Disaster management includes activities taken before, during, and after a disaster to minimize impacts. It involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation aims to minimize disaster impacts through measures like building codes. Preparedness includes developing response plans and training. Response entails initial actions to minimize hazards, like evacuation. Recovery returns the community to normal through rehabilitation and reconstruction. Effective disaster management requires assessments to understand damage and needs, as well as strategies for temporary sheltering, permanent housing reconstruction, and mitigation of future risks.

1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

2. • includes sum total of all activities, programmes and
measures which can be taken up before , during
and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a
disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses.

4. • Mitigation: Measures to minimize the impacts
o Like: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
• Preparedness: Planning how to respond
o like: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
• Response: Initial actions taken to minimize the
hazards
o like: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.
• Recovery: Returning the community to normal
o like: rehabilitation and reconstruction

5. • the actions taken to save lives and property and
prevent further damage
• putting preparedness plans into action
o search and rescue
o immediate medical help and lifesupport
o assisting refugees with transport
o food ,clothing& temporary shelter
o initial repairs to damaged infrastructure
o Preventing immediate disaster
o damage assessment

6. • Aims of disaster response
o To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping
them in the best possible health in the circumstances.
o To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible
for all population groups, with special attention to the most vulnerable
and underprivileged.
o To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable
economic activities.

7. • Disaster Response Activities
• Warning- information concerning the nature of the
danger and imminent disaster threats, to evacuate
or secure property and prevent further damage.
• Evacuation and migration-relocation of a
population from zones at risk of an imminent disaster
to a safer location for protection of life of the
community and immediate treatment of injured.
o For evacuation to work there must be:
o A timely and accurate warning system,
o Clear identification of escape routes,
o community awareness of the plan

8. • Search and rescue (SAR)-process of identifying the location of disaster
victims that may be trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and
medical attention
o Mountain rescue -in rugged and mountainous terrain
o Ground search and rescue-for persons who are lost or in distress on land
or inland waterways
o Urban search and rescue-location and rescue of persons from collapsed
buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments

9. o Combat search and rescue-carried out during war
o Air-sea rescue -combined use of aircraft like flying boats, helicopters and
surface vessels
• Post-disaster assessment-to provide a clear,
concise picture of the post-disaster situation, to
identify relief needs and to develop strategies for
recovery.

10. • Relief-provision of material aid and emergency
medical care necessary to save and preserve
human lives.
• also enables families to meet their basic needs for
medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water,
and food
• Logistics and supply-well-organized supply service
for handling the procurement, storage, and
dispatch of relief supplies for distribution to disaster
victims.
• Communication and information management-the
equipment for information flow & information
management

11. • Survivor response and coping
• Security
• protection of the human rights and safety of
displaced populations and refugees

12. • the actions taken to return the community to
normal or better following a disaster.
• decisions and actions relative to rebuilding homes,
replacing property, resuming employment, restoring
businesses, and permanently repairing and
rebuilding infrastructure
o Initial Response (1-7 days)
o Mid-Term Planning (7-30 days)
o Long-Term Reconstruction (Several Years)

13. • short-term and long-term.
o Short-term recovery
o restore interrupted utility services, clear roads, and either fix or demolish
severely damaged buildings.
o provide food and temporary shelter
o Physical and Psychological recovery
o Long-term recovery -the complete redevelopment of damaged areas,
restoring economic activity, community facilities and individual housing.

15. • The Recovery Plan
o Gathering basic information
o Organizing recovery
o Mobilizing resources for recovery
o Administering recovery
o Regulating recovery
o Coordinating recovery activities
o Evaluating recovery

16. Post Disaster Assessment
• Purpose of assessment
• identification and prioritization of needs for disaster
relief assistance and to facilitate a timely,
appropriate response and recovery
• help determine the extent of a disaster and its
impact on the population and facilities
• Types of assessment
o Initial or Rapid Assessment-response stage
o In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment-long term recovery (15days-1month)
o Impact Assessment
o Needs Assessment

17. • Initial or Rapid Assessment
• comprises both situation and needs
assessment in the early, critical stage of
disaster to determine the type of relief
needed for immediate response.
• aim to:
o Identify the impact a disaster has had on a society and its infrastructure,
and the ability of that society to cope
o Identify the most vulnerable segments of the population that need to be
targeted for assistance;
o Identify the level of response by the affected country and its internal
capacity to cope with the situation;
o Identify the level of response from the international community

18. o Identify the most urgent relief needs and potential methods of providing
them most effectively;
o Make recommendations which define and set priorities on the actions
and resources needed for immediate response
o Highlight special concerns regarding the development of the situation
o Draw attention to geographical areas / substantive sectors needing in-
depth assessment

19. • In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment
o To determine long term recovery and development requirements
o Housing and infrastructures, livelihoods, environment and psycho social
aspects
o Identify needs for external assistance

20. • Impact Assessment
o process of collecting information on the magnitude of the disaster and
the extent of its impact on both the population and infrastructure of the
society
o The area affected by location and size
o Causes of causalities and damage
o Human loss and causalities
o Damage on infrastructure and environment
o Environmental, health and sanitation threats
o govt and other agencies and their activities and capacity

21. • Needs Assessment
o the level and type of assistance required for the affected population
o identifies resources and services for immediate emergency measures to
save and sustain the lives of the affected population.
o Needs that can be met from within the community and require external
assistance
o conducted at the site of a disaster or at the location of a displaced
population.

22. Assessment Process
• Human loss and damage
o Deaths
o Permanent disabilities
o Major injuries
o Minor injuries and missing
• Assessment Methodology
o Informal discussions
o Secondary sources

23. • Damage to housing
o Completely destroyed/ beyond repair
o Partially damaged/ repairable
o Minor damage
o Undamaged
• Data assessed
o Geographic location
o Urban / rural
o Size
o Typology on the basis of design and structural
system
o Types of ownership & functional usage
o Average dwelling size,no. of inhabitants per
dwelling
o Status of house

24. • Assessment Methodology
o Village Transect- comparative overview of different parts of community

25. • Habitat Mapping

26. • Photographic Information
• Household level Survey-Two types
• Damage category and types of construction
materials

27. • Technical details of damage

28. • Damage to community infrastructures
• Methodology
o Infrastructure mapping
o Village level Survey
o Photographic Information
• Environmental damage
o Landform change
o Change in natural drainage
o Soil degradation
o Destruction of vegetation
o Water contamination
o Loss of flora and fauna

29. • Methodology
o Resource mapping
o Village Transect
o Village survey
• Damage to Livelihood
o Loss to means and assets
o Employment and Income
• Methodology
o Wealth Ranking
o Occupational network analysis
o Livelihood survey-nature of assets like land, house, livestock

30. • Health Damage
• Due to site conditions, population concentration,
contaminated water, lack of sanitation, lack of
nutrition, etc
• Methodology
o Community Health Surveillance: type, magnitude and pattern and trend
of health problems through monitoring
o Mobility map for health services
o Health Risk Mapping

32. • Health Risk Mapping

33. • Psycho social impact
o Psychological disorders
o PTSD-Post traumatic stress disorder-panic reactions, withdrawal from daily
activities, outburst
• Methodology
o Listening and observing
o Symptom prevalence matrix
o Case card
• Women in Disaster

34. • House hold Survey
• Informal survey-field visit survey
• Formal survey
o Simple random sampling
o Systematic random sampling
o Stratified random sampling
o Cluster sampling

35. SHELTER RECONSTRUCTION
STRATEGY Recovery
shelter/housing
Early
Recover
Emergency y shelter
Self shelter
recover
y
•Reception and transit camps- 1-5 days
•Emergency Shelters/Temporary shelters- day 5-3 month(
rehabilitation)
•Permanent Housing- 3months-3 years( reconstruction)

36. • Emergency Shelters/ Temporary shelters
• during the period between disaster and the
achievement of a durable shelter solution
• Aim
o protection and security
o survival and health
o social needs, such as privacy and dignity
o livelihoods
o natural-resource management
o communal service infrastructure.

37. • Types
odispersed settlement/host families-
pre-existing households.
omass shelter- public buildings and
community Facilities
ocamps:
• (a) spontaneous -formed without adequate
planning
• (b)planned-purpose built
• dispersed settlement
o May not exist in affected areas
o Relocated people are scattered
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation

38. • mass shelter-
o Cheaper
o May not exist in affected areas
o they can quickly become overcrowded
o sanitation and other services can become overburdened
o equipment and structure can be damaged
o buildings are no longer available for their original purpose
o lack of privacy and increased protection risks.
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation
• spontaneous -formed without adequate plan
o re-location, as early as possible, to well-identified site
o High density, overburden on resources

39. • Criteria for planned shelters:
o protection from an immediate danger
o Quick to supply
o Low cost
o Buildable- Small and light unit size
o Adaptable-Flexible, Cultural Acceptance
o Relief motivated but development driven
o minimization of environmental impact
o Durability- Fire resistance

40. • Types of shelter system:
• In-situ construction-locally available materials and
techniques
o Can evolve to permanent housing
o Flexibility in location, materials, style
o Community involvement
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Draining of resources

41. • Prefabricated
o Modular,Standard specifications
o Can be built in large quantities offsite
o Easy to keep track of relocated people
o Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social networks)
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Low quality and lack of comfort
o Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes
o If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum

42. • Standards for construction
o accommodation: in barracks, communal tents with minimum of 3.0
m2per person
o sanitation: 20 persons per latrine, 50persons per shower,
o water supply: absolute minimum provision of 7 litres/person/day plus
water required for kitchens, cleaning and sanitation;
o food preparation: approximately 100 m2 per 500 persons;
o storage: 150 to 200 m3 per 1,000 persons;
o a public address system;
o lighting;
o arrival and departure zones which are separated from accommodation
zones;
o arrival zones should include registration and medical clearance facilities
o administrative offices and staff accommodation;
o one health post and separate accommodation for quarantine;
o security fencing
o Visibility and ease of movement.

43. • ‘Adequate housing’
o legal security of tenure
o availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure
o affordability
o habitability
o accessibility
o location
o cultural adequacy.
• Onsite Reconstruction / Relocation/Repair

44. • Onsite reconstruction
• Approaches
o Cash Approach
o Owner driven approach
o Community-Driven Reconstruction
o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ
o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site

45. • Cash Approach-Unconditional financial assistance without technical support
• Repair, reconstruction, migration, etc

46. • Owner driven approach- conditional financial assistance with regulations and
technical support
o Combination of cash, vouchers, technical assistance
o construction or repair work by themselves, by
employing family labor, by employing a local
contractor or local laborers, or by using some
combination of these options
• Essential prerequisites
o Training of trades people and homeowners
o Technical assistance and construction supervision
and inspection
o Updating and enforcement of building codes and
construction guidelines
o Mechanisms to regulate prices and facilitate access
to building materials
o A system for providing financial assistance in
installments as construction progresses

48. • Community-Driven Reconstruction: Financial and/or
material assistance is channeled through community
organizations that are actively involved in decision making
and in managing reconstruction
• community involvement in the project cycle,
complemented by the assistance of an agency.
• Role of agency
o suggest housing designs, technologies, and/or materials,
and delivering construction inputs and training,employ
skilled and unskilled laborers from the community or
facilitate the formation of construction committees.
• Roles for the community:
o Organization and planning of the entire reconstruction
process, including housing and infrastructure
o Decisions regarding housing design and building
materials
o Production of building materials such as bricks
o Distribution of building materials or other forms of
housing assistance

50. • Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ: governmental or nongovernmental
/contractors
agency hires a construction company
• Design, materials, and expertise are likely to be
imported from outside the community.
• The community may or may not be consulted
on certain aspects of the project, such as house
designs.
• Lack of control over quality, and opportunity to
participate in specific tasks.

52. • Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site
• a governmental or nongovernmental agency
contracts the construction of houses on a new site,
generally with little or no involvement by the
community

54. Reconstruction Process
• Planning
o understanding the context and impact of the disaster
o understanding the regulatory framework and establishing methods of
coordination
o understanding funding teams and timescales
o determining which method of assistance is most appropriate
o establishing partnerships with other stakeholders in order to provide
assistance
o recognising natural hazards which pose a future risk
o capturing the objectives, timescales, resources and risks in the
programme plan

55. • Design
o selection of appropriate sites for reconstruction
o resolving issues of land tenure
o physical planning of settlements
o definition of appropriate quality for reconstruction
o identifying appropriate types of construction
o minimising the environmental impact of reconstruction
o incorporating disaster risk reduction strategies
o design of infrastructure facilities

56. • Construction
o different methods of implementation
o management of construction projects
o specification, procurement and transportation of materials
o management of labour and workmanship
o handover, maintenance and post-occupancy evaluation of completed
projects.

57. • Relocation
o Rebuilding in new site voluntarily or involuntarily.
• Happens when
o When the old location is subject to a natural hazard
o When the old location is completely destroyed and to move the debris
o new plotting in the old settlement is inconvenient for rapid recovery and
housing purposes

58. • Unsuccessful
o Inadequacy of new site
o Distance from livelihood and social networks
o Socio culturally inadequate settlement layout
o Lack of community living
o Lack of user participation in early decision-making process
o Lack of guidance to the beneficiaries during the construction phase of
the houses.

59. Mitigation
• measures that eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster
occurrence, impacts and risks of hazards of unavoidable disasters
through proactive measures taken before disaster occurs.
• Includes
• Understanding each hazard
– its causes
– its geographical distribution, magnitude or severity, and probable
frequency of occurrence
– the physical mechanisms of destruction
– the elements and activities most vulnerable to destruction
– the possible economic and social consequences of the disaster
• Vulnerability assessment -physical vulnerability ,vulnerability of social
institutions and economic activities
• Mitigation Measures