A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity, which powers an electric motor for propulsion, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct. Hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) serves as the primary fuel that powers the vehicle. In a fuel cell, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air in an electrochemical process, producing electricity, water vapor, and heat. This electricity is then used to power the electric motor that drives the vehicle. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells offers a clean energy alternative, as the only emission from this process is water, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to traditional fossil fuels. Fuel cells are known for their high efficiency, low emissions, and quiet operation, making them attractive for a wide range of applications, including transportation (such as hydrogen-powered vehicles), stationary power generation, and portable electronics.

1. FUEL CELL VEHICLE
Mr. Prajwal S
PRAVIN MOIRANGTHEM 1AY20AU011
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON
GUIDED BY
BY
20-05-2024
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2. • Definition of fuel cells.
• A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from
a fuel, typically hydrogen, into electricity through an
electrochemical reaction with an oxidizing agent, typically
oxygen or air.
• This process involves the conversion of fuel and oxidant into
water, heat, and electricity, with no combustion occurring.
Fuel cells operate based on the principle of electrochemical
reactions occurring at electrodes, where fuel is oxidized at
the anode and oxidant is reduced at the cathode, while ions
transfer through an electrolyte.
• The electricity generated by fuel cells can be used to power
various devices, from small electronics to vehicles, with high
efficiency and low emissions.
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3.  A fuel cell is a galvanic cell in which the chemical
energy of a fuel is converted directly into electrical
energy by means of electrochemical processes.
 A fuel cell consists of an anode and a cathode,
similar to a battery. The fuel supplied to the cell is
hydrogen and oxygen.
 The concept of fuel cell is the opposite of
electrolysis of water, where hydrogen and oxygen
are combined to form electricity and water.
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4. 20-05-2024 4

5. Different Types of Fuel Cells include:
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03
Phosphoric Acid
(PAFC
05
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
04
Alkaline (AFC)
06
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
01
Direct Methanol
(DMFC)
02
Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane (PEMFC)

6.  operates at relatively low temperatures (typically below
100°C)
 directly converts methanol fuel into electricity through an
electrochemical reaction.
 Methanol is supplied to the anode, where it undergoes
oxidation, releasing protons and electrons.
 At the cathode, oxygen (typically from air) combines with
the protons and electrons to produce water as a
byproduct.
 DMFCs are particularly suitable for portable and small-
scale applications due to their high energy density and
ease of fuel storage.
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Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC):

7. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
(PEMFC):
 uses a polymer electrolyte membrane
(PEM) as the electrolyte.
 Hydrogen is supplied to the anode where it
is oxidized, releasing protons and
electrons.
 The protons migrate through the PEM to
the cathode, while the electrons flow
through an external circuit, generating
electricity.
 At the cathode, oxygen (from air) combines
with the protons and electrons to produce
water as a byproduct.
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8. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC):
 operates at high temperatures (typically between
500°C and 1000°C) and
 uses a solid ceramic electrolyte
 It can directly convert various fuels, including
hydrogen, natural gas, and methane, into
electricity through an electrochemical reaction.
 At the anode, fuel is oxidized, releasing electrons.
 oxygen ions migrate through the electrolyte to the
cathode.
 At the cathode, oxygen combines with the
electrons and any remaining fuel to produce water
and/or carbon dioxide.
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9.  operates at high temperatures (typically
between 600°C and 700°C) and
 uses a molten carbonate electrolyte, typically
a mixture of lithium carbonate and
potassium carbonate.
 Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are supplied to
the anode, where hydrogen is oxidized,
releasing electrons.
 carbonate ions migrate through the
electrolyte to the cathode.
 At the cathode, oxygen combines with the
electrons and carbonate ions to produce
water, carbon dioxide, and heat.
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10. PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL
(PAFC):
 operates at relatively moderate temperatures
(typically between 150°C and 220°C) and
 uses phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, typically
immobilized in a porous matrix.
 Hydrogen is supplied to the anode, where it is
oxidized, releasing electrons.
 protons migrate through the electrolyte to the
cathode.
 At the cathode, oxygen combines with the
protons and electrons to produce water.
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11. ALKALINE FUEL CELL (AFC):
 operates at relatively low temperatures
(typically below 100°C) and
 uses an alkaline electrolyte, typically
potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.
 Hydrogen is supplied to the anode, where it
is oxidized, releasing electrons.
 The electrons flow through an external
circuit, generating electricity, while
hydroxide ions migrate through the
electrolyte to the cathode
 At the cathode, oxygen combines with the
hydroxide ions and electrons to produce
water.
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12. Cell Name Electrolyte
Electrolyte
Type
Anode Fuel
Operating
Temperature
(oC)
Power
(kW)
Starting
Time
Suitable for
Overall
Efficiency
(%)
Direct Methanol (DMFC) Methanol Liquid
Methanol
+
Deionized
Water
· Methanol 30 – 130 .025-5 <1m
· Portable
devices
30-40
Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane (PEMFC)
Polymer Membrane Solid Platinum · Hydrogen
80-100
.12-5 <1m
· Cars
30-40
Up to 200
· Trucks
· Buses
Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Phosphoric Acid Liquid Platinum
· Hydrogen ·
Methanol
150-200 100-400 n/a
· Buildings
40-50
· Hotels
· Utilities
Alkaline (AFC)
Potassium Hydroxide
(KOH)
Liquid
Platinum
or Carbon
· Hydrogen,
·Ammonia
60-70 0.5-200 <1m
· Primary
Generator,
UPS,
· Backup
Power
Supply
60-70
Solid Oxide (SOFC)
Yttria-Stabilized
Zirconia (YSZ)
Solid
Steel or
Nickel
Natural Gas,
Methanol,
Coal, BioGas
500-1000 0.01-2000 60m
· Power
Plants
60
Molten Carbonate
(MCFC)
Molten Carbonate Solid Ceramic
Natural Gas,
Methanol,
Coal, BioGas
650 Oct-00 10m · Utilities 50
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13.  The first fuel cells were invented by Sir William
Grove in 1838.
 The first commercial use of fuel cells came
almost a century later following the invention of
the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell by Francis
Thomas Bacon in 1932.
 The alkaline fuel cell, also known as the Bacon
fuel cell after its inventor, has been used in
NASA space programs since the mid-1960s to
generate power for satellites and space capsules.
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Sketch of Sir William Grove's
1839 fuel cell

14.  The first references to hydrogen fuel cells appeared
in 1838.
 In a letter dated October 1838 but published in the
December 1838 edition of The London and
Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
Science, Welsh physicist and barrister Sir William
Grove wrote about the development of his first
crude fuel cells.
 He used a combination of sheet iron, copper, and
porcelain plates, and a solution of sulphate of
copper and dilute acid.
 Grove later sketched his design, in 1842, in the
same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar
materials to today's phosphoric acid fuel cell.
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Sir William Grove

15.  Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are similar in operation
to BEVs except for the source of energy.
 Hydrogen fuel and the fuel cell replace the battery.
 The process of conversion is taken place by taking
compressed hydrogen from the vehicle-mounted tank and
mixing it with the atmospheric air that produces DC
electricity to drive the electric motor and the water is
produced as a by-product which is exhausted through the
tailpipe.
 The FCEV is environmentally friendly because no carbon is
involved in the fuel and hence no carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, or hydrocarbons are emitted.
 In addition, there is no combustion is involved in the
conversion process, and no high temperatures are involved.
A schematic diagram of a FCEV is shown in Fig
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16.  Efficiency: ICE vehicles have a 30% efficiency, while BEVs have an 80% efficiency.
 Emissions: ICE vehicles emit greenhouse gases, while BEVs have no tailpipe emissions.
 Charging time: ICE vehicles have a short refilling time of less than 5 minutes, while BEVs have
a long charging time of 0.5 to 8 hours.
 Range: ICE vehicles can travel more than 600 km per fill, while BEVs can travel less than 250
km per charge.
 Energy density: BEVs have lower energy density batteries, while ICEs have fuels with high
energy density.
 Torque delivery: BEVs deliver maximum torque instantaneously from zero RPM, while ICEs
require complex gear systems to handle power and torque across various speeds.
 Maintenance: EVs may require less frequent ongoing maintenance and may have lower routine
maintenance costs than ICE vehicles.
 Driving experience: EVs offer a green alternative with lower emissions, lower operating costs
and a quieter driving experience.
 Infrastructure: ICE engines offer a long-established infrastructure.
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17. 20-05-2024 17
1 Fuel Cell Stack
2
Hydrogen
Storage
System
3
Hydrogen
reformer
4
Power
Electronics
5 Electric
Motor
6
Energy Storage
System

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Toyota Mirai
(JPD10)
Maxus
FCV80
NE Train Hyundai
Xcient
Toyota Sora Yamaha FC-
me
Element
One

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21. 20-05-2024 21

22. 20-05-2024 22

23. 20-05-2024 23
Storage
Safety
Cost
Infrastructure
Material Compatibility

24. 20-05-2024 24

25. 20-05-2024 25
• Zero emissions
• No greenhouse gases
• Particulate matter
Environmenta
l Benefits
• Higher energy conversion efficiencies
• Reduced fuel consumption
• Lower operating costs
Energy
Efficiency
• Operate silently
Quiet
Operation
• Easily scaled up or down
• Provides versatility across various applications
Scalability
• Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
• Alternative energy source
• Enhance energy security
Energy
Independence

26. • DISADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS COMPARED TO
OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL TECHNOLOGIES
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
Cost
More expensive to
manufacture and
operate
Supply Chain
Dependencies
Supply chain
dependencies and
potential cost
fluctuations.
Durability and
Lifespan
Limited
Infrastructure
.
Hydrogen Storage
Challenges
Sensitivity to
Operating
Conditions
temperature, humidity,
and fuel quality requires
careful control.
Lack of widespread refueling
stations and distribution
networks
catalyst degradation,
membrane degradation,
and system degradation
over time
Transporting hydrogen
safely and efficiently poses
challenges due to low
density
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27. ONGOING RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT TO ADDRESS THESE
CHALLENGES:
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•Researchers are exploring novel materials, manufacturing
techniques, and system designs to lower the cost of fuel cell
systems and components.
•Cost
Reduction:
Efforts are underway to expand hydrogen infrastructure,
including the development of hydrogen refueling stations and
distribution networks, to support the widespread adoption of fuel
cell vehicles and stationary applications.
Infrastructure
Expansion:
Ongoing research focuses on enhancing fuel cell durability and
lifespan through the development of more robust materials,
advanced catalysts, and improved system designs.
Durability
Improvement:
Scientists are investigating new hydrogen storage technologies,
such as solid-state storage, chemical hydrides, and carbon-based
materials, to improve hydrogen storage efficiency and safety.
Hydrogen
Storage
Innovation:
Research efforts aim to optimize fuel cell performance under
various operating conditions by improving electrode materials,
membrane designs, and system control algorithms
Performance
Optimization:

28. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES AND POLICIES
SUPPORTING FUEL CELL VEHICLE
ADOPTION.
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• A government-backed subsidy scheme that promotes the adoption of
electric vehicles in India
•FAME India Scheme:
• A policy that supports hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
National Hydrogen Energy
Mission:
• A policy that supports hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
GHPO:
• A scheme that accelerates the domestic manufacturing of electric and
fuel cell vehicles
Production-linked incentive
(PLI) scheme:
• A federal tax credit of up to $7500 per vehicle since 2010
Tax credit for new EV
purchasers:
• A tax incentive of USD 0.50 per gallon for liquefied hydrogen used to fuel
and operate an FCEV
Alternative Fuel Excise
Tax:
• A policy that boosts the sales of electric vehicles
Battery-swapping policy:
•A government-industry partnership that aims to reduce petroleum
consumption in the transportation sector by advancing the use of
alternative fuels and vehicles
Clean Cities Coalition
Network:
• A tax deduction of up to Rs 150,000 under Section 80EEB
Upfront incentives from
Government to EV owners:

29. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS ON
THE HORIZON FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
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01
• Enhancing fuel cell efficiency through advancements
in catalyst materials, membrane designs, and system
optimization techniques
02
03
• Exploring novel hydrogen storage technologies, such
as solid-state storage and chemical hydrides, to
overcome challenges related to hydrogen storage
density and safety.
04
• Deployment of hydrogen refueling stations and
distribution networks, to support the widespread
adoption of fuel cell vehicles.
• Improved
Efficiency
• Durability
Enhancements
• Innovations in materials science and manufacturing
processes aim to improve fuel cell durability and
lifespan, reducing maintenance costs and increasing
reliability.
• Hydrogen
Storage
Innovations
• Infrastructu
re
Developme
nt

30. MARKET TRENDS AND GROWTH
PROJECTIONS FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
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Increasing Adoption
Collaboration and
Partnerships
Market Expansion
Government
Support
Fuel cell vehicles as a
clean and sustainable
transportation solution.
Automotive manufacturers,
energy companies, and
government agencies are
collaborating to accelerate
the development and
deployment of fuel cell
vehicles
significant growth potential
for fuel cell vehicles in
various sectors, including
passenger cars, commercial
vehicles, and heavy-duty
transportation
Many governments around the
world are implementing
policies, incentives, and
funding programs to support
the development, deployment,
and adoption of fuel cell
vehicles and hydrogen
infrastructure

31. POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY FOR FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
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Fuel cell vehicles have the potential to disrupt
the automotive industry by offering a clean and
sustainable alternative to conventional internal
combustion engine vehicles, leading to a shift in
consumer preferences and market dynamics.
Disruption and
Transformation:
Automotive manufacturers are diversifying
their product portfolios to include fuel cell
vehicles alongside traditional gasoline and
electric vehicles, catering to a broader range of
customer needs and preferences.
Diversification of
Product Offerings:
The growing demand for fuel cell vehicles and
hydrogen infrastructure presents opportunities
for suppliers and manufacturers across the
automotive supply chain, from component
suppliers to infrastructure developers.
Supply Chain
Opportunities:
The widespread adoption of fuel cell vehicles
can contribute to economic growth, job creation,
and environmental sustainability by reducing
dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Economic and
Environmental
Benefits

32.  Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
have been successfully
implemented in many
industries,
including transportation,
public transportation, and
personal vehicles. As of
June 2018, over 6,500
FCVs had been sold to
consumers, with California
leading the market
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• Public transportation
Hydrogen fuel cell buses are being used in parts
of Europe and the US. As of 2020, 5,648
hydrogen fuel cell buses were in use around the
world, with 93.7% of them in China.
• Personal vehicles
Nine of the major auto manufacturers are
developing hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles
(HFCEVs) for personal use. Some models
available include Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Nexo,
Honda Clarity, Mercedes-Benz GLC FCEV,
Nissan X-Trail FCEV, and Riversimple RASA.
• Trains
Hydrogen fuel cell trains have
appeared in Germany, the UK,
Japan, and South Korea

33. 1.Toyota Motor Corporation:
1. Toyota has been a pioneer in fuel cell technology, developing the Toyota
Mirai, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) that emits only water vapor.
2.Hyundai Motor Company:
1. Hyundai has also invested in fuel cell technology, producing the Hyundai
Nexo, another hydrogen fuel cell vehicle.
3.Nikola Corporation:
1. Nikola Corporation focuses on hydrogen fuel cell technology for heavy-duty
transportation applications, such as trucks and buses.
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Prominent companies in this market include Bloom Energy (US), Doosan Fuel
Cell Co., Ltd. (South Korea), Aisin Corporation (Japan), Plug Power Inc. (US),
and KYOCERA Corporation (Japan).

34.  In conclusion, fuel cell vehicles represent a promising
future for sustainable transportation. With continued
advancements in technology, infrastructure development,
and collaborative efforts, fuel cell vehicles are poised to play
a significant role in shaping the next generation of
automotive mobility.
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