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Friction
- 1. FRICTION • PRESENTED BY • VASUDEV SHRIVASTAVA • P.G.T.(PHYSICS) • JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA KUNDESHWAR DISTRICT TIKAMGARH (M.P.) 1
- 2. Net Forces, Friction, Coefficients of Friction Newton’s 3rd Law
- 3. 3 Sliding Book Example • Why do things not continue to move at constant velocity? • If the sliding book slows down, what’s the force responsible? – How could I keep it moving at a constant velocity? – Do I need to apply a force to keep it moving? Why? FrictionFriction FrictionFriction A net force of zeroA net force of zero No, Inertia keeps the object moving!No, Inertia keeps the object moving!
- 4. 4 Forces are Vectors so Directions are Important Force #1 Force #2 Force #1Force #2 Total Force Total Force = 0
- 5. 5 Newton’s 3rd Law For every action , there is an equal and opposite reaction. ForceForce onon NewtonNewton byby Einstein = ForceEinstein = Force onon EinsteinEinstein byby NewtonNewton Newton tries to outsmart EinsteinNewton tries to outsmart Einstein by loading his own cart with lead bricks)by loading his own cart with lead bricks)
- 6. 6 Friction opposes Motion Force on person by box Force on floor by box Force on box by floor It’s the sum of all the forces that determines the type of motion. Force on box by personAccelerationAcceleration What kind of motion is created by Unbalanced Net Force?
- 7. 7 Friction due to the Surface Corrugations in the surfaces grind when things slide.Corrugations in the surfaces grind when things slide. Lubricants fill in the gaps and let things slide more easily.Lubricants fill in the gaps and let things slide more easily. How does the corrugated surface change Friction?How does the corrugated surface change Friction?
- 8. 8 Why Doesn’t Gravity Make the Box Fall? Force of Earth acting on Box (weight)Force of Earth acting on Box (weight) Force of Floor acting on BoxForce of Floor acting on Box Force from floorForce from floor on boxon box and gravity = Netand gravity = Net Force of zero.Force of zero. If the floorIf the floor vanished, thevanished, the box would begin tobox would begin to fall.fall.
- 9. 9 What’s Forces are not shown?What’s Forces are not shown? Force on person by box Force on floor by box Force on box by floor Force on box by person The Normal Force and the Force of GravityThe Normal Force and the Force of Gravity
- 10. 10 • When we drew the box and floor, with the “normal” force and the force of gravity, these weren’t strictly force pairs – forces on the box that result in a Net zero acceleration of the box • The real pairs have to involve the earth: box floor earth satellite • Force Pairs: • earth-box (grav) • box-floor (contact) • earth-satellite (grav)
- 11. 11 QuestionsQuestions • Does friction always exert a force that tends to bring things to a halt? • What does this say about the direction of the frictional force, relative to the velocity vector? • What do you think would happen if we loaded lead bricks into the box? Would it become harder to slide? • What are some ways to reduce frictional forces? • Does friction always exert a force that tends to bring things to a halt? • What does this say about the direction of the frictional force, relative to the velocity vector? • What do you think would happen if we loaded lead bricks into the box? Would it become harder to slide? • What are some ways to reduce frictional forces? NONO Friction vector isFriction vector is opposite inopposite in direction ofdirection of motionmotion YesYes Lubrication, change surface,Lubrication, change surface, reduce normal forcereduce normal force
- 12. 12 Static and Sliding (Dynamic) Friction Static and Sliding (Dynamic) Friction • Static frictional force: when nothing is sliding • Sliding frictional force: when surfaces are sliding • Static frictional forces always greater than sliding ones • Static frictional force: when nothing is sliding • Sliding frictional force: when surfaces are sliding • Static frictional forces always greater than sliding ones
- 13. 13 Earth Quakes and Friction (USGS)
- 14. 14 “Normal” Forces and Frictional Forces Weight of block Decompose Vector Normal Force Friction Force Weight of block Reaction Force From Ramp “Normal” means perpendicular Friction Force = Normal Force × (coefficient of friction) Ffriction = µ⋅Fnormal
- 15. 15 Coefficient of Friction Material on Material µs = static friction µk = kinetic friction steel / steel 0.6 0.4 add grease to steel 0.1 0.05 metal / ice 0.022 0.02 brake lining / iron 0.4 0.3 tire / dry pavement 0.9 0.8 tire / wet pavement 0.8 0.7
- 16. 16 Stay on the road! • What does it take to stay on the road around a curve? – using µs = 0.8 as average for tires on road, Ffriction = 0.8mg • (Normal force is just mg on level surface) Fcurve = macurve = m×v2 /r • where r is radius of curve, say 50 m (e.g., cloverleaf exit ramp) • Got enough friction if Fcurve < Ffriction – happens if v2 < 0.8gr, or v < 20 m/s = 44 m.p.h.
- 17. 17 Air Resistance • We’re always “neglecting air resistance” in physics – Can be difficult to deal with • Affects projectile motion – Friction force opposes velocity through medium – Imposes horizontal force, additional vertical forces – Terminal velocity for falling objects • Dominant energy drain on cars, bicyclists, planes
- 18. 18 Summary – Every force has an equal, opposing force – Friction opposes motion, requiring continued application of force to maintain constant velocity – Air resistance produces terminal velocity, alters trajectories of projectiles (for the worse).