
WILL NOT WORK. (But it won’t be damaged, either.
Don’t worry).

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Our First Program
Now let’s write a program to control the LED. Each
program must contain at least two functions. A
function is a series of programming statements that
can be called by name.
 setup() which is called once when the
program starts.
 loop() which is called repetitively over
and over again as long as the Arduino
has power.
1. Simplest Program
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
}

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Blinking of LED
// the setup function runs once when you press reset
or power the board
void setup()
{
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop()
{
digitalWrite (13, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is
the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite (13, LOW); //turn the LED off by making
the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

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Projects To Do :
Do it yourself.
Led pattern
a) 2leds
b) 4leds
c) 8leds
a) Forward pattern
b) Backward pattern
c) Even numbers leds/odd numbers leds
THINKING?
Join our hands-on training courses.
To know more visit us at http://www.karkhana.club/

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RGB LED
Their are two type of RGB led:
i) Common Cathode
ii) Common Anode

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For Common Cathode:

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Code:
void setup()
{
pinMode(1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}

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For Common Anode:

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Code:
void setup()
{
pinMode(1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}

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Matrix of LED

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Code:
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
pinMode(0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(1, LOW);
delay(100);
delay(100);
}
Now apply your own logic and try to generate your
own patterns.

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Their are LEDs inside the seven segment dispaly. Try to
make your own seven segment.
Need more help. Visit :
http://karkhanaindia.blogspot.in

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Push Button
What is a pushbutton?
A device designed to close or open an electric circuit
when a button or knob is depressed, and to return to a
normal position when it is released.

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How to interface pushbutton to arduino?
Since now we are well acquainted with LED’s let us
learn how to control the switching using a push button.
A push button is used to get control of the circuit.
Components Required
 Resistors 2Nos.
330ohms,10k(recommended)
 Pushbutton 1No.
 LED 1No. Standard red LED
 Arduino UNO
 Breadboard

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Now dump the code given below
int d=2; // chose the pin which you have
connected to the output of push button
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,INPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
d=digitalRead(2);
if(d==0)
{

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}
else
{
}
}
Now the control is in your hands whenever you will
press the button the led will be ON and when you
release it, LED will go OFF.
You can alter the control like:
https://youtu.be/DlaVtHpsrJs
Here when we press the button LED goes ON and when
we press it again it goes OFF.
For the code of the above video mail us at :
hello@karkhana.club
I hope you are having fun, try connecting multiple
switches with multiple LEDs.

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 A pull-up resistor condition.
When the switch is connected to ground and
one end of the resistor is connected to VCC.

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 Pull down resistor condition.
When one end of the switch is connected to Vcc and
the resistor is connected to ground.
When you use these conditions while coding just
remembers when you press the switch, one will give
output as 0 and the other will give output as 1.
Do it yourself
Logic gates
i) And gate
ii) Or gate
iii) Not gate

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Seven Segment Display
A 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY consists of 8 LEDs and 10 pins,2
common pins are shorted and supplied with 5 volts
from Arduino through a resistor and other 8 pins are
connected to digital and analog pins.
7 Segment Display can act as a substitute for LCDs if we
want to display numbers.

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Shown below is the internal architecture of a 7
segment display.
There are two types of LED 7-segment display
 Common cathode (CC)
 Common anode (CA)
In CC type the cathode of all the LEDs is connected
together and similarly in CA type.

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In CC type we have to ground the common cathode pin
and power up segments to illuminate it, the reverse
happens for CA types. Here we have to power up the
common anode pin and provide ground to segments
according to our requirements of illuminations.
How to interface a 7 segment display with Arduino?
Now let’s interface the 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY.
Components Required
 Arduino Uno 1No.
 7 Segment Display 1No.
 Resistors 1No. 100 ohms
 Connecting Wires
 Breadboard

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The below code can be used to display digits from Zero
to Nine.
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
}

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void loop()
{ // ZERO
delay(1000);
// Zero off
delay(1000); // ONE

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delay(1000);
//1 off
delay(1000);
//2 0N
delay(1000);
//2 0ff
delay(1000);
//3 0n

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delay(1000);
//3 0ff
delay(1000);
//4 on

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 You can also use IC 7446 which is a BCD to 7
segment decoder by which you can display all
your digits with the combination of four
inputs.Connect the IC as shown below.

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A Buzzer (or Piezo Speaker)
An electrical device that makes a buzzing noise and is
used for signalling.
For this you will need:
 Arduino uno
 Breadboard
 Buzzer / piezo speaker
 100 Ohm resistor (optional)

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Code
void setup()
{
pinMode(7, OUTPUT); // Set buzzer - pin 7 as
an output
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(7, HIGH); // buzzer will on
delay(1000); // buzz for 1 sec
digitalWrite(7,LOW); // buzzer will off
delay(1000); // off for 1 sec
}

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Buzzer With Push Button
For this you will need:
 Arduino uno
 Breadboard
 Buzzer / piezo speaker
 220 Ohm resistor -2 no.
 Push button

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Code
int d=2; // chose the pin which you
have connected to the output of push button
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,INPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
d=digitalRead(2);
if(d==0)
{ digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
}
else
{ digitalWrite(13,LOW);
}
}

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IR Sensor
A sensor is a device which detects or measures a
physical property and records, indicates or otherwise
responds to it. Digital sensors give us output in the
form of HIGH or LOW signal.
When it detects a phenomenon it gives a HIGH output
else a LOW output signal.
Few examples of digital sensors are-IR Sensors, Digital
Sound Sensors, Digital Temperature Sensors etc.
We will interface an Infrared Sensor module.

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i) Working on an IR sensor.
ii) It basically works as an obstacle detector.
iii) Let us learn how to interface an IR
(infrared) sensor.
Components required:
 IR sensor module 1No.
 Arduino UNO 1No
 Connecting wires.
 Breadboard.
 LED

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TASK 1 : Can You Design The Circuit By Code.
Code
int d;
void setup() {
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(16, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
d = digitalRead(16);
if (d == LOW) {
} else {
}
}
Thinking?
. Visit : http://www.karkhana.club/

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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
An LCD screen is an electronic display module having a
flat panel display or we can say it’s an electronically
modulated optical device that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals.

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How to interface an LCD (liquid crystal display) with
ARDUINO ?
We will interface a 16x2(16 columns and 2 rows) LCD.
Other variations are also available like 8x1,10x2 etc.
It is having a wide range of applications; they are also
preferred over 7-segment display as they are cheap,
easily programmable and also have the leverage to
display special characters.

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Now let us interface
Components Required
 16x2 LCD 1No.
 Resistor 560ohms 1No.
 Potentiometer 10k 1No.
 Arduino UNO 1No.
 Few connecting wires
 Breadboard
Follow the image below for circuit connection
reference.

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After making the circuit dump the code given below.
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("WELCOME TO");
lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print("SUDOLEARN TECH");
}
The potentiometer can be used to control the contrast
of your display.
You can use an LCD to display the output of your
projects instead of showing them in the serial monitor,
providing a display to the system will make your system
independent and interactive.

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 Data is transferred in 4 bits to the pins D4-D7.
 LCD has its own controller named Hitachi
HD44780 LCD controller.
Task :
i) Hello word
ii) Multiplication of 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
iii) Passwords (using switch)
iv) Game (football , gun)
Thinking?
Visit : http://karkhanaindia.blogspot.in

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Sensors
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
A light dependent resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a
device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light
sensitive devices. They are also called as photo
conductors, photo conductive cell or simply photocells.

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This is simple arduino project; turn on LED when it's
dark and turn off when is light.
Hardware Required :
 Arduino Uno
 LED
 LDR (photoresistor)
 220 and 10k ohm resistors
 Wires
 Breadboard
 Led

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Code
const int ledPin = 13;
const int ldrPin = A0;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin);
if (ldrStatus <=300) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
Try it yourself:
1. Do same thing with tempaerture sensor
(LM35)

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Ultrasonic sensor
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the
distance to an object by using sound waves. It
measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a
specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to
bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between
the sound wave being generated and the sound wave
bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance
between the sonar sensor and the object.

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The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module has 4 pins, Ground,
VCC, Trig and Echo. The Ground and the VCC pins of
the module needs to be connected to the Ground and
the 5 volts pins on the Arduino Board respectively and
the trig and echo pins to any Digital I/O pin on the
Arduino Board.

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Parts List
- Arduino Board
- Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
- Buzzer
- LED
- 220ohm Resistor
- Breadboard and Jump Wires

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Code Descriptions:
- First you have to define the Trig and Echo pins. In this
case they are the pins number 9 and 10 on the Arduino
Board and they are named trigPin and echoPin. Then
you need a Long variable, named “duration” for
the travel time that you will get from the sensor and an
integer variable for the distance.
- In the setup you have to define the trigPin as an
output and the echoPin as an Input and also start the
serial communication for showing the results on the
serial monitor.
- If the object is 10 cm away from the sensor, and the
speed of the sound is 340 m/s or 0.034 cm/µs the
sound wave will need to travel about 294 u seconds.
But what you will get from the Echo pin will be double
that number because the sound wave needs to travel
forward and bounce backward. So in order to get the
distance in cm we need to multiply the received travel
time value from the echo pin by 0.034 and divide it by
2.

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Get the code :
defines pins numbers
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
const int buzzer = 11;
const int ledPin = 13;
long duration;
int distance;
int safetyDistance;
void setup()
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
// Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
// Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
// Starts the serial communication
}

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void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
//Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
safetyDistance = distance;
if (safetyDistance <= 5){
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}

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LED Brightness Control
Hardware Required
 Arduino or Genuino Board
 LED
 220 ohm resistor
Circuit
Connect the 220 ohm current limiting resistor to digital
pin 9, with an LED in series. The long, positive leg (the
anode) of the LED should be connected to the output
from the resistor, with the shorter, negative leg (the
cathode) connected to ground.
Code it yourself !
Hint : analogWrite(3, x); // Range of x = 0-255
Analog Output Pin on Arduino Uno/Nano/Mini –
3,5,6,9,10 & 11

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Schematic

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Getting Started with Arduino

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