This document describes a system for measuring and controlling water temperature and flow for testing thermal discharge models from power plants. The system uses digital temperature sensors, flow meters, and level sensors along with a PID controller. Measurements are transmitted wirelessly and processed using MATLAB software. Experimental results show the system can control temperature and flow rate to desired set points, helping evaluate environmental impacts of power plant discharge and meet regulatory standards.
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for fla...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Project report on design and fabrication of temperature measurement setupArun Sadvi
The document describes a project report on the design and fabrication of a temperature measurement setup. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on temperature sensors, temperature controllers, interfacing microcontrollers with sensors and displays, procedures, and conclusions. The project involved using a Pt100 platinum resistance temperature sensor, temperature controller, microcontroller, and graphical LCD to measure temperature over time and display the results.
This document provides an overview of industrial temperature measurement. It discusses different temperature scales and units used in engineering. Common temperature measurement devices are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples. RTDs and thermocouples are electrical sensors that change resistance or voltage, respectively, with temperature. Each device type has advantages and limitations for different applications and temperature ranges. Proper setup and wiring is important to reduce measurement errors from reference junctions or lead wire resistances.
This document describes the design and development of a low-cost, portable microcontroller-based hygrometer. The hygrometer uses an HSM-20G sensor module to measure relative humidity and temperature. The sensor outputs analog voltages that are converted to digital values by a PIC16F876A microcontroller and displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. The system is powered by a 9V battery and uses voltage regulators to provide stable 5V power. Programming was done in C language using MikroC Pro to continuously display the humidity and temperature readings from the sensor.
Six's thermometer records maximum and minimum temperatures using a U-shaped glass tube with two scales. Alcohol in one bulb responds to temperature changes and pushes mercury in both scales, allowing small steel markers to record extremes. It indicates current, highest and lowest temperatures since last reset and is used by gardeners to track greenhouse conditions.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors used in engineering applications. It describes contact sensors like thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples which measure temperature by being in direct contact. Non-contact infrared sensors are also discussed which measure the infrared radiation from an object. Various temperature measurement devices and their characteristics like measurement range and accuracy are provided.
ARM Based Climate Controlled Wearable JacketIJTET Journal
Thermo-electric (TE) technology is used in both electricity generation and air-conditioning. The Thermo-electric coolers(TEC) uses Peltier effect which converts the electrical energy applied from the ends of the Thermo-electric module into the temperature difference. The main objective of the work is to design a highly reliable and wearable jacket that controls extreme temperatures say working in thermal power plants, within the jacket. The extreme temperatures can be monitored using temperature sensors placed on both sides of the Thermo-electric cooler module and controlled using ARM LPC2148 Microcontroller. In Industries, this jacket provides a more practical and safer solutions for human working under extreme temperatures. Furthermore, this jacket can also be applied as a good warmer one for human beings working in cold regions(say Polar regions).
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for fla...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Project report on design and fabrication of temperature measurement setupArun Sadvi
The document describes a project report on the design and fabrication of a temperature measurement setup. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on temperature sensors, temperature controllers, interfacing microcontrollers with sensors and displays, procedures, and conclusions. The project involved using a Pt100 platinum resistance temperature sensor, temperature controller, microcontroller, and graphical LCD to measure temperature over time and display the results.
This document provides an overview of industrial temperature measurement. It discusses different temperature scales and units used in engineering. Common temperature measurement devices are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples. RTDs and thermocouples are electrical sensors that change resistance or voltage, respectively, with temperature. Each device type has advantages and limitations for different applications and temperature ranges. Proper setup and wiring is important to reduce measurement errors from reference junctions or lead wire resistances.
This document describes the design and development of a low-cost, portable microcontroller-based hygrometer. The hygrometer uses an HSM-20G sensor module to measure relative humidity and temperature. The sensor outputs analog voltages that are converted to digital values by a PIC16F876A microcontroller and displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. The system is powered by a 9V battery and uses voltage regulators to provide stable 5V power. Programming was done in C language using MikroC Pro to continuously display the humidity and temperature readings from the sensor.
Six's thermometer records maximum and minimum temperatures using a U-shaped glass tube with two scales. Alcohol in one bulb responds to temperature changes and pushes mercury in both scales, allowing small steel markers to record extremes. It indicates current, highest and lowest temperatures since last reset and is used by gardeners to track greenhouse conditions.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors used in engineering applications. It describes contact sensors like thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples which measure temperature by being in direct contact. Non-contact infrared sensors are also discussed which measure the infrared radiation from an object. Various temperature measurement devices and their characteristics like measurement range and accuracy are provided.
ARM Based Climate Controlled Wearable JacketIJTET Journal
Thermo-electric (TE) technology is used in both electricity generation and air-conditioning. The Thermo-electric coolers(TEC) uses Peltier effect which converts the electrical energy applied from the ends of the Thermo-electric module into the temperature difference. The main objective of the work is to design a highly reliable and wearable jacket that controls extreme temperatures say working in thermal power plants, within the jacket. The extreme temperatures can be monitored using temperature sensors placed on both sides of the Thermo-electric cooler module and controlled using ARM LPC2148 Microcontroller. In Industries, this jacket provides a more practical and safer solutions for human working under extreme temperatures. Furthermore, this jacket can also be applied as a good warmer one for human beings working in cold regions(say Polar regions).
This document describes a greenhouse automation system that uses sensors to monitor temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse. A microcontroller compares the sensor readings to predefined thresholds and controls actuators like foggers and sprinklers to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. If thresholds are exceeded, the microcontroller sends a text message notification via a GSM/GPRS module. The system allows remote monitoring and control of multiple greenhouses to improve yields without requiring on-site labor.
You can learn about Vital Signs of Patient,Types of Temperature measurement, Systematic body temperature measurement, Mercury Thermometer, Thermometer, Thermocouple, Thermistor, Resistance calculation formula, Surface Temperature / Skin Temperature measurement, Infrared Thermometer, Thermovision, Thermograph, Thermogram, Coding Task
This document discusses how to properly calibrate an infrared thermometer. It describes the necessary calibration equipment including a thermal radiation source, transfer standard, and mounting device. Two traceability schemes - contact and radiometric - are covered. The calibration procedure is outlined as preparation, setting calibration points, and measuring accurately. Sources of uncertainty like emissivity and distance are evaluated in an uncertainty analysis. Results should be reported with calibration data, uncertainties, and traceability statement. Following best practices can improve infrared thermometer calibration accuracy.
- There are various methods for measuring temperature and heat flux, including expansion thermometers, electrical resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and optical pyrometers.
- Expansion thermometers like liquid-in-glass and bimetallic strip thermometers are inexpensive but not very accurate, while resistance thermometers and thermocouples can more accurately measure a wide range of temperatures.
- Optical pyrometers use radiation to measure temperatures without contact and can measure extremely high temperatures, but require complex installation and maintenance.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors and their working principles. It describes mechanical sensors like thermometers and bimetallic strips, electrical sensors such as thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and wireless sensors like pyrometers. For each sensor type, the document outlines their measurement ranges, costs, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The key purpose is to provide an overview of common temperature measuring sensor technologies.
This document discusses analyzing the error of thermocouples using a controlled temperature profile method. Thermocouples are placed inside a controlled heating profile and their readings are collected over time as the thermocouples degrade. The readings are analyzed using various signal processing techniques like smoothing, FFT filtering, and outlier detection to characterize thermocouple drift and error. Experimental results like temperature readings, outlier detection, and histograms are presented and compared to theoretical models of thermocouple error. The controlled temperature profile method allows more accurate analysis of thermocouple error compared to traditional calibration methods.
The document discusses different types of thermometers - a mercury thermometer used to measure human body temperature, a maximum/minimum thermometer invented by James Six for use in greenhouses, and a digital thermometer circuit that uses a 1N4148 diode as the temperature sensor and a digital multimeter to display the measured temperature.
When we are discussing NTCs we are referring to a type of temperature sensor; an NTC thermistor.
Thermistors are available from Variohm with different resistance values which suit different application requirements and preferences.
This document describes a PIC microcontroller and PC-based system using multiple gas sensors and artificial intelligence techniques for gas identification. Five commercial gas sensors are used to detect methane, carbon monoxide, and LPG at different concentrations and temperatures. The microcontroller collects analog voltage output from the sensors. Artificial neural networks are trained on the sensor data to identify gases based on patterns in responses to varying parameters like concentration, temperature, and load resistance. Experimental results show the sensors have different sensitivities to different gases and temperatures. The neural network approach can accurately predict gas concentrations online based on the sensor behavior patterns extracted during experiments. This system improves gas detection sensitivity and selectivity with high accuracy.
SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING LABVIEWPooja Shukla
This document discusses the design of a temperature sensor circuit using LabVIEW. It contains information about thermistors and how their resistance varies with temperature. The document outlines that the goal is to design the temperature sensor circuit in LabVIEW and analyze temperature variation over time for different applications. It provides details about the front panel and block diagram of LabVIEW programs. Common temperature sensors like thermocouples, thermistors, and silicon sensors are described. Applications of temperature sensors in systems like GPS devices, homes, oil exploration, and electronics are listed.
This document discusses handheld infrared thermometers. It begins with an overview of infrared thermometer principles and how they work by capturing infrared energy emitted from objects. It then discusses advantages like non-contact temperature measurement. Applications are listed in various industries. Key considerations for infrared thermometers like field of view, measurement distance, temperature range, and response time are covered. Finally, it recommends specific infrared temperature sensor and precision instrumentation amplifier parts suited for this application and provides their specifications.
Seminar report on Temperature Measuring DevicesAmbrish Rai
Ambrish Rai submitted a seminar report on temperature measuring instruments to his guide Dr. Sushanta Tripathy. The 3-page report discussed various temperature scales including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It also described common temperature measurement devices such as liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and pyrometers. For each device, the report outlined the basic construction, principles of operation, advantages, and disadvantages.
The document discusses various types of thermometers and pyrometers used to measure temperature. Liquid-in-glass thermometers measure temperature by the expansion and contraction of mercury in a glass tube. Bimetallic thermometers use the different expansion rates of two metals bonded together to indicate temperature. Pressure thermometers measure the thermal expansion of liquids or vapor pressure to determine temperature. Pyrometers measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by hot objects to determine their temperature without direct contact.
This document provides information about temperature transducers. It discusses that a temperature transducer is a device that converts a temperature measurement into another form of energy, such as an electrical signal. It then describes different types of temperature transducers, including resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. For each type, it explains the basic principle of operation, common applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to inform readers about how temperature transducers work and their various uses in fields like manufacturing, heating/cooling systems, and more.
This document describes a project that monitors environmental parameters like temperature and humidity in a greenhouse continuously using Zigbee wireless communication. Sensors send data to a microcontroller which transmits it via XBee transceiver to a PC for monitoring. If parameters exceed thresholds, the PC can control devices like fans and pumps through the microcontroller to regulate the environment. The system aims to remotely monitor and control a greenhouse using low-power wireless communication.
This document presents a simplified thermocouple interface with a linearization circuit. Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors due to their ruggedness and broad temperature range. The paper describes different circuit designs for measuring temperature with a thermocouple, including pure analog, simplified digital, and designs for only hot or cold measurements. It also discusses linearization techniques to convert the non-linear thermocouple voltage output to temperature. Experimental results show the thermocouple output before and after applying linearization, demonstrating improved accuracy.
Fluke offers the latest in non-contact infrared (IR) thermometers (sometimes known as infrared pyrometers) and contact thermometers, probes, accessories, and application expertise for a complete range of temperature applications. Fluke backs all of its handheld thermometers with a no-hassle 2-year warranty and the highest level of customer service.
The system monitors and controls greenhouse parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and sunlight using sensors, an analog-to-digital converter, microcontroller, and actuators. The sensors continuously sense the parameters and send the data to the microcontroller via the ADC. The microcontroller then takes corrective actions like turning on the water pump, cooler, or lights if a parameter exceeds its threshold. An LCD displays the parameter readings and status of the control actions. Test results found the system provides reliable and accurate monitoring and control with low power consumption.
This document provides an overview of various building properties and monitoring and control sub-systems that are important for operating smart buildings effectively. It discusses light control, temperature control, air quality monitoring, security, water monitoring, energy consumption monitoring, appliance control, and potential health monitoring. For each area, it describes the key components and functions, highlighting how monitoring and control can improve occupant comfort while increasing energy efficiency. The document is intended to provide foundational knowledge on building operations for trainees in a smart building operator training program.
This document summarizes a study on fluid flow and heat transfer from multiple circular jets impinging on a flat plate. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using the k-ω SST turbulence model to analyze the flow structure and pressure distribution. Experiments using an oil-lampblack visualization technique were also conducted for comparison. The simulations examined the effects of varying the jet-to-plate spacing ratio (h/d) from 0.5 to 4 and the Reynolds number from 9075 to 13624. It was observed that the flow topology was independent of Reynolds number but depended strongly on h/d. Primary pressure peaks occurred at stagnation points and secondary peaks at wall jet interaction regions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a greenhouse automation system that uses sensors to monitor temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse. A microcontroller compares the sensor readings to predefined thresholds and controls actuators like foggers and sprinklers to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. If thresholds are exceeded, the microcontroller sends a text message notification via a GSM/GPRS module. The system allows remote monitoring and control of multiple greenhouses to improve yields without requiring on-site labor.
You can learn about Vital Signs of Patient,Types of Temperature measurement, Systematic body temperature measurement, Mercury Thermometer, Thermometer, Thermocouple, Thermistor, Resistance calculation formula, Surface Temperature / Skin Temperature measurement, Infrared Thermometer, Thermovision, Thermograph, Thermogram, Coding Task
This document discusses how to properly calibrate an infrared thermometer. It describes the necessary calibration equipment including a thermal radiation source, transfer standard, and mounting device. Two traceability schemes - contact and radiometric - are covered. The calibration procedure is outlined as preparation, setting calibration points, and measuring accurately. Sources of uncertainty like emissivity and distance are evaluated in an uncertainty analysis. Results should be reported with calibration data, uncertainties, and traceability statement. Following best practices can improve infrared thermometer calibration accuracy.
- There are various methods for measuring temperature and heat flux, including expansion thermometers, electrical resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and optical pyrometers.
- Expansion thermometers like liquid-in-glass and bimetallic strip thermometers are inexpensive but not very accurate, while resistance thermometers and thermocouples can more accurately measure a wide range of temperatures.
- Optical pyrometers use radiation to measure temperatures without contact and can measure extremely high temperatures, but require complex installation and maintenance.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors and their working principles. It describes mechanical sensors like thermometers and bimetallic strips, electrical sensors such as thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and wireless sensors like pyrometers. For each sensor type, the document outlines their measurement ranges, costs, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The key purpose is to provide an overview of common temperature measuring sensor technologies.
This document discusses analyzing the error of thermocouples using a controlled temperature profile method. Thermocouples are placed inside a controlled heating profile and their readings are collected over time as the thermocouples degrade. The readings are analyzed using various signal processing techniques like smoothing, FFT filtering, and outlier detection to characterize thermocouple drift and error. Experimental results like temperature readings, outlier detection, and histograms are presented and compared to theoretical models of thermocouple error. The controlled temperature profile method allows more accurate analysis of thermocouple error compared to traditional calibration methods.
The document discusses different types of thermometers - a mercury thermometer used to measure human body temperature, a maximum/minimum thermometer invented by James Six for use in greenhouses, and a digital thermometer circuit that uses a 1N4148 diode as the temperature sensor and a digital multimeter to display the measured temperature.
When we are discussing NTCs we are referring to a type of temperature sensor; an NTC thermistor.
Thermistors are available from Variohm with different resistance values which suit different application requirements and preferences.
This document describes a PIC microcontroller and PC-based system using multiple gas sensors and artificial intelligence techniques for gas identification. Five commercial gas sensors are used to detect methane, carbon monoxide, and LPG at different concentrations and temperatures. The microcontroller collects analog voltage output from the sensors. Artificial neural networks are trained on the sensor data to identify gases based on patterns in responses to varying parameters like concentration, temperature, and load resistance. Experimental results show the sensors have different sensitivities to different gases and temperatures. The neural network approach can accurately predict gas concentrations online based on the sensor behavior patterns extracted during experiments. This system improves gas detection sensitivity and selectivity with high accuracy.
SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING LABVIEWPooja Shukla
This document discusses the design of a temperature sensor circuit using LabVIEW. It contains information about thermistors and how their resistance varies with temperature. The document outlines that the goal is to design the temperature sensor circuit in LabVIEW and analyze temperature variation over time for different applications. It provides details about the front panel and block diagram of LabVIEW programs. Common temperature sensors like thermocouples, thermistors, and silicon sensors are described. Applications of temperature sensors in systems like GPS devices, homes, oil exploration, and electronics are listed.
This document discusses handheld infrared thermometers. It begins with an overview of infrared thermometer principles and how they work by capturing infrared energy emitted from objects. It then discusses advantages like non-contact temperature measurement. Applications are listed in various industries. Key considerations for infrared thermometers like field of view, measurement distance, temperature range, and response time are covered. Finally, it recommends specific infrared temperature sensor and precision instrumentation amplifier parts suited for this application and provides their specifications.
Seminar report on Temperature Measuring DevicesAmbrish Rai
Ambrish Rai submitted a seminar report on temperature measuring instruments to his guide Dr. Sushanta Tripathy. The 3-page report discussed various temperature scales including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It also described common temperature measurement devices such as liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and pyrometers. For each device, the report outlined the basic construction, principles of operation, advantages, and disadvantages.
The document discusses various types of thermometers and pyrometers used to measure temperature. Liquid-in-glass thermometers measure temperature by the expansion and contraction of mercury in a glass tube. Bimetallic thermometers use the different expansion rates of two metals bonded together to indicate temperature. Pressure thermometers measure the thermal expansion of liquids or vapor pressure to determine temperature. Pyrometers measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by hot objects to determine their temperature without direct contact.
This document provides information about temperature transducers. It discusses that a temperature transducer is a device that converts a temperature measurement into another form of energy, such as an electrical signal. It then describes different types of temperature transducers, including resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. For each type, it explains the basic principle of operation, common applications, and advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to inform readers about how temperature transducers work and their various uses in fields like manufacturing, heating/cooling systems, and more.
This document describes a project that monitors environmental parameters like temperature and humidity in a greenhouse continuously using Zigbee wireless communication. Sensors send data to a microcontroller which transmits it via XBee transceiver to a PC for monitoring. If parameters exceed thresholds, the PC can control devices like fans and pumps through the microcontroller to regulate the environment. The system aims to remotely monitor and control a greenhouse using low-power wireless communication.
This document presents a simplified thermocouple interface with a linearization circuit. Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors due to their ruggedness and broad temperature range. The paper describes different circuit designs for measuring temperature with a thermocouple, including pure analog, simplified digital, and designs for only hot or cold measurements. It also discusses linearization techniques to convert the non-linear thermocouple voltage output to temperature. Experimental results show the thermocouple output before and after applying linearization, demonstrating improved accuracy.
Fluke offers the latest in non-contact infrared (IR) thermometers (sometimes known as infrared pyrometers) and contact thermometers, probes, accessories, and application expertise for a complete range of temperature applications. Fluke backs all of its handheld thermometers with a no-hassle 2-year warranty and the highest level of customer service.
The system monitors and controls greenhouse parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and sunlight using sensors, an analog-to-digital converter, microcontroller, and actuators. The sensors continuously sense the parameters and send the data to the microcontroller via the ADC. The microcontroller then takes corrective actions like turning on the water pump, cooler, or lights if a parameter exceeds its threshold. An LCD displays the parameter readings and status of the control actions. Test results found the system provides reliable and accurate monitoring and control with low power consumption.
This document provides an overview of various building properties and monitoring and control sub-systems that are important for operating smart buildings effectively. It discusses light control, temperature control, air quality monitoring, security, water monitoring, energy consumption monitoring, appliance control, and potential health monitoring. For each area, it describes the key components and functions, highlighting how monitoring and control can improve occupant comfort while increasing energy efficiency. The document is intended to provide foundational knowledge on building operations for trainees in a smart building operator training program.
This document summarizes a study on fluid flow and heat transfer from multiple circular jets impinging on a flat plate. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using the k-ω SST turbulence model to analyze the flow structure and pressure distribution. Experiments using an oil-lampblack visualization technique were also conducted for comparison. The simulations examined the effects of varying the jet-to-plate spacing ratio (h/d) from 0.5 to 4 and the Reynolds number from 9075 to 13624. It was observed that the flow topology was independent of Reynolds number but depended strongly on h/d. Primary pressure peaks occurred at stagnation points and secondary peaks at wall jet interaction regions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents an efficient soft set approach for mining association rules that uses an initial support constraint to filter out false frequent items and rarely occurring items. This improves the structure of the dataset and results in faster, more accurate results that use less memory than previous approaches. The improved dataset is transformed into a Boolean-valued information system, allowing it to be represented as a soft set. Association rules are then mined between sets of co-occurring parameters using soft set theory. Experimental results show this approach produces strong association rules faster with the same accuracy using less memory space.
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic and Environmental Impact – ...IJERA Editor
Natural Disaster (Tsunami) and Its Socio Economic And Environmental Impact – A Case Study Of
Kanyakumari Coast”. Kanyakumari is the southernmost district of Tamil Nadu. The software Arc Gis are used
to demarcate the Natural Disaster ( Tsunami) and its socio Economic and Environment Impact. The district lies
between longitudes is 77˚15‟ E 77˚36‟ Eastern longitudes. The Latitudes is 8˚03‟ N to 8˚35‟ Northern
latitudes.The District is bound by Tirunelveli District on the North and the East. The South Eastern boundary is
the Gulf of Manner. On the South and the South West, the boundaries are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.
On the West and Northwest it is bounded by Kerala. The Kanyakumari District total areas area is 1430.3Km.
The Coastal Villages elevations are 5 meter to 50 meter above mean sea level.Tirunelveli linked with the
Kanyakumari city by both road and railways. It is located south of Trichy at distance of 335km .Kanyakumari
was formed 1835 AD. It has an area of 1671.3 Km2 with 16.76 Lakh populations as per 2011 Census. The study
made by the researcher confirmed the various relief measures carried out in the affected areas in general and in
Agashteeshwaram Taluk in Kanyakumari measures be programmed in such a way that they facilities of their
livelihood besides regaining their aspirations of life.
This document proposes a new framework for secure mobile commerce (m-commerce) that combines double layer encryption, steganography, and secure XML messages transferred between a mobile terminal and server. The framework is based on J2ME/MIDP and aims to provide strong security and invisibility while maintaining high operating efficiency and compatibility with many mobile terminals. It encrypts data using an elliptic curve cryptography algorithm and hides the encrypted information in images using random least significant bit steganography before transmitting between devices.
Validation of the Newly Developed Fabric Feel Tester for Its Accuracy and Rep...IJERA Editor
The present paper deals with a comprehensive study of reproducibility of the newly developed instrument to
study fabric handle characteristics using extraction principle. As reported earlier that a new nozzle extraction
method for objective measurement of fabric handle characteristics has been developed. The force exerted by the
fabric being drawn out of the nozzle is known as extraction force and the force exerted by the fabric at the side
wall of the nozzle is known as radial force. A few fabric samples have been tested on this newly developed
instrument and the effect of numbers of tests has been studied. It has been observed that minimum five samples
of a fabric test in this instrument gives lower standard deviation of the test results. Also the overall deviations of
results justified the reproducibility of the instrument and hence the said instrument if validated for its testing
parameters.
A Review: Significant Research on Time And Frequency Synchronization In MIMO ...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a fast and dependable procedure for timing and frequency synchronization of multiple-input
multiple- output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) could be a outstanding technique for high info rate remote transmission. The
execution of OFDM framework is exceptionally touchy to transporter repeat Offset (CFO) that presents between
bearer electric resistances (ICI). Multi data multi yield frame work used for increasing various qualities increase
and limit of the framework. During this space repeat synchronization in associate OFDM framework is
contemplated and gave past work OFDM framework.
Analysis of a Compessor Rotor using Finite Element AnalysisIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the stresses on an axial compressor rotor using finite element analysis. It summarizes the modeling, analysis, and results of analyzing an existing 18-blade rotor model using two materials (chromium steel and titanium alloy), as well as modified 16-blade and 14-blade models using the same materials. Von Mises stresses were lowest for the 14-blade titanium alloy model. The conclusion is that titanium alloy provides better performance than chromium steel, and reducing the number of blades from 18 to 14 further reduces stresses.
SRGM Analyzers Tool of SDLC for Software Improving QualityIJERA Editor
Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to estimate software reliability measures such as
software failure rate, number of remaining faults and software reliability. In this paper, the software analyzers tool proposed
for deriving several software reliability growth models based on Enhanced Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) in
the presence of imperfect debugging and error generation. The proposed models are initially formulated for the case when
there is no differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes and then this extended for the case
when there is a clear differentiation between failure observation and fault removal testing processes. Many Software
Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) have been developed to describe software failures as a random process and can be used
to measure the development status during testing. With SRGM software consultants can easily measure (or evaluate) the
software reliability (or quality) and plot software reliability growth charts.
Graphical Password by Watermarking for securityIJERA Editor
The most common authentication method is to use alphanumerical usernames and passwords. This method has
been shown to have considerable disadvantage. For example, users tend to pick passwords that can be easily
guessed. On the other hand, if a password is very difficult to guess, then it is often difficult to remember. To
address this problem, some researchers have developed authentication methods that use pictures as passwords.
Graphical Password based on the fact that humans tend to remember images better. In this paper, we will
propose a new algorithm that using watermarking technique as the solution to solving image gallery attacks and
using the random character set generation for each image for resistance to shoulder surfing attack to provide
better system security. All the information images in registration phase will be process by copy right protection
of watermarking where the login page will check this information for security purposes.
Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A surveyIJERA Editor
Congestion is a major problem in almost all kinds of wireless networks such as mobile ad-hoc networks; wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). There are variety of applications of WSN such as defense, temperature monitoring,
health monitoring. Congestion occurs in the sensor network because of limited resources such as low processing
power of the sensor node. As all the sensor nodes are battery powered. Hence, congestion in the sensor network
results in waste of energy of sensor nodes. All the layers of protocol suite of the network can be involved in the
congestion control process. This paper gives a brief idea about various congestion control methods. In some of
the schemes, cross-layer design is applied for better results.
A Microcontroller Based Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
A Microcontroller based Intrusion Detection System is designed and implemented. Rampant, Okintrusion to
restricted zones have highlighted the need for embedded systems that can effectively monitor, instantly alert
personnel of any breach in security and retrieve graphic evidence of any such activity in the secured area. At the
heart of the intrusion detection system is the PIC 168F77A Microcontroller that transmits pulses at 38 KHz. It is
suitably interfaced to a GSM modem that can send SMS on sight of infringement and a webcam that can take
snapshots. The report also presents the system software which has been developed in two parts: one in C++
Language using MPLAB KIT and the other written in AT COMMAND resident in the GSM modem. The
system is very cost-effective, uses easily available components and is adaptable to control systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study evaluated methods for in vitro mass propagation of Asclepias curassavica through direct and indirect regeneration. Leaf explants produced the most callus on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. Organogenic callus developed shoots when transferred to MS medium with BAP and GA3. Nodal explants performed better than shoot tips. Among media, L2 medium with KN and auxins produced the most shoots. L2 medium was superior for shoot multiplication and elongation compared to MS medium. This work developed an efficient protocol for micropropagation of this medicinally important plant using nodal explants on L2 medium.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Heat transfer and Marangoni flow in a circular heat pipe using self rewetting...Mohammadreza Bohloul
The document summarizes a study on heat transfer and Marangoni flow in a circular heat pipe using self-rewetting fluids. The heat pipe was tested with pure water and water-butanol solutions as working fluids. Experimental results showed that the heat pipe filled with 7% butanol solution provided up to 25% higher heat transfer compared to pure water. The addition of butanol created a surface tension gradient through the Marangoni effect, enhancing fluid circulation and heat transfer performance of the heat pipe.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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This document summarizes a research paper on the design of a heat pump system using Peltier elements for precise temperature control in a biochemistry analyzer. Key points:
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A digital controller receives input signals measuring properties like impedance, compares the actual values to targets, and sends control signals to adjust components accordingly. It works by measuring the actual state of a device, comparing it to the target state, and taking action to stop or allow heating as needed. Digital controllers offer advantages like flexibility, inexpensive implementation using microcontrollers, and resistance to environmental impacts compared to analog controllers. They are commonly used in industrial heating systems to stably control temperature within safety limits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes a system for controlling the temperature of a shell and tube heat exchanger using a TwinCAT PLC. The system uses sensors to measure the outlet temperature of the tube fluid and a control valve regulates the flow of cold water to maintain the outlet at the setpoint temperature. The TwinCAT PLC implements a control algorithm that compares the measured temperature to the setpoint and sends signals to adjust the control valve position. Testing showed the system successfully maintained the outlet temperature at the desired setpoint. The automated temperature control reduces maintenance costs compared to a non-automated system.
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Temperature Control System Using Pid ControllerMasum Parvej
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Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
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In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
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Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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This document proposes a remote online monitoring system for dams that uses sensors to monitor parameters like temperature, displacement, load, and stress in real-time. The sensor data is sent via GPRS to a computer server where it is stored and analyzed. This allows dam conditions to be monitored centrally without needing manual on-site measurements. The proposed system interfaces sensors with a PIC microcontroller that sends abnormal sensor readings via GPRS. Authorized users can then access the sensor data remotely for monitoring dam safety.
This document proposes a remote online monitoring system for dams that uses sensors to monitor parameters like temperature, displacement, load, and stress in real-time. The sensor data is sent via GPRS to a computer server where it is stored and analyzed. This allows dam conditions to be monitored centrally without needing manual on-site measurements. The proposed system interfaces sensors with a PIC microcontroller that sends abnormal sensor readings via GPRS. Authorized users can then access the sensor data remotely for monitoring dam safety.
A remote online monitoring system for damsudhakar5472
This document proposes a remote online monitoring system for dams that uses sensors to monitor parameters like temperature, displacement, load, and stress in real-time. The sensor data is sent via GPRS to a computer server where it is stored and analyzed. This allows dam conditions to be monitored centrally without needing manual on-site measurements. The proposed system interfaces sensors with a PIC microcontroller that sends abnormal sensor readings via GPRS. Authorized users can then access the sensor data remotely for monitoring dam safety.
This document summarizes a summer placement project at Brunel University involving the development of a temperature monitoring system for a modular flow reactor. The student learned about controlling fluid flow pumps using LabView software. They designed a printed circuit board temperature sensor system using a PIC microcontroller and MCP9700 thermistors. Circuit diagrams and the populated printed circuit board are shown. The system monitors temperature at three locations to improve product homogeneity in the flow reactor.
The document introduces the concept of mechatronics, which combines mechanical, electrical, and software engineering to design smart machines. It discusses the basic elements of a mechatronic system, which include mechanical, electromechanical, electrical/electronic, control/computing hardware, and computer/information systems elements. Examples of mechatronic systems provided include an engine management system and an automobile airbag system that uses MEMS sensors. Real-life applications discussed include a thermostat, washing machine, and CNC machine.
1. Krishna Prasad Dasari, Dr.A.M.Prasad, V.Sai Krishna Prasad / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2198-2202
Water Temperature and Flow control Measurement for Thermal
Discharge Model using PID controller
Krishna Prasad Dasari1 Dr.A.M.Prasad ME,Ph.D2 V.Sai Krishna
Prasad3
Department of ECE, University College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada (JNTUK), Kakinada, India
1. ABSTRACT:
This main aim of this paper is evaluate by heat regression effect due to emission of thermal
the method of environmental impact of power discharge from power plants to surrounding water,
plant discharge by reducing the temperature so the physical model test on the warm water
difference between effluent and costal water and temperature region prediction is very necessary.
flow control. Water temperature control and flow Water temperature is not only an important parameter
control measurement have been designed in for the test, but is also important for the process
advance technology of industrial control area for control. For this experiment, we generally require
thermal discharge model test. Digital temperature sensors to measure temperature, flow rate and this
sensors, level sensors, Flow meters, different automatic synchronized signal is displayed
modulated circuits, dedicated interface are used in at remote place and recorder is also necessary in the
the test and controlling of the system is adopted in test. Besides, model discharge needs to get
software designing and programming. temperature, flow and level in control and not just be
Measurement procedure, data processing and measured. Obviously, mercury thermometers cannot
controlling are done by Proportional – Integral – be competent, but electronic thermometer is suitable.
Derivative (PID) controller. The numerous The general temperature sensors include IC LM35,
analyses of these applications it is shown that thermistor, resistance temperature detector (RTD)
measurement is satisfactory, precise and reliable and thermocouples, etc. However, electronic
meeting the requirement of test. This technology thermometers (including IC shunt sensor) need
can be implemented where the thermal effluent separate signal cable transmission, separate
are discharged in coastal areas. amplification, shaping circuit, A/D converters and
KEYWORDS: Thermal discharge, Temperature multichannel analog switch, this will make hardware
measurement, Flow Control, level measurement, system complex. Let analog circuits and digital
Temperature/Flow control System circuits coexist in one system and the assembly and
commissioning is troublesome and with higher cost
2. INTRODUCTION: and magnetic level sensors are used in order to
A lot of electricity is produced by the measure the level of the liquid at regular intervals.
thermal power plants constructed along the coast.
Every day they are pumping the hundred thousand 3. SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND
tonnage of sea water as heat sink from thermal power OPERATION
plant. Through in this process more number of heat The system design has been adopted with
wastes is emitted to the environment of sea or river. digital temperature sensors, Flow Meters, level
Various human living and industrial activity also sensors with the latest extreme fast control
cause for this thermal discharge. This is not so sever technology several modules computers and dedicated
to aquatic ecological system but also not negligible. interface is shown in the below figure 3.1
Thermal discharge from many factories and plants
along coasts results environmental impact especially
huge power plants has been big issue in the socio-
economic viewpoints of coastal eco-system.
Water temperature is an important factor to
water quality and ecology, which almost affects the
entire physical, chemical and biochemical properties
of water. Large number of thermal pollution is caused
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2. Krishna Prasad Dasari, Dr.A.M.Prasad, V.Sai Krishna Prasad / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2198-2202
Digital temperature sensors, data acquisition
converter, dedicated communication interface, and
computer composed, the temperature measurement
system realized the simultaneous multi-point
temperature values detected of synchronous by the
specific software to complete data sampling, transfer,
display and output of graphics and tables.
B. FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
The Flow rate of the inlet and the discharge
can be measured by venturimeter or Orifice meter
and the differential pressure is calculated and it is
been transmitted to the computer for the comparison
with the set point with is already fed to the computer.
The flow rate and the valve opening/closing depends
upon the level of the heating pool and it is
continuously monitored by the set point given and
been operated by PID Controller.
C. LEVEL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
The level of the system is monitored by
using the magnetic level sensor. The level is
processed by using controller and based on the level
the cooling system is activated and the temperature of
Figure 3.1 the pool is controlled to the required set point. The
level of the system is displayed on the personal
A.WATER TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT computer and the controlling action takes place. The
AND CONTROL cooling system has to work in a condition that it
The digital temperature sensor is a thermal should satisfy the pool temperature with the given set
transistor of temperature measurement. when the point in between the inlet and outlet valves of the
water temperature changes then the sensor detect and pool.
the physical quantity of temperature is converted in
to digital quantity in computer through temperature 4. SOFTWARE DESIGN
sensitive devices and corresponding circuits such as The programming of control system is
analog to digital convertor, controller, data completed in object oriented program it includes two
acquistion. Herewe undergo with a Resistance operations for temperature control and level control,
Temperature detector(RTD) sensor for temperature MATLAB is used in measurement procedure and
measurement which has a range of -202°C to 855°C data processing to communicate between two
and accuracy of 0.1 °C and resolution 0.0625. modules this interface is friendly and easy to operate.
Display of measurement shows each
The system mainly consists of heating pool (hot temperature value measured and all data will be
water) The water temperature of the pool showed by automatically saves in the form of document for easy
temperature sensor and this signal will be compared access, the MATLAB code is used for data
with the experimental reading with was given processing procedures based on the display
computer as a set point, based on the water temperature the temperature is controlled to
temperature the cooling system is switched ON to allowable range, the measured signals are then
reduce the temperature to the required set point. The calculated in computer for data integration after
controlling action is been processed by the controller processing to keep the consistency results.PID
and the final temperature is displayed in the control method is applied to system, this PID is
computer. The Cooling system is been powered with suitable for nonlinear problem with large delay and
the solar panels instead of electric power. The power difference to be simulated in mathematical model.
can be stored in Battery and can be utilized when the
solar power is interrupted. Temperature measurement and control: In this
control it has two modules those are manual and
Data aquistion is intergrates ETRX2(W-PAN) automatic. In manual cooling system, the set point
transreciver module to transmit the data to remote has to be given to the personal computer, so
place through wireless communication this module is according to the input value the cooling system
equiped with power supply. comes into the action. In automatic cooling system, it
operates continuously depending up on the discharge
rate.
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3. Krishna Prasad Dasari, Dr.A.M.Prasad, V.Sai Krishna Prasad / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2198-2202
For France highest Temperature rise is 3°C
Level measurement: In this it consists of two and for Italy highest temperature rise is 3°C, highest
modules those are manual and automatic. In manual temperature is 30°C and highest temperature of out
operation cooling system, the set point has to be fall is 35°C.
given to the personal computer, so according to the India published more perfect standard on the power
input value the cooling system comes into the action. plants thermal discharge. There are also
In automatic cooling system, it operates continuously concentration limit about other pollutants in the
depends up on the discharge rate. thermal discharge. Table II shows Indian power plant
discharge standard of water cooling. Table III shows
Flow measurement and control: In this it consists of Egyptian power plant standard of thermal discharge.
two modules those are manual and automatic. In
manual operation cooling system, the set point has to
be given to the personal computer, so according to
the input value the cooling system comes into the
action. In automatic cooling system, it operates
continuously depends up on the Temperature and
level.
5. FEATURE OF THE SYSTEM
The system is digitally programmed with
multi functional circuit module high integration, light
simple structure and high precision in temperature
measurement.
The way of transmission with data is highly
reliable because it can transmit the data through large
distance without loss of data by using the ETRX2
module.
Using this XFC (extreme fast control)
technology provides a real time control and fast
accurate response. Using XFC technology, I/O
response time ≤ 100μs, XFC components achieves
the cycle time of 50μs in the Windows system, I/O
distributed processing time is 30μs, time stamp and
the over-sampling ensure high precision timing (up
to 10ns). These greatly meet the process control
requirements of real time. Meanwhile, we can
improve the precision and resolution by optimizing
the system cycle, and we can also reduce the
response time and improves the function of the
system. Standard tasks, measurement tasks and fast
control tasks can be executed parallel in hardware
and software platform because XFC are compatible There are some regulations for temperature
with the system. monitored at bay shore plants for intake and
discharge process, in summer months the maximum
6. DATA ANALYSIS intake of plant must be 28.9°C and maximum
The power plant has to sign a protocol with discharge must be 34.3°C and in winter months
local government to reduce influences on marine maximum intake must be 13.8°C and maximum
environment by thermal discharge. The thermal discharge must be 18.1°C, for summer months
discharge standard of MKS Power Plant in America minimum intake must be 17.9°C and minimum
points, temperature-rise of power plant should be less discharge is 21.4°C and in winter months minimum
than 5°C, dissolved oxygen concentration must be intake must is 1.1°C and minimum discharge is
more than 5mg/L, and temperature should be less 3.4°C.
than 28.33°C in summer. Internationally, main
marine countries all made some management
regulations about thermal discharge. Table I shows
limited value of water temperature by some European
countries regulations. Belgium highest temperature is
30-35°C, Holland highest temperature rise is 3°C and
highest temperature out fall is 30°C.
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4. Krishna Prasad Dasari, Dr.A.M.Prasad, V.Sai Krishna Prasad / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2198-2202
regulation on neither aspects such as discharge
intensity and range of mixed zone, nor temperature
rise limit related to regional or ecological features.
7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Temperature control using PID at 35°C
Figure 7.1
The mixing of the discharge to the river or sea is not Flow Control Using PID at 50% Opening
a physical process. But it must be regulatory designed
to discharge the effluent before all the required
standards are met. Reasonable amount of dilution of
thermal water results in minimizing the
environmental effect by mixing zone size. The
'mixing zone' is simply the region within which a
contaminant plume is legally allowed to interact with
the surrounding water. The contaminant may cause
impact to the environment due to presence of heat of
any other chemical effluent.
China hasn’t special standard aiming at
cooling water, but only has clear clauses about water
temperature-rise in some environment regulations.
For example, in “Standard of Surface Water
Environment Quality the Water temperature term
points, “Artificial environmental water temperature
change should be limited under an average of 1°C per
week in summer and 2°C in winter. And in “Sea
Water Quality Standard it is said that Artificial Figure 7.2
Temperature-rise should be no more than 4°C higher
than that place at that time.” However, compared to
foreign related standards, China’s regulations about
water temperature is very general, and has no clear
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5. Krishna Prasad Dasari, Dr.A.M.Prasad, V.Sai Krishna Prasad / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2198-2202
Design of Nuclear Engineering,2007,1:14-
16.
Flow Vs Level [4] Clean Water Act NPDES Permitting
Determinations for Thermal Discharge and
Cooling Water Intake from Mirant Kendall
Station in Cambridge,MA 2004.8.8.
[5]. Wu Xinsheng, Zhou Zhen, Yu Lianqing, and
Chen Fengyu, “Development and
application of control facility of warm-water
discharge in river model test”, Journal of
Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,
Wuhan, vol. 20, pp. 58–60, Oct. 2003. (in
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[6]. He Xicai, Sensor and Its Application Circuit.
Beijing: Electronics Industry Press, 2001.
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Project(ModuleII), Environmental And
Figure 7.3 Social Management Plan
Summary,2005,Feb 4th .
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By using this proposed method we can “Overview of research activities on the
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desired flow rate and we can also measure the level May 1997, pp.109-118.
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affect to marine ecological system", Electric
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reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from hot water version”. In Encyclopedia of Energy
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be proportionally magnified if plants are added and Bisio and S. Boots eds.), John Wiley &
expanded. Sons, New York, 1995. pp.2104-2119.
The system will have a wide range of [12] J.R. Adams, "Ecological investigations
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Operations Section, Annual Meeting, Los
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[1] Wu Xinsheng, Lin Musong, Yao Shiming, [13] Penney T.R., Daniel T.H, “Energy from the
Liao xiaoyong, Huang weidong “Design and ocean: a resource for the future”, Year Book
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