use of renewable energy source(pem fuel cell)

2. Contents:
introduction
components
mechanism
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
conclusion
reference

3. Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy
of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among
the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-
based economy.
Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the
forefront for commercialization for portable and transportation
applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and
low pollutant emission

4. Car Design:

7. Components:
Fuel cell
Hydrogen tank
Electric motor

8. What is Fuel Cell?
Battery that produces electricity
overall reaction: oxidation of a fuel by oxygen
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)
(Hydrogen) Fuel + oxygen  water
Unlimited fuel supply:
reactants continuously
supplied from an external
source (open system)
Also known as flow battery
Used as a stack

9. How fuel cells work ?
Chemistry of fuel cell
At anode:-
2H  4H + 4e
2
At Cathode:-
O + 4H + 4e  2H O
2 2
NET REACTION
2H2 + O2  2H O
2

10. Overview of a Fuel Cell
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte.
Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other,
generating electricity, water and heat.
A fuel cell system which includes a "fuel reformer" can
utilize the hydrogen from any hydrocarbon fuel - from
natural gas to methanol, and even gasoline.

11. Product
FC -H2-251C FC-H2-051C FC-H2-251REF FC-H2-051REF FC-H2-501C
Model
Descriptio Cell 25cm2, Cell 25cm2- Ref., Cell 5cm2- Ref., Cell 50cm2,
Cell 5cm2, H2/Air
n H2/Air H2/Air H2/Air H2/Air
PERFORMANCE*
DC
0.7V 0.7V 0.7V 0.7V 0.7V
Voltage
Current 15A 3A 15A 3A 25A
Nominal
600mA/cm2 at 600mA/cm2 at 600mA/cm2 at 600mA/cm2 at 500mA/cm2 at
Current
0.7V(Cell) 0.7V(Cell) 0.7V(Cell) 0.7V(Cell) 0.7V(Cell)
Density
Nominal
Power 10W 2W 10W 2W 18W
Rating
Output
Operation 0 ~ 12W 0 ~ 2.5W 0 ~ 12W 0 ~ 2.5W 0 ~ 20W
Range
Cell
~45% at 10W ~45% at 2W ~45% at 10W ~45% at 2W ~45% at 18W
Efficiency
Effective
25cm2 5cm2 25cm2 5cm2 50cm2
area of cell
PHYSICAL
Height 8cm 9cm
Width 12cm 15cm
Depth 12cm 15cm
Weight 1kg 2kg

12. Fuel Cell Stack

13. Types of fuel cell
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
Phosphoric acid (PAFC)
Solid Oxide (SOFC)
Alkaline (AFC)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

14. Alkali Fuel Cell:
 compressed hydrogen and oxygen
fuel
 potassium hydroxide (KOH)
electrolyte
 ~70% efficiency
 150˚C - 200˚C operating temp.
 300W to 5kW output
requires pure hydrogen fuel and platinum catylist
liquid filled container → corrosive leaks

15. n Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC):
carbonate salt electrolyte
60 – 80% efficiency
~650˚C operating temp.
cheap nickel electrode catalyst
up to 2 MW constructed, up to 100
MW designs exist
The operating temperature is too hot for many applications.
carbonate ions are consumed in the reaction → inject CO 2 to
compensate

16. phoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC):
phosphoric acid electrolyte
40 – 80% efficiency
150˚C - 200˚C operating temp
11 MW units have been tested
sulpher free gasoline can be used as a
fuel
The electrolyte is very corrosive
Platinum catalyst is very expensive

17. n Exchange Membrane (PEM):
thin permeable polymer sheet
electrolyte
40 – 50% efficiency
50 – 250 kW
80˚C operating temperature
electrolyte will not leak or crack
temperature good for home or vehicle use
platinum catalyst on both sides of membrane

18. d Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC):
hard ceramic oxide electrolyte
~60% efficient
~1000˚C operating temperature
cells output up to 100 kW
high temp / catalyst can extract the hydrogen from the fuel at the electrode
high temp allows for power generation using the heat, but limits use
SOFC units are very large
solid electrolyte won’t leak, but can crack

20. PEM Fuel Cell:
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane FC
- consists of an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode
(negative electrode) and a cathode (positive electrode).
Description
- a thin, solid, organic compound, typically the consistency of plastic wrap and
about as thick as 2 to 7 sheets of paper. This membrane functions as an
electrolyte: allows the solution to conduct electricity
Concept
PEM fuel cells work with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a thin,
permeable sheet and allow hydrogen protons to pass through but prohibit
the passage of electrons and heavier gases.

21. PEM Fuel Cell Basics:
1
Fuel cells are operationally equivalent to a battery.
4
2 Low temperature; Polymer Electrolyte
The reactants or fuel in a fuel cell can Membrane (PEM) type cells are the
be replaced unlike a standard standard devices.
disposable or rechargeable battery.
5 For automotive applications
3 hydrogen is the fuel choice.
Theoretically the maximum voltage that
this reaction can generate is 1.2 V.
However, in practice the cell usually 6
generates about 0.7 V to 0.9 V and Electrochemical energy comes
about 1 W cm-2 of power. from the reaction: ½ H2 +
½ O2 → H2O.

22. Solid organic polymer
poly(perfluorosulfunic 50 - 100°C
acid) Operating 122 – 212°F
Electrolyte
Temp.
System
Output 53 – 58%
(transportation)
1KW – 250 KW 25 – 35%
Electrical (stationary)
Eff.
70 – 90%
(low grade waste
heat)
CHP
Eff.

23. Basic Elements of PEMFC
-It conducts the electrons that are freed from the
hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an
Anode external circuit.
-It has channels etched into it that disperse the
hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the catalyst.
-has channels etched into it that distribute the oxygen
to the surface of the catalyst.
Cathode
-conducts the electrons back from the external circuit
to the catalyst, where they can recombine with the
hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water
Anode Reaction Cathode Reaction
H2 → 2H+ + 2e- O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O

24. Basic Elements of PEMFC
-This specially treated material, which looks something
Electrolyte like ordinary kitchen plastic wrap, only conducts
positively charged ions.
- The membrane blocks electrons.
- It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly
coated onto carbon paper or cloth.
- The catalyst is rough and porous so that the
Catalyst maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed
to the hydrogen or oxygen.
- The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the
PEM.

25. How a PEM Fuel Cell Works?

26. How a PEM Fuel System Works?

27. The Current PEM Market
Portable 63% 2% Large
Stationary
16% Small
Buses 3% Stationary
Light
Duty Niche
10% 6%
Devices Transportation
Total Number of PEM Units Installed Globally By Application

28. •Hydrogen tank is used to store the compressed hydrogen gas at
high pressure
•Generally four types of hydrogen tanks are being used
•Metal tank(steel, (200bar to 2900 psi) , aluminum,(175bar to
2538 psi)
•Metal tank(aluminum)with filament windings like glass,
(263bar to 3814psi) and carbon fiber, (299bar to 4423 psi).
•Tank made of composite materials.(305bar to 4423 psi)
•Composite tanks such as carbon fiber with a polymer liner.
(661bar to 9586psi)

29. Pressure regulator:

31. INTRODUCTION:
A dc motor is a machine which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.

32. 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
When ever a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, it experienced a force whose direction is
given by fleming’s left hand rule( also called motor rule)
It shows the field set up by the poles.
It shows the conductor field due to flow of current in the
conductor.

33. 4.TYPES OF DC MOTOR
1. Series DC motor
2. Shunt DC motor
3. Compound DC motor

34. 1. Series DC motor

35. 2. SHUNT DC MOTOR

36. 3. Compound DC motor

38. What is a Mechanism?
A mechanism is the part of a machine which contains
two or more pieces arranged so that the motion of
one compels the motion of the others.
Generally used to:
Change the direction of movement
Change the type of movement
Change the speed of movement
Change the amount of torque or force available to do
work

39. Front-wheel drive .
*The FWD platform is
used in many reliable
vehicles ,such as a
Honda Accord or Toyota
Camry.
* FWD mean that the two
forward vehicles are
responsible for moving
the car .

41. PARTS OF FWD:
1-gear box.
it take the motion from the
engine and we can modify the
received velocity on it
2-differential.
it is apart mounted by bolts
downward the gear box and take
the output motion from the gear
box and deliver it to the drive
shafts (CV joints).
3-drive shafts.
it take the motion from the
differential to the two vehicles.

42. Working:

43. Advantages:
No pollutants
There is no combustion
Eco friendly to nature
Low cost fuel used
Less moving parts

44. Dis advantages:
High manufacturing cost
Needs pure hydrogen
If single cell is damaged whole stack should be
inspected

45. Applications:
fuel cell is being used in transportation
It is used in power generation plant (480MW power plant in u
s)

46. Conclusion:

47. References
(1)FAQ section, fuelcells.org
(2) Long Island Power Authority
press release: Plug Power Fuel
Cell Installed at McDonald’s
Restaurant, LIPA to
Install 45 More Fuel Cells
Across Long Island, Including Homes,
http://www.lipower.org/newscent
er/pr/2003/feb26.fuelcell.html
(3) Proceedings of the 2000 DOE
Hydrogen Program Review: Analysis
of Residential Fuel Cell Systems &
PNGV
Fuel Cell Vehicles,
http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydroge
(2)www.fueelcellenergy.com
(3)Figures
1, 3 http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/elec