Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool fo...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Anne Mottet - FAO Livestock Development Officer, Animal Production and Health Division - "Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation"
02/07 WEBINAR: The effects of agroecology. Why are metrics needed?
The purpose of this project is to help the government to prepare a comprehensive development strategy for agriculture based on an analysis of the policy sector situation and wide stakeholder consultation.
The project also aims to ensure the progress of peasants, farmers, and rural society.
The document summarizes a farmer field day on water resource management held by the Balochistan Agriculture Project. It provides details on the objectives, target group, methodology and proceedings of the event.
30 farmers from villages in the Cham Union Council participated in the one-day workshop which aimed to introduce integrated water management techniques. Participants learned about identifying and analyzing water resource problems, developing management plans, and their roles in water conservation. The event used interactive techniques like group discussions and presentations. Farmers gained knowledge on efficient irrigation systems and managing water as an economic and social good.
Group led extension involves organizing farmers into groups to disseminate information and technologies. It aims to empower farmers to solve their own problems through collective action and sharing of resources. The document discusses the reasons for and benefits of group led extension over individual extension approaches. It provides examples of group led extension programs in various Indian states and describes how to develop farmer groups and the roles of extension professionals and organizations in facilitating farmer groups.
- The document discusses simple linear regression analysis and how to use it to predict a dependent variable (y) based on an independent variable (x).
- Key points covered include the simple linear regression model, estimating regression coefficients, evaluating assumptions, making predictions, and interpreting results.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate simple linear regression analysis using data on house prices and sizes.
This document discusses the need to shift agricultural extension from a production-led model to a market-led model. It outlines the key differences between the two approaches and information needed to support a market-led extension system. Challenges of making this shift are also presented, along with suggestions for training extension workers in market-related topics and strengthening linkages between farmers, markets, and the private sector.
MEASURE Evaluation presented resources at a USAID meeting in Malawi. Their results framework focused on strengthening health data collection and use, improving health information system management, and increasing evaluation capacity. They highlighted several resources including skills for health information and systems, an indicator toolkit for child and household well-being, evaluation and learning capabilities, support for health information system strengthening to achieve PEPFAR results, a learning agenda for demonstrating health information system strengthening, and gender sensitive approaches including a youth assessment method. MEASURE Evaluation is funded by USAID to work with various partners to strengthen health information systems.
Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool fo...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Anne Mottet - FAO Livestock Development Officer, Animal Production and Health Division - "Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation"
02/07 WEBINAR: The effects of agroecology. Why are metrics needed?
The purpose of this project is to help the government to prepare a comprehensive development strategy for agriculture based on an analysis of the policy sector situation and wide stakeholder consultation.
The project also aims to ensure the progress of peasants, farmers, and rural society.
The document summarizes a farmer field day on water resource management held by the Balochistan Agriculture Project. It provides details on the objectives, target group, methodology and proceedings of the event.
30 farmers from villages in the Cham Union Council participated in the one-day workshop which aimed to introduce integrated water management techniques. Participants learned about identifying and analyzing water resource problems, developing management plans, and their roles in water conservation. The event used interactive techniques like group discussions and presentations. Farmers gained knowledge on efficient irrigation systems and managing water as an economic and social good.
Group led extension involves organizing farmers into groups to disseminate information and technologies. It aims to empower farmers to solve their own problems through collective action and sharing of resources. The document discusses the reasons for and benefits of group led extension over individual extension approaches. It provides examples of group led extension programs in various Indian states and describes how to develop farmer groups and the roles of extension professionals and organizations in facilitating farmer groups.
- The document discusses simple linear regression analysis and how to use it to predict a dependent variable (y) based on an independent variable (x).
- Key points covered include the simple linear regression model, estimating regression coefficients, evaluating assumptions, making predictions, and interpreting results.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate simple linear regression analysis using data on house prices and sizes.
This document discusses the need to shift agricultural extension from a production-led model to a market-led model. It outlines the key differences between the two approaches and information needed to support a market-led extension system. Challenges of making this shift are also presented, along with suggestions for training extension workers in market-related topics and strengthening linkages between farmers, markets, and the private sector.
MEASURE Evaluation presented resources at a USAID meeting in Malawi. Their results framework focused on strengthening health data collection and use, improving health information system management, and increasing evaluation capacity. They highlighted several resources including skills for health information and systems, an indicator toolkit for child and household well-being, evaluation and learning capabilities, support for health information system strengthening to achieve PEPFAR results, a learning agenda for demonstrating health information system strengthening, and gender sensitive approaches including a youth assessment method. MEASURE Evaluation is funded by USAID to work with various partners to strengthen health information systems.
This document discusses pluralism in agricultural extension systems. Pluralistic extension involves multiple providers of extension services, often with different funding sources and approaches. This can raise issues around coordination, roles, and competition/collaboration. The document provides examples of pluralistic extension in Ghana, the United States, and other countries. It also discusses reasons why multiple extension actors emerge and how pluralism affects extension management and implementation, such as the need for coordination between different groups.
Most ICT initiatives in India are small in scale and localized. A comprehensive national strategy is needed to fully leverage ICT for agricultural development. Such a strategy should directly benefit farmers and be based on analysis of existing projects in India and other countries. It is important to understand the sustainability of current projects and analyze the human resources involved, including the capabilities of extension workers and information needs of farmers. Developing a effective strategy requires input from professionals, policymakers, and farmers to design solutions that are appropriate for the local context.
Agricultural production economics examines how to maximize output from limited resources on farms. It considers two key production decisions - how to organize resources to maximize a single commodity, and what combination of commodities to produce. The goals are to provide guidance to farmers on efficient resource use and facilitate efficient resource use economy-wide. Farmers face basic problems in deciding what and how to produce, how much to produce, when to buy and sell, and where to buy and sell. Agricultural production economics aims to determine optimal resource use and analyze factors influencing existing resource use patterns. It examines relationships and principles for rational resource allocation and management decisions.
This document introduces several participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques used by development practitioners to involve local people in analyzing rural situations. It describes seasonal diagrams which identify seasonal trends in agriculture issues. It also explains matrix ranking and scoring which allows farmers to compare and rank different products/services. Finally, it outlines problem censuses where local farmers act as facilitators to identify key problems and information needs to help design responsive extension activities.
Econometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to economic data in order to test economic theories and estimate relationships between economic variables. The methodology of econometrics involves stating an economic theory or hypothesis, specifying the theory mathematically and as an econometric model, obtaining data, estimating the model, testing hypotheses, making forecasts, and using the model for policy purposes. Regression analysis is a key tool in econometrics that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent variables, with an error term included to account for the inexact nature of economic relationships.
Agriculture Diversification: Measures and Bangladesh PerspectivesMd. Jarif Mahbub
This document discusses measures and perspectives of agricultural diversification in Bangladesh. It defines agricultural diversification as changing traditional cropping patterns or adopting non-farming options. The document outlines various types and benefits of diversification, as well as common measures used to assess diversification through indices. These indices include the Herfindahl Index, Simpson Diversity Index, and Shannon Index. The document also examines constraints to diversification in Bangladesh and strategies in the country's national agriculture policies to promote diversification through crop variety, livestock, fisheries, and reducing production risks.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
“Agricultural Performance and Food Security in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges” presented by Bishnu Pant, IIDS, Nepal, at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia - Challenges for Future Growthessp2
1) Agricultural productivity in Ethiopia has grown steadily in recent years, driven mainly by expansion of cultivated area and increases in traditional inputs like labor and livestock. However, growth in use of modern inputs like fertilizer and improved seeds has been slower.
2) Analysis of national and household-level data show total factor productivity has increased, but at varying rates. TFP growth was 3.7% based on national data but declined 2.6% based on household data.
3) There remains significant potential to further increase efficiency and TFP through greater use of modern inputs and improved agricultural practices. However, challenges remain around adoption rates, input availability and affordability.
A Review of Selected Topics of Gender and Agricultural Research in Ethiopia o...essp2
This document summarizes a presentation on gender and agricultural research in Ethiopia over the last decade. It finds that women farmers are 20-40% less productive than men due to various structural disadvantages, including less access to land, labor, inputs, extension services, markets, education, rural organizations, credit, and technology. Cultural norms also contribute to the productivity gap by reinforcing women's double work burden and limiting their roles. The presentation recommends improving gender-disaggregated data collection and analysis, studying the causes of productivity differences, women's time burdens, and their market participation. It also suggests reviewing women's access to extension services, organizations, land rights, and the impacts of economic growth on female farm managers.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
The document discusses Farmer Field Schools (FFS), which are groups of farmers who regularly meet during crop cycles to study agricultural topics hands-on in farmers' fields. FFS are facilitated by skilled farmers or experts and follow principles of experiential learning. The key objectives of FFS include growing healthy crops, conserving natural enemies, conducting field observations, making farmers competent, and reducing costs. FFS operate with weekly farmer meetings during seasons where participants manage learning plots and experiments. They emphasize building farmers' abilities to draw their own conclusions through experimentation.
This document discusses changing trends in agricultural extension in India. It notes that agricultural extension aims to promote sustainable and inclusive agricultural development. Extension services must be tailored to specific contexts and farmer categories. Key changes in India's extension system include policy reforms, decentralization of services, institutional restructuring, strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages, capacity building, mainstreaming women in agriculture, use of information technology, pluralistic financing approaches, and participatory methods. A pluralistic extension system recognizes various public, private, and non-governmental organizations that provide services. It aims to enhance local agricultural competitiveness, economic development, livelihoods, and ultimately reduce rural poverty and improve food security and gender equality.
Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) at CIFOR-ICRAFCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) tools and examples used at CIFOR-ICRAF. It provides examples of tools like theory of change, outcome influence logs, and outcome stories. It also summarizes a story of change on FREL projects and the final project evaluation that will address key questions and use mixed methods. The document requests feedback on a national workshop assessment that will feed into the final project evaluation.
Farming can be classified in several ways such as by the source of income, ownership and scale of operations, water resources, and value of products. Specialized farming focuses on one main product, while diversified farming has several income sources. Mixed farming combines crop and livestock production. Peasant farming is owner-operated while collective farming involves shared land ownership. Scale of operations can be large or small. Farming also differs based on water availability and the intensity of production methods.
Review of CCAFS’ contribution to poverty reduction, enhanced environmental resilience, improved food security, human health and nutrition for rural women.
Agricultural Technology Information Center (ATIC)Lokesh Waran
The document discusses Agricultural Technology Information Centers (ATIC) in India. ATIC were established to bridge the gap between farmers and agricultural technologies generated by the National Agricultural Research System, as farmers lacked access to this information. The ATIC of IARI, New Delhi was created in 1999 as a single window system to provide farmers advisory services, technology products, and facilitate information-based decision making. The mandate of ATIC is to provide a single window for products/services and facilitate direct access to institutional resources for farmers. Services provided through ATIC include farm advisory services, a helpline, sale of seeds/products, publications, crop demonstrations, a website, and training programs.
Presentations from the 1st Kenya Food Systems Conference held last April 5, 2023.
Included are presentations:
- Maize Productivity Growth: Addressing uncertainties and potential for further growth. (Charles Bett, Deputy Institute Director, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research – Kiboko)
- Agricultural Inputs: Affordability, Availability, and Adoption. (John Olwande, Research Fellow, Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy, and Development)
- Improving Postharvest Management systems: The Social, Economic, and Environmental Gains. (Prof. Jane Ambuko, University of Nairobi)
- Knowledge Transfer: Building capacity through extension and digital services. (Michael Keenan, Associate Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- De-risking agriculture through crop insurance? Insights from an impact evaluation of novel insurance solutions. (Berber Kamer, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Options for addressing high food prices and for making food more affordable. (Lilian Kirimi, Senior Research Fellow, Tegemeo)
- Improving food safety. (Prof. Erastus Kang’ethe, Food Safety Consultant)
- Last mile retail: A Look at Mama Mboga and supermarkets. (Christiane Chege, International Center for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT)
- Promoting healthier diets and influencing consumer preferences. (Olivier Ecker, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Developments and forecasts for global food, fertilizer, and fuel markets. (David Laborde, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO)
- Climate-proofing agricultural production and the food system. (Michael Ndegwa, Associate Sceintist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center – CIMMYT)
- Managing migration and urbanization. ( Dr. Moses Muthinja, Director, Integrated Development, Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis – KIPPRA)
- Demographic shifts: Leveraging women and youth for food system transformation. ( Prof. Salome Bukachi, Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi)
- Recommendations and actions to support the implementation of the Bottom-Up Economic Plan - Summary of Day 1 - (Joseph Maina, MoALD and Joseph Karugia, ILRI/CGIAR)
1. Irrigation management involves scheduling irrigation appropriately based on soil type, crop water requirements, and other factors to efficiently use water resources.
2. Common methods of surface irrigation include border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and ridges and furrows irrigation which involve dividing fields into strips or basins and flooding or furrowing the land.
3. Factors considered in irrigation scheduling include soil type, crop water needs, available water supply, and allowing sufficient drying time between irrigations based on the crop's water depletion level. Monitoring soil moisture, plant conditions, and pan evaporation can help determine irrigation timing.
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastor...ESD UNU-IAS
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastoralists Communities in Marsabit County, Kenya
Ann Gudere, E. Wemali, and E. Ndunda (RCE Greater Nairobi)
12th African RCE Regional Meeting
28-30 November, 2022
The document discusses linking early warning systems to Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) through a pilot project. The project provided PSNP households with weather forecasts so they could adjust agricultural practices and reduce climate risks. Results showed households changed planting dates, varieties, and labor use, improving food availability and security. The summary concludes the pilot demonstrated linking early warning systems enhanced food security and resilience, and should be expanded to more households.
This document discusses pluralism in agricultural extension systems. Pluralistic extension involves multiple providers of extension services, often with different funding sources and approaches. This can raise issues around coordination, roles, and competition/collaboration. The document provides examples of pluralistic extension in Ghana, the United States, and other countries. It also discusses reasons why multiple extension actors emerge and how pluralism affects extension management and implementation, such as the need for coordination between different groups.
Most ICT initiatives in India are small in scale and localized. A comprehensive national strategy is needed to fully leverage ICT for agricultural development. Such a strategy should directly benefit farmers and be based on analysis of existing projects in India and other countries. It is important to understand the sustainability of current projects and analyze the human resources involved, including the capabilities of extension workers and information needs of farmers. Developing a effective strategy requires input from professionals, policymakers, and farmers to design solutions that are appropriate for the local context.
Agricultural production economics examines how to maximize output from limited resources on farms. It considers two key production decisions - how to organize resources to maximize a single commodity, and what combination of commodities to produce. The goals are to provide guidance to farmers on efficient resource use and facilitate efficient resource use economy-wide. Farmers face basic problems in deciding what and how to produce, how much to produce, when to buy and sell, and where to buy and sell. Agricultural production economics aims to determine optimal resource use and analyze factors influencing existing resource use patterns. It examines relationships and principles for rational resource allocation and management decisions.
This document introduces several participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques used by development practitioners to involve local people in analyzing rural situations. It describes seasonal diagrams which identify seasonal trends in agriculture issues. It also explains matrix ranking and scoring which allows farmers to compare and rank different products/services. Finally, it outlines problem censuses where local farmers act as facilitators to identify key problems and information needs to help design responsive extension activities.
Econometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to economic data in order to test economic theories and estimate relationships between economic variables. The methodology of econometrics involves stating an economic theory or hypothesis, specifying the theory mathematically and as an econometric model, obtaining data, estimating the model, testing hypotheses, making forecasts, and using the model for policy purposes. Regression analysis is a key tool in econometrics that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent variables, with an error term included to account for the inexact nature of economic relationships.
Agriculture Diversification: Measures and Bangladesh PerspectivesMd. Jarif Mahbub
This document discusses measures and perspectives of agricultural diversification in Bangladesh. It defines agricultural diversification as changing traditional cropping patterns or adopting non-farming options. The document outlines various types and benefits of diversification, as well as common measures used to assess diversification through indices. These indices include the Herfindahl Index, Simpson Diversity Index, and Shannon Index. The document also examines constraints to diversification in Bangladesh and strategies in the country's national agriculture policies to promote diversification through crop variety, livestock, fisheries, and reducing production risks.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
“Agricultural Performance and Food Security in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges” presented by Bishnu Pant, IIDS, Nepal, at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia - Challenges for Future Growthessp2
1) Agricultural productivity in Ethiopia has grown steadily in recent years, driven mainly by expansion of cultivated area and increases in traditional inputs like labor and livestock. However, growth in use of modern inputs like fertilizer and improved seeds has been slower.
2) Analysis of national and household-level data show total factor productivity has increased, but at varying rates. TFP growth was 3.7% based on national data but declined 2.6% based on household data.
3) There remains significant potential to further increase efficiency and TFP through greater use of modern inputs and improved agricultural practices. However, challenges remain around adoption rates, input availability and affordability.
A Review of Selected Topics of Gender and Agricultural Research in Ethiopia o...essp2
This document summarizes a presentation on gender and agricultural research in Ethiopia over the last decade. It finds that women farmers are 20-40% less productive than men due to various structural disadvantages, including less access to land, labor, inputs, extension services, markets, education, rural organizations, credit, and technology. Cultural norms also contribute to the productivity gap by reinforcing women's double work burden and limiting their roles. The presentation recommends improving gender-disaggregated data collection and analysis, studying the causes of productivity differences, women's time burdens, and their market participation. It also suggests reviewing women's access to extension services, organizations, land rights, and the impacts of economic growth on female farm managers.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
The document discusses Farmer Field Schools (FFS), which are groups of farmers who regularly meet during crop cycles to study agricultural topics hands-on in farmers' fields. FFS are facilitated by skilled farmers or experts and follow principles of experiential learning. The key objectives of FFS include growing healthy crops, conserving natural enemies, conducting field observations, making farmers competent, and reducing costs. FFS operate with weekly farmer meetings during seasons where participants manage learning plots and experiments. They emphasize building farmers' abilities to draw their own conclusions through experimentation.
This document discusses changing trends in agricultural extension in India. It notes that agricultural extension aims to promote sustainable and inclusive agricultural development. Extension services must be tailored to specific contexts and farmer categories. Key changes in India's extension system include policy reforms, decentralization of services, institutional restructuring, strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages, capacity building, mainstreaming women in agriculture, use of information technology, pluralistic financing approaches, and participatory methods. A pluralistic extension system recognizes various public, private, and non-governmental organizations that provide services. It aims to enhance local agricultural competitiveness, economic development, livelihoods, and ultimately reduce rural poverty and improve food security and gender equality.
Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) at CIFOR-ICRAFCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) tools and examples used at CIFOR-ICRAF. It provides examples of tools like theory of change, outcome influence logs, and outcome stories. It also summarizes a story of change on FREL projects and the final project evaluation that will address key questions and use mixed methods. The document requests feedback on a national workshop assessment that will feed into the final project evaluation.
Farming can be classified in several ways such as by the source of income, ownership and scale of operations, water resources, and value of products. Specialized farming focuses on one main product, while diversified farming has several income sources. Mixed farming combines crop and livestock production. Peasant farming is owner-operated while collective farming involves shared land ownership. Scale of operations can be large or small. Farming also differs based on water availability and the intensity of production methods.
Review of CCAFS’ contribution to poverty reduction, enhanced environmental resilience, improved food security, human health and nutrition for rural women.
Agricultural Technology Information Center (ATIC)Lokesh Waran
The document discusses Agricultural Technology Information Centers (ATIC) in India. ATIC were established to bridge the gap between farmers and agricultural technologies generated by the National Agricultural Research System, as farmers lacked access to this information. The ATIC of IARI, New Delhi was created in 1999 as a single window system to provide farmers advisory services, technology products, and facilitate information-based decision making. The mandate of ATIC is to provide a single window for products/services and facilitate direct access to institutional resources for farmers. Services provided through ATIC include farm advisory services, a helpline, sale of seeds/products, publications, crop demonstrations, a website, and training programs.
Presentations from the 1st Kenya Food Systems Conference held last April 5, 2023.
Included are presentations:
- Maize Productivity Growth: Addressing uncertainties and potential for further growth. (Charles Bett, Deputy Institute Director, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research – Kiboko)
- Agricultural Inputs: Affordability, Availability, and Adoption. (John Olwande, Research Fellow, Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy, and Development)
- Improving Postharvest Management systems: The Social, Economic, and Environmental Gains. (Prof. Jane Ambuko, University of Nairobi)
- Knowledge Transfer: Building capacity through extension and digital services. (Michael Keenan, Associate Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- De-risking agriculture through crop insurance? Insights from an impact evaluation of novel insurance solutions. (Berber Kamer, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Options for addressing high food prices and for making food more affordable. (Lilian Kirimi, Senior Research Fellow, Tegemeo)
- Improving food safety. (Prof. Erastus Kang’ethe, Food Safety Consultant)
- Last mile retail: A Look at Mama Mboga and supermarkets. (Christiane Chege, International Center for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT)
- Promoting healthier diets and influencing consumer preferences. (Olivier Ecker, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Developments and forecasts for global food, fertilizer, and fuel markets. (David Laborde, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO)
- Climate-proofing agricultural production and the food system. (Michael Ndegwa, Associate Sceintist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center – CIMMYT)
- Managing migration and urbanization. ( Dr. Moses Muthinja, Director, Integrated Development, Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis – KIPPRA)
- Demographic shifts: Leveraging women and youth for food system transformation. ( Prof. Salome Bukachi, Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi)
- Recommendations and actions to support the implementation of the Bottom-Up Economic Plan - Summary of Day 1 - (Joseph Maina, MoALD and Joseph Karugia, ILRI/CGIAR)
1. Irrigation management involves scheduling irrigation appropriately based on soil type, crop water requirements, and other factors to efficiently use water resources.
2. Common methods of surface irrigation include border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and ridges and furrows irrigation which involve dividing fields into strips or basins and flooding or furrowing the land.
3. Factors considered in irrigation scheduling include soil type, crop water needs, available water supply, and allowing sufficient drying time between irrigations based on the crop's water depletion level. Monitoring soil moisture, plant conditions, and pan evaporation can help determine irrigation timing.
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastor...ESD UNU-IAS
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastoralists Communities in Marsabit County, Kenya
Ann Gudere, E. Wemali, and E. Ndunda (RCE Greater Nairobi)
12th African RCE Regional Meeting
28-30 November, 2022
The document discusses linking early warning systems to Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) through a pilot project. The project provided PSNP households with weather forecasts so they could adjust agricultural practices and reduce climate risks. Results showed households changed planting dates, varieties, and labor use, improving food availability and security. The summary concludes the pilot demonstrated linking early warning systems enhanced food security and resilience, and should be expanded to more households.
The document discusses global foresight modeling to guide sustainable intensification for smallholder systems. It describes the CGIAR's Global Futures and Strategic Foresight project which uses quantitative modeling to project global agriculture and assess technology and policy options. While useful at a macro scale, the models have limitations for smallholders due to their focus on international trade and lack of farm-level details. The new BioSight project aims to improve on this by combining biophysical and economic analysis using household data to directly model crop-livestock intensification strategies and tradeoffs.
Livestock research for Africa’s food security and poverty reductionILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Shirley Tarawali, Iain Wright, Suzanne Bertrand, Polly Ericksen, Delia Grace and Ethel Makila at a side event at the 6th Africa Agriculture Science Week, Accra, Ghana, 15-20 July 2013
1. The document evaluates the Operation Trumpet Call (OTC) project, a conservation agriculture project run by Tearfund and local churches in Zimbabwe. OTC promotes conservation agriculture techniques similar to other organizations but emphasizes time management principles. It also originally provided free inputs and organizes through local churches.
2. Farmers who adopted techniques through OTC reported increased maize yields averaging 717kg per farmer, sufficient for family consumption. Yields were 1.5-2.4 metric tons per hectare. However, conservation agriculture requires more labor than conventional farming. Increased production led to benefits like improved schooling and livestock.
3. While some farmers adopted conservation agriculture practices for all production, most use it on
Presentation given at the workshop 'Integrating genetic diversity considerations into national climate change adaptation plans - Development of guidelines', Rome, 8-9 April organized by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It was presented by Michael Halewood, Policy Theme Leader at Bioversity International, on behalf of the CGIAR Research Progam on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
This document provides a final report on a food security evaluation conducted in Nicaragua. The evaluation assessed a food security project run by Acción Médica Cristiana (AMC) that promoted various agricultural practices across 38 communities. The methodology included interviews with project participants and non-participants, as well as focus groups. Key findings included low adoption of soil conservation practices and animal containment. Higher adoption was seen for pest management and vegetable production when inputs were provided, but adoption decreased without continued inputs. The evaluation concluded the interventions showed little sustainability or impact on overall food security. It recommended promoting vegetables without providing inputs and focusing training on demand-driven practices appropriate to the local context.
- Three expected outputs of the meeting are: a regional action plan and roadmap, priority themes and partners for South-South cooperation, and regional themes addressing food security and nutrition constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Biotechnologies can help increase crop production but adoption by smallholders faces challenges including understanding local contexts and barriers like risk. Ensuring technologies are profitable and have support systems may aid adoption.
- Physical technologies can speed biotechnology development and adoption, but non-biological factors also influence whether farmers benefit from new varieties.
1. Papua New Guinea has a population of 8.5 million that is growing at 2.7% annually. Agriculture makes up 23% of GDP but productivity is low. 28% of the population lives below the poverty line.
2. Climate change poses serious threats to PNG's agricultural systems through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more extreme weather events. Crop suitability is changing, which impacts food security.
3. Responses are needed to help smallholders adapt, including technologies to increase resilience, understanding and responding to changes in pests and diseases, crop diversity, and efficient harvesting and storage. Making transitions requires developing adapted seed varieties and crops, assessing options for intensification, and strengthening local institutions
1) The document discusses priorities for reshaping the global agri-food system through global cooperation in order to address challenges to human nutrition and planetary health.
2) It recommends targeting investments in key technologies for health and the environment like improved, climate-resilient crop varieties and nutrition-driven technologies to help end hunger and malnutrition.
3) Global cooperation on issues like addressing cross-boundary diseases, implementing climate-smart agriculture, and closing the gender gap in agriculture will be important, and effective governance mechanisms are needed to monitor progress.
ILRI's strategy focuses on using livestock research to improve food security and reduce poverty in Africa. It has three strategic objectives: 1) develop and promote sustainable, scalable practices that improve lives through livestock; 2) provide scientific evidence to persuade decision-makers to invest more in livestock; and 3) increase stakeholders' capacity to make better use of livestock science and investments. Key research areas include addressing the biomass crisis in intensifying smallholder systems, managing vulnerability and risk in drylands, improving food safety and addressing aflatoxins, advancing vaccine biosciences, and mobilizing biosciences to achieve food security in Africa. ILRI aims to prove livestock's potential, influence investment, and ensure sufficient capacity to effectively use
Jose Falck-Zepeda presentation at the 6th Sympsium Zamorano University Graduates at the University of Florida Gainesville, August 4 2018. This is a recopilation of a experiencies accumulated over a policy research career on agriculture, biotechnology, science technology and innovation, regulations, governance, economic impact and GM biotechnologies.
Farmers’ perception and village-level experiences, Donald Makoka (LUANAR)IFPRIMaSSP
The document summarizes research findings on smallholder farmers' perceptions of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP). It finds that:
1) Community-based targeting of FISP beneficiaries has been effective in reaching the poor, though some manipulation by leaders was reported.
2) FISP has had a minimum positive impact on household food security, though this is compromised by sharing of fertilizer coupons.
3) Most beneficiaries want FISP to end but for commercial fertilizer prices to be reduced to an average of 5,000 MWK per bag.
Demand-Driven innovation in agriculture: Creating economic opportunity for sm...ICRISAT
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Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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These set of slides were presented at the BEP Seminar "Targeting in Development Projects: Approaches, challenges, and lessons learned" held last Oct. 2, 2023 in Cairo, Egypt
Caitlin Welsh
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Bofana, Jose. 2023. Mapping cropland extent over a complex landscape: An assessment of the best approaches across the Zambezi River basin. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Mananze, Sosdito. 2023. Examples of remote sensing application in agriculture monitoring. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
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International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Kickoff Meeting (virtual), January 12, 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 1. Stakeholder engagement for impacts. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Centro de Estudos de Políticas e Programas Agroalimentares (CEPPAG). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 3. Digital collection of groundtruthing data. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
ITC/University of Twente. 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 2. Enhanced area sampling frames. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
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This document provides an overview of the Political Economy and Policy Analysis (PEPA) Sourcebook virtual book launch. It summarizes the purpose and features of the PEPA Sourcebook, which is a guide for generating evidence to inform national food, land, and water policies and strategies. The Sourcebook includes frameworks, analytical tools, case studies, and step-by-step guidance for conducting political economy and policy analysis. It aims to address the current fragmentation in approaches and lack of external validity by integrating different frameworks and methods into a single resource. The launch event highlighted example frameworks and case studies from the Sourcebook that focus on various policy domains like food and nutrition, land, and climate and ecology.
- Rice exports from Myanmar have exceeded 2 million tons per year since 2019-2020, except for 2020-2021 during the peak of the pandemic. Exports through seaports now account for around 80% of total exports.
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- Simulations of a 10% decrease in rice productivity and a 0.4 million ton increase in exports in 2022-2023 resulted in a 33% increase in domestic prices, a 5% fall in production, and a 10% drop in consumption, with poor households suffering the largest declines in rice consumption of 12-13%.
Bedru Balana, Research Fellow, IFPRI, presented these slides at the AAAE2023 Conference, Durban, South Africa, 18-21 September 2023. The authors acknowledged the contributions of CGIAR Initiative on National Policies and Strategies, Google, the International Rescue Committee, IFPRI, and USAID.
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Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM) & National Policies and Strategies (NPS) Joint Initiative Seminar
1. Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM) &
National Policies and Strategies (NPS)
Joint Initiative Seminar
May 12, 2023 • 8:00 am • Abuja, Nigeria
2. Anticipatory cash for
climate resilience
Research Team:
IFPRI: Bedru Balana, Dolapo Adeyanju, Alan de Brauw, &
Kwaw Andam
IRC: Clare Clingain, Olukunbi Olarewaju, Ishaku Yohanna,
& Molly Schneider
Abuja, Nigeria| 12 May 2023
3. 2
IRC Climate Resiliency – Anticipatory Action Pilot
• Program: To reduce the use of negative coping strategies and support
households to build resilience against climate shocks by providing climate risk
reduction payments and early warning messaging to smallholder farmers.
• Research: To assess the effectiveness of use of early warning systems and
anticipatory cash transfers versus post-shock cash transfers to mitigate the
level of shock and stress experienced by small holder farmers in the event of a
hazardous climatic event
• Outcome: Households reduce the use of negative coping strategies, improve
food security and income and build resilience to climatic shocks.
Project Goals
4. Hypothesis, experiment and study area
Hypothesis
When climate vulnerable communities have timely access to information and the financial
and social resources to act upon that information, they will avoid negative coping strategies,
build more diversified and climate resilient livelihoods.
Experiment
• Provision of information – early warning messages (flood alert, disaster risk/emergency
preparedness, disaster management and CSA)
• Transfer of a lump sum cash (₦195,000 (~400USD) to 725 flood-prone HHs when triggered
by the climate data risk thresholds, and same No. HHs (‘control group’) received equal
amount of cash post shock.
Study area
• Fufore LGA, Adamawa
6. Key results and implications
• Pre-shock cash payment had significant impacts on:
• Household’s rCSI and LCSI. HH less likely to employ negative coping strategies in
response to the flood shocks
• Labor re-allocation decisions including migration of household members. Generate
additional income to meet household needs.
• Number of pre-emptive actions households took in anticipation of flood shocks.
• Long-term investment decisions on productive agric. assets and productive livestock.
This could enhance HH’s future income generating capacity and reduce their
vulnerability to future shocks. Hence, support long-term resilience.
• No significant difference between anticipatory & post-shock cash recipient households on
FCS, crop diversification, mixed crop-livestock production, and post-shock actions taken.
7. Recommendations
• Given the generally positive findings on climate resilience capacity and investment, we
suggest humanitarian agencies and governments to consider anticipatory interventions
(such as pre-shock cash transfers) as a mechanism for both meeting basic needs (i.e.,
food consumption) and improving climate resilience of households.
• As climate shocks continue to worsen and humanitarian funding needs remain unmet,
anticipatory interventions may be critical to meeting the needs of climate- and conflict-
affected households.
9. Violent Conflicts, Land Allocation, and Related
Agricultural Investments: Empirical Evidence from
Nigeria.
Mulubharn Amare,
(with Kibrom Abay, Dolapo Adeyanju, Guush Berhane, Kwaw
Andam )
Abuja, Nigeria. May 2023
10. www.cgiar.org
Objectives
2
• Conflict remains a major driver of poverty in Africa and conflicts and political
instabilities have been increasing.
• Explore the relationship between violent conflicts; and farmers’ crop land; the share of
area planted and harvested.
• Implications of conflict on household’s crop choices and land allocation decisions.
• Explore whether conflict shocks influence a shift from high-investment activities to
subsistence activities.
• The relationship between violent conflicts and access to community services
11. www.cgiar.org
The Data
• Geocoded longitudinal dataset based on an agricultural survey administered in
Nigeria across the three-wave LSMS-ISA panel survey.
• Measured conflicts exposure using the number of fatalities associated with incidents.
• Farmer’s land allocation was measured using the share of area planted in major
crops to total land area cultivated
• Based on this measure, we estimate the effect of violent conflicts on several crop
choice and sales decisions.
12. www.cgiar.org
Key Descriptive Findings
• Most of the households (70%) were into cereals production, 38% produced legumes, 38%
produced roots, while very few (7%) produced trees.
• High conflict states: lower percentage of hired labor and lower percentage of purchase of
agricultural inputs
• Land area planted with cereals was higher in high than in the low conflict states.
• Area covered by roots and trees is higher in low than in high conflict states.
• HHs in low conflict states are more likely to engage in wage employment & higher market
flexibility.
13. www.cgiar.org
Key Empirical Findings
• Conflicts reduced land area dedicated to longer-term crops but increase the share of land
area dedicated to short-term crops such as cereals.
• Conflicts reduced the shares of land area covered with crops. Prolonged conflict may
push HHs to exploit a lower % of their land for productive activities
• Significantly reduce the shares of agricultural land harvested.
• Conflicts has a negative significant effect on farmers access to market and cooperatives.
• Negative direct effect on investment (area planted, area harvested) and indirect
(destruction and disruption of community services)
14. www.cgiar.org
Conclusions
Violent conflicts affect land
allocation patterns and cropping
patterns, reducing land area
allocated to longer-term crops
such as trees and legumes that
are amenable to longer-term soil
management practices.
Violent conflicts reduce market
participation and hence induces
production-oriented to satisfy
own consumption.
6
15. Dealing with pests:
Evaluating the impacts
of using the Pod Borer
Resistant (PBR)
cowpea variety
Kwaw Andam
(with Mulu Amare, Temi Bamiwuye, Judy
Chambers, Hyacinth Edeh, Jose Falck-Zepeda,
John Komen, Tunji Fasoranti, Chibuzo Nwagboso,
Patricia Zambrano)
Photo credits: AATF
16. Evaluation Questions
1. Whatis the productivity change gainfor PBR cowpea compared to a conventional
variety?
2. Whatis the effectof PBR cowpea on insecticide applications?
3. Doesreductionin pesticide applicationtranslateto better healthindicatorsfor farmers
and their families?
4. Doesthecultivationof PBR cowpea change household consumptionof cowpea and/or
increase cowpea surpluses?
5. Whatare theheterogeneous impacts of PBR cowpea adoptionby gender, age, and
other householdcharacteristics?
17. LGAs
selected
8
from 41 LGAs
States
selected
2
Farmers per
Community
5
Adamawa State,
25 LGAs
Kwara State,
16 LGAs
Control
80
All
240
Treatment 160
Communities
selected
from 8 LGAs
All
1400
Treatment 1
400
Firststage Secondstage
Farmers
selected
From 240
communities
Treatment 2
400
Control
400
Multistage sampling procedure
Purposive Sampling
Random Sampling
* Added 200 farmers in treatment communities to
account for potential attrition and spill-over effects
Addition*
200
18. Farmers randomly assigned to three groups
Treatment 1
400 farmers
PBR cowpea plus inputs
Treatment 2
400 farmers
PBR cowpea (no inputs)
Control
400+200=600 farmers
Conventional cowpea
19. Findings & Implications – Baseline Survey
• Head of households predominantly male, 47 percent of plot managers female
➢ Low share of female-headed households
• Average plot size is 3.1 hectares; maize commonly intercropped with cowpea
• High pesticide/herbicide costs and applications
➢ PBR cowpea can improve incomes and health of farm households by
reducing pesticide costs and applications
• PBR cowpea can reduce harvest losses: 20 percent of cowpea loss is attributed to
Maruca Vitrata.
20. • Average cowpea yield 728.7kg/ha, 64 percent sold, 12 percent home
consumption
➢ Investment in cowpea can improve food system transformation
• Majority of seeds planted are recycled seeds, while most of the
newly acquired seeds are gotten from the open markets
• The number of working days for household and hired labour is high
for harvest, land preparation and pesticides control/applications.
Findings & Implications – Baseline Survey
21. Findings & Implications – Ongoing Qualitative Research
• Cowpea losses due to infestation encouraging PBR uptake &
enabling policy environment for PBR cowpea adoption
➢ Expect high PBR cowpea uptake during c-RCT
implementation
• Costs of pesticides and herbicides
➢ PBR cowpea can improve incomes and health of farm
householdsby reducing pesticide costs and applications
23. What is WEAGov?
- WEAGov – the Women’s Empowerment in Agrifood Governance
tool – is an assessment framework to measure women’s voice in
the agrifood policy process
- Developed by International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFPRI) researchers and piloted in Nigeria by APRNet
- How can WEAGov be used?
1. Measure women’s voice across different parts of the policy
process
2. Identify entry points for raising women’s voice in different
parts of the policy process
3. Track progress in women’s empowerment in agrifood policy
process over time
24. Why did we create WEAGov?
- The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
calls for gender equality and highlights gaps in political
participation for women
25. 3
Women make up only 22% of
members of parliament
worldwide…
… and only 16% of
cabinet secretaries
26. Why did we create WEAGov?
- The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
calls for gender equality and highlights gaps in political
participation for women
- Gender equality within agrifood systems is essential to meeting
SDGs, yet it is difficult to measure and track
- There is a need to identify specific windows and opportunities to
raise women’s voice in the agrifood policy process in order to
achieve meaningful progress
27. WEAGov covers 3 stages of the policy
process
Agenda setting,
Policy design, and
Policy adoption
Policy
implementation
Policy evaluation &
reform
Agenda setting, Policy design,
and Policy adoption:
• Why certain social and
economic problems emerge
as topicsfor policydebate
• How policy solutionsare
designed
• Which policy solutionsare
ultimately adopted
Policyimplementation
• How policies are implemented
in practice, including
budgetaryoutlays,
organizational strategies, and
delivery of services
Policyevaluation & reform
• How policies are assessed
against their objectives to
know if changes are needed
29. Are women
considered?
Are women
included?
Are women
influencing?
Agenda
Setting,
Design &
Adoption
Implement-
ation
Evaluation &
Reform
ACHIEVEMENT
An agrifood governance system in which women can realize
their own choicesand goals
RESOURCES
◎ Gender norms◎ Access & control over assets
◎ Education ◎ Well-being & safety ◎ Legal rights
Positive
feedbackfrom
greater
empowerment
in governance
processesto
more
resourcesfor
women
30. How is WEAGov data collected?
5 key measurement steps
▪ Agrifood policy & stakeholder mapping → policy content analysis on gender
integration and analysis of organizationsinvolved in agrifood policy process
▪ Desk review of objective, quantitative indicators of women’s empowerment in
agrifood governance
- e.g., # women ministers of agrifood agencies
▪ Organizationsurvey
- Quantitative, objective data on staffing, gender strategies, gender activities of agrifood
organizations
- Survey given to organizations involved in agrifood policy process – public sector (federal
and state), private sector, and civil society organizations
▪ Expert survey
- Perceptions and beliefs of key in-country stakeholders in the sector
- e.g., are opportunities for women’s participation well-known and utilized by key civil
society actors
- Survey given to leaders and experts in organizations in the agrifood policy process
▪ Technical panels or focus group discussions
- Deliberate on measurement and validity with country experts
31. ✓ Agrifood policy & stakeholder mapping → policy content analysis on gender
integration and analysis of organizations involved in agrifood policy process
✓ Desk review of objective, quantitative indicators of women’s empowerment
in agrifood governance
- Reviewed 19 agrifood national policies & strategies in Nigeria
✓ Organization survey
- Interviewed 141 federal- and state-level agencies, independent
agencies, civil society organizations, & private sector entities
✓ Expert survey
- Interviewed 248 local experts in Nigerian agrifood policies from
federal- and state-level agencies, civil society organizations, private
sector, and academia
▪ Technical panels or focus group discussions
- Deliberate on measurement and validity with country experts
WEAGov in Nigeria
Joint work with APRNet
32. Thank you!
Please contact Jordan Kyle (j.kyle@cgiar.org) or Catherine
Ragasa (c.ragasa@cgiar.org) with any questions
33. Overcoming barriers to
women’s political
participation and
community engagement
Claire L. Adida, Leonardo Arriola, Katrina Kosec,* Jordan Kyle,
Aila M. Matanock, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, Surili Sheth, Dolapo
Adeyanju, Lucia Carrillo, and Opeyemi Olanrewaju
*International Food Policy Research Institute
May 12, 2023
34. www.cgiar.org
Introduction
• Government policies affect everyone, yet
women are underrepresented in policymaking
(Duflo 2012; Lawless 2015)
• Women’s participation in politics and civic life
remains comparatively low (Iversen and
Rosenbluth 2006)
• Reasons may include a lack of relevant skills and
training, or norms that proscribe such behavior
• Worrisome as:
• Women’s unique policy needs may not be met if
they lack voice and agency
• Women’s voice and agency in their community
also help support women’s livelihoods
36. www.cgiar.org
Intervention
• Initial meeting to sign-up married women (age 21-50)
and provide civic education course
• 3 study arms:
• Control (C): Do not meet again after initial meeting
• Treatment 1 (T1): Women invited to attend 5 more
trainings over 5 months
• Treatment 2 (T2): T1 + husbands invited to attend 5
(separate) trainings over 5 months
• Women’s trainings are in leadership, organizing, and
advocacy, intended to build women's collective agency
and improve their articulation of demands to
policymakers
• Men’s trainings promotes men’s allyship in supporting
women’s empowerment
450 wards
5,850 women
Control
150 wards
T1
150 wards
T2
150 wards
37. www.cgiar.org
Planned Analysis – Women’s
Voice and Agency
• Baseline survey (May—June 2023) and endline survey (November—
December 2023)
• Compare endline outcomes of women randomly assigned to Control, T1, and
T2
• Women’s Voice and Agency Outcomes:
• Women’s participation in community meetings and contacting of leaders
• Leaders’ perceptions of how well women communicate their needs
• Group efficacy: Women’s belief that they can rely on other women for
help
• Individual efficacy: Women’s confidence in themselves
38. www.cgiar.org
Planned Analysis – Women’s
Livelihoods and Wellbeing
• Women’s Livelihoods and Wellbeing Outcomes:
• Likelihood of working, hours worked
• Income
• Having a bank account, value of savings
• Aspirations (for income, for savings, for social status)
• Likelihood of taking out a loan
• Participation in groups
• Food security and comfort
39. www.cgiar.org
Next Steps
• ActionAid Nigeria begins trainings facilitators next week
• A week after this training, the initial training meetings being (beginning the
5-6 months training period)
• All data should be collected by December 2023
• Plan to analyze data in early 2024 and disseminate findings to ActionAid and
other partners
Thank you!
41. www.cgiar.org
Rethinking Food Markets Initiative
Overall goal: Study interventions to improve efficiency of food markets
1. Global value chains
2. Domestic value chains
3. Cross-value chain services
Specific goal: Study innovations in (digital) finance and logistics
• Scoping analysis
• Identification of innovations
• Evaluation of innovations
Other initiative work in Nigeria: Logistics innovations in fruit and vegetable
value chains
42. www.cgiar.org
Financial access in agriculture
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total Commercial Bank Loan (N'billion)
Commercial Banks loan to Agricultural sector (N'billion)
Percentage Loans to agriculture sector
Commercial bank lending to agricultural sector (2014-
2020)
Smallholder finance
• 16.8 million smallholders have no access to
formal finance
• 100% receive payments in cash
• 96% pay for inputs in cash
• 79% do not own a bank account
• 85% are self funded
But…
• They are 70% of the labor force
• They produce 99% of agricultural produce in
Nigeria
43. www.cgiar.org
Results from scoping studies
Challenges
• Barriers to entry
• Weak infrastructure
• Lack of trust
• Literacy gap
• Fraud
• Low awareness/adoption
• Disconnect between banks
and DFS
Opportunities
• Adoption of cell phones and
broadband
• Growing network of agents
• Growing demand for digital
services
• Enabling environment
• Youth population
• Improved data
44. www.cgiar.org
Identification of Financing Innovations
• Digital credit
• E-saving to purchase inputs
• E-saving from harvest payments (crop revenues)
• Digital warehouse deposit receipt system
• Bundling with other services
46. The Role of Spatial Inequalities on Youth Migration
Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria
Mulubrhan Amare
(with Kibrom A. Abay and Jordan Chamberlin)
47. www.cgiar.org
Motivation
• The spatial flow of labor within countries responds and contributes to the geographical
distribution of economic activity and opportunity.
• Understanding migration decisions, destination and duration helps inform our
understanding of the potential outcomes of alternative regional development strategies.
• How different types of migrants respond to differences in amenities, resources, and
economic activity, to design effective policies for migration,
• Destination perspective to understanding potential pull factors for various forms of
migration
• Examine how the attributes of potential destinations, both in absolute terms as well as
relative to origins of migration.
48. www.cgiar.org
Objectives
▪ We study youth migrants’ responses to observable characteristics of potential destinations
and how these responses vary across various forms of migration.
▪ Examine the role of observable attributes of potential destinations, both in absolute terms as
well as relative to origin of migration.
▪ Explore potential heterogeneity in the impacts of observable characteristics of potential
destinations across various types of migrants.
▪ Understand pull factors of youth migration, a country characterized by relatively high rates
of internal youth migration
▪ Dyadic comparison of destinations and origins underscores the analytical importance of
relative distributions of endowments.
49. www.cgiar.org
Description and Descriptive Statistics
Actual
destination
Alternative
destination
Dif. (actual
vs altern.)
Consumption per AEU ($ppp) 1188.23 1085.81 102.42
Agricultural prod. ($ppp crop income per ha) 4838.40 4703.86 134.54
Land per AEU (ha) 0.17 0.19 -0.02
Nighttime light (DN) 12.10 8.93 3.17
Long-term mean rainfall (mm) 1618.20 1404.33 213.87
Distance to destination (km) 467.01 493.56 26.55
• There are 3,140 youth migrants to each state.
• Each of the migrants has chosen to move to one potential destination; and has therefore
chosen not to move to the 36 remaining destinations.
• Interested in explaining why each individual migrated to each actual destination and not to
the remaining 36 states.
51. www.cgiar.org
Conclusions and Implications
• Migrants respond differently to observable characteristics depending on migration pattern,
duration, and socioeconomic status.
• Migrants prefer destinations with higher relative welfare and lower cost of living.
• Rural-rural migrants are responsive to agricultural productivity and land availability.
• Rural-urban and urban-urban youth migrants focus on welfare and urban intensity.
• Permanent migrants prioritize cost of living but non-poor migrants prioritize welfare
• Policy makers can encourage rural-rural migration by improving agricultural production
potential to reduce youth unemployment and social tensions in urban areas.
52. Experiments to accelerate
adoption of improved
varieties and quality seeds
Catherine Ragasa (IFPRI)
Oyinbo Oyakhilomen (ABU)
Lucky Omoigui (IITA)
Chibuzo Nwagboso (IFPRI)
Market Intelligence Initiative
WP3 on BehavioralIntelligence team
53. What drives farmers, consumers and private sector decisions to
adopt new varieties and related products?
The problem: New varieties (even if the best ones) are
often not adopted because of behavioral barriers and
processes. Examples:
• Benefits from drought-tolerantvarieties only
experienced when there is a drought
• Improved nutritional value: Difficult to observe
With these barriers, how to acceleratevarietal
turnover?
Limited or unpredictable demand will limit private sector
interest in promoting new varieties and related products.
• How to get privatesector to promote new products?
54. ResearchQuestion1 – How canwe accelerate varietal turnover?
Main Investment: A behavioral multi-country multi-crop randomizedtrial
• Six experiments (5 countries)
• Coordinatedexperimentaldesigns – common interventions
• Quantitativeand qualitativedatacollectiontools, and the same outcome variables.
• Nigeria: Baseline survey completed and seed trial minipack distribution started
Sitesand crops:
• Nigeria:cowpea, maize
• Ethiopia: teff and wheat
• India: green gram, groundnut,rice
• Kenya: maize, beans, cowpea, green
gram, sorghum
• Uganda: maize, sweet potato (2 sites)
55. Study site: Bauchi and Kaduna states, Nigeria
Sample size: 2,016 households in 252 villages surveyed at baseline
Constraints to adoption of newer
varieties:
• Lack of information about new
varieties
• Farmers are cautious to try out new
varieties
• Lack of access to improved seeds
• Poor management practices
• Gender-based constraints
❖ Women have low access to information,
improved seeds, inputs, mobility
❖ Women lack decision-making in varietal
selection and farming
Interventions being
tested:
• Seed trial minipack
• Trainingon good
agriculturalpractices
• Consumption-
orientedintervention
given to female and
male within
treatment
households
23
13
7
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
% land area with
improved
varieties
Varietal age
Adoption rate of improved
varieties
Maize Cowpea
Mostare using older varieties
and just recycle own seeds for
severalyears:
Most popular cowpea variety:
SAMPEA9 (2005 release)
Most popular maize variety: SAMMAZ15
(2008 release)
56. Top varietal traitpreferences
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
of
sample
households
a. Production-oriented traits
Maize
Cowpea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
b. Consumption-oriented traits
Maize
Cowpea
Source of raw data: IFPRI/Binomial household survey (2023). Varietal evaluation and traits preferences module were
asked jointly to male and female members of household. Traits preferences were largely consistent with FGDs; and
male-only and female-only FGDs responses were largely similar.
Varieties promoted in
the experimental
study:
✓ relatively new
varieties, with
commercial seeds
available but not yet
widely known among
farmers; and
✓ have good potential
for widespread
adoption based on
published traits
recommendations
from seed actor:
➢ SAMPEA19
➢ FUAMPEA 3
➢ Sammaz 51
➢ Sammaz 52
57. Interventions to test in an experiment (cluster RCT)
5 treatment assignment at village level:
1. Seed pack only
2. Consumption-oriented treatment only
3. Seed pack + consumption-oriented treatment
4. Seed pack + Training
5. Control group (no intervention)
Data collected from within-cluster control to measure spillover effect!
58. Thank you.
Stay tuned on the
study results
in 2024!
For questions, kindly send to Catherine Ragasa
(c.ragasa@cgiar.org)
59. Seed certification and maize, rice
and cowpea productivity in
Nigeria:
An insight based on nationally
representative farm household data and
seed company location data
(WP5 Nigeria Study 2022)
Adetunji Fasoranti (presenter)
Hiroyuki Takeshima, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Kwaw S. Andam,
Hyacinth O. Edeh, Beliyou Haile, P. Lava Kumar, Chibuzo
Nwagboso, Catherine Ragasa, David Spielman, Tesfamichael
Wossen.
60. www.cgiar.org
Background
1
• This study explores the value of quality assurance systems
with an analysis of certified seed production and
distribution in Nigeria.
• Assess the associations between the quantity of certified
seeds produced and the spatial variations from where they
are produced and,
• Spatial variations in the use of certified seeds and/or
improved varieties, yields, and output, and their relationship
with agroclimatic and socioeconomic conditions
61. www.cgiar.org
Methodology and Data Sources
2
Cowpea
Rice
Maize
Our analysis integrates information on seed quantities produced and locations of seed
companies with LSMS – ISA data: nationally representative panel data from a survey of
farm householdsand spatially explicit rainfall and temperature data.
62. www.cgiar.org
Certified seed production and use in Nigeria over time
– Varied Scale
Source: Calculations based on NASC annual reports in left-hand side panels, and FAOSTAT in right-hand side panels.
3
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
tons
Maize (Hybrid) Maize (OPV) Rice (Lowland) Rice (Upland) Others
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
tons
Cowpea
63. www.cgiar.org
Key Findings
4
• Yield responsesfrom certified seeds vary depending on the nature of the farmland
• When certified seeds are available, both yield and use increase. When it hits its peak,
the effect of the increase begins to diminish.
• There are variations in the yields from certified seed which could be a result of
climatic conditions and farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics.
• Farmers tend to use certified seeds when they are sure that their land supports the
production of such crops.
64. www.cgiar.org
Key Findings
5
• Farmers tend to use certified seeds when they are sure that their land supports the
production of such crops.
• Farmers in close proximity to certified seed use it and improve their yields and
outputs. This effect diminishes at the margin due to two factors
1. Yields from certified seeds vary considerably within each state, suggesting either
quality issues in the supply chain or farmers not using complementary inputs or
management practices when using quality seed.
2. As certified seed becomesmore available to farmers, its use may spread from
higher-return farms to lower-returnfarms, thereby diminishing the gains on the
extensive margin.
65. www.cgiar.org
Policy recommendations
6
• Revisit seed certification target in Nigeria
• Prioritize spatially the seed certification expansion effort if it
is still of policy importance
• Promote more decentralized systems, like QDS / community
seed schemesfor rice, cowpeas, and OPV maize (as in various
Eastern and Southern African countries)
67. Introduction to SAM
➢ SAM is a systematic tool for economy-wide analysis and policy prioritization, used to
prioritize the most appropriate investments and suitable policies that can transform the
Nigerian agricultural food market and system.
➢ SAM is a national accounting framework that captures the circular flow of receipts and
payments between agents and markets.
➢ SAM provides a complete and consistent dataset of all economic transactions that takes
place within the socio-economic system.
➢ Some of the data source include: National accounts (NBS), government financial statistics
(Ministry of Finance, CBN), Balance of Payment (IMF) Household expenditures, and Labour
Force Surveys etc.
68. Basic Structure of SAM ➢ It sheds light on the activities of the different
economic agents by describing the
interrelationship between firms, farms,
households, investorsand the external sector.
➢ The flow of economic activities in monetary terms
from expenditure/outflow (col) to income/inflow
(row)
➢ Activities are domestic firms that produce goods
and services (commodities). Factors (labour,
capital and land) are important to produce
activities. The activities pay owners/suppliers of
factors (households – wages and rents),
government (profits, direct tax), and the rest of
the world (import, debt repayments)
69. Findings from the previous Nigeria SAM
2018 Nigeria SAM
2006 Nigeria SAM
Consumptionshare of Nigeria households
• Manufactured goods take about 67 percent of imports and
4.8 percent of exports.
• Mining takes about 87 percent of exports and 0.3 percent of
imports
• Manufactured goods take about 66 percent of
imports and 1 percent of export
• Mining takes about 94 percent of exports and 2
percent of imports
70. ➢ Ensure integrating policy tools,
including SAMs, are available for
federal and state-level analysis
➢ Develop in-country SAM building
capacity by working with local
institutions (NISER, NBS)
Aim of the Research
➢ Updated SAM at national level with new
SUT and the Nigerian Living Standards
Survey (NLSS)
➢ Regionalized SAM, separating Delta,
Kano, and Lagos States
Anticipated Outcomes
71. Past Activities: Training Sessions
Training 2
Building a
Nigerian social
accounting
matrix (SAM)
Training 3
SAM multiplier
modeling
72. Next Steps
➢ Trainees to facilitate in-country SAM trainings especially at the state levels
➢ IFPRI team to provide backstop support to trainees including preparing training
documentsand virtual refresher trainings
➢ NISER with the support of NBS to lead the preliminary new SAM and its
documentationincluding report writing and simulation.
➢ NISER to engage relevant state statistical agencies like the state bureaus of
statisticsfor gathering of relevant data for the SAM building
➢ Data collection in preparation for a regional SAM (Delta, Kano, and Lagos states)
73. Potential Policy/Programming Implications
Updated Nigeria SAMs at national and state-level will serve as a database for
research on country Agrifood system transformation, including:
• Federal and statelevel public expenditure analysis: costs and benefits of
different investments (RIAPA-AIDAanalysis), trends and composition of public
spending
• Agrifood system diagnostic analysis
74.
75. National
Aquaculture
and Fisheries
Policy
Directions
Catherine Ragasa (IFPRI)
Sunil Siriwardena (WorldFish)
Anthony Onoja (APRNet)
Eyiwunmi Falaye (U of Ibadan)
Ebi Ansa (FISON)
Istifanus Pwaso
Chibuzo Nwagboso (IFPRI)
With others in IFPRI, WorldFish, and Agricultural
Policy Research Network (APRNet), under the
guidance of the Federal Department of Fisheries
and Aquaculture, FMARD
76. Policy Research & Policy Development Support
in response to the demand from the Federal Department
of Fisheries and Aquaculture
Demand for
Policy Reform
Evidence-based Policy
Formulation,
Consultation,Validation,
and Adoption
Budgetary
Negotiations
and Allocation
Implementation
of Strategies
and
Programmes
Monitoring,
Evaluation,
Review,
Adjustments
Ongoing research:
• Literature search and synthesis of the lessons
• Policy coherence review
• Key informants’ interviews and discussions
Upcoming research (May-August 2023)
77. Poverty
(change in %-point)
Average across outcomes
(averaged normalized scores, reordered)
-0.69
-0.62
-0.49
-0.10
-0.10
-0.10
-0.09
-0.08
-0.01
0.00
0.16
Cattle & dairy
Poultry & eggs
Fish
Soybeans
Cassava
Cowpea
Cocoa
Maize
Fruits & nuts
Vegetables
Rice
0.72
0.52
0.43
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.35
0.35
0.29
0.26
0.11
Cattle & dairy
Rice
Maize
Fish
Poultry & eggs
Soybeans
Cowpea
Fruits & nuts
Vegetables
Cocoa
Cassava
Total
Cattle & dairy
Rice
Maize
Fish
Poultry & eggs
Soybeans
Cowpea
Fruits & nuts
Vegetables
Cocoa
Cassava
Poverty Growth Jobs Diets
CRITICAL CONTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL OF AQUA FOOD SECTOR
Source: IFPRI, 2022
78. NIGERIA IS THE LEADING AQUA PRODUCER IN SSA
FAST GROWTH IN NIGERIA’S AQUACULTURE UNTIL 2014, THEN PLATEAU
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Production
(000
metric
tonnes)
AquacultureProduction, Sub-SaharanAfrica
Nigeria Tanzania Uganda Ghana Zambia Kenya Other
6
9
11
9
15
23
21
12
22
4
0
10
20
30
40
Annual
growth
rate
(%)
AnnualGrowth Rate in Aquaculture
Production, 2000-2019
Source of raw data: FAOSTAT
Source: Ragasa, C., H. Charo-Karisa, E. Rurangwa, N. Tran, K. M.
Shikuku. 2022. Sustainable Aquaculture Developmentin Sub-
Sahara Africa. Nature Food 3, 92-94.
79. POLICY GAPS AND INCONSISTENCIES
✓ Inadequate environmental policies and regulations for sustainable aqua food system.
✓ Land suitable for sustainable pond aquaculture is not zoned.
✓ Several programs that provide capital and market linkages rarely reach aqua producers.
✓ Large data gaps have caused incomplete information for policy formulation
✓ Insufficient resources make policies unimplementable.
✓ Current policies lack strategies, details, and depth to improve aquaculture value chain
growth.
80. NEXT STEPS
✓ Ongoing drafting of the new National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy (2023-2028) – with
IFPRI, Worldfish, and APRNet providing technical support (since January 2023).
✓ Stakeholder consultations on the elements and design of this new national policy – June
2023
✓ Market and value chain analysis; analysis of source of growth, economywide modelling –
May-August 2023
✓ Stakeholder validation workshop for the new National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy –
September 2023
82. Background
Conflicts and general security threats are major insecurity concerns in Nigeria and are most
severe for the poor and vulnerable ones
Conflict can lead to the destruction of farmland, crop theft, destabilize food markets limit
household dietary diversity and impair food security
Conflict is one of the major drivers of displacement and forced migration ultimately leading
to severe food insecurity
Unlike previous studies (George 2020; WFP 2017), we examine how the direct effects of
conflicts (shocks) affect household food (in)security within the context of Violent conflicts
settings in Nigeria
83. Food Security Measurement (two indices)
(1) Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
• “Yes/no" responses to the 12 food groups that
were consumed by a household
• The HDDS has a minimum value of zero and a
maximum value of twelve.
(2) Household food insecurity experience scale (FIES)
• Eight-Standard-experience-based food insecurity
experience indicators
Data Source and Methods
Data Source
• 2018 Fadama III Additional
Financing Data
• 1658 sampled households
across the six states of the
North-east region.
Empirical Strategy
• Negative binomial model
(HDDS)
• Probit Model (FIES)
84. Summary of Review findings
• Underlying causes for many violent conflicts were competition or access
to productive resources, economic inequality, and ethnoreligious
tensions.
• Herders-farmers conflicts, Boko Haram insurgency, armed banditry
attacks, and communal conflicts are the most widely reported types of
conflicts in Nigeria
• A spatial variability in the nature and severity of violent conflicts in
Nigeria
85. Summary of Empirical Findings (1)
Variables
Marginal
effects
Std. error (marginal
effects)
Migrated due to
conflicts
-1.22*** 0.153
Abducted
-0.796*** 0.258
Loss of property
-0.722*** 0.184
Market infrastructure
loss due to conflicts 1.726*** 0.169
Own agricultural
processing
equipment
-0.740* 0.386
Age of household
head 0.0133** 0.006
Access to Market
Information 0.299 * 0.156
Empirical results
• conflicts-induced migration decrease
household food security
• Abduction of household members negatively
and significantly affects household food
security
• Property loss has a significant negative
relationship with household food security
86. Summary of Empirical Findings (2)
Run out of food Without eating
whole day
Hungry but did
not eat
Variables Margins Margins Margins
Migrated
due to
conflicts
0.1264***
(0.0255)
0.1069***
(0.0210)
0.118***
(0.025)
Displaced -0.0179
(0.0306)
-0.0788***
(0.0250)
0.022
(0.029)
Abducted -0.0068
(0.0487)
-0.0157
(0.03830)
0.008
(0.046)
Trauma 0.0919***
(0.0339)
0.0344
(0.0279)
0.0924***
(0.033)
Fatality 0.2243***
(0.0376)
0.1024***
(0.0293)
0.199***
(0.036)
Loss of
property
-0.0413
(0.0303)
0.0590**
(0.0250)
0.033
(0.029)
Injured 0.0708**
(0.0327)
0.0770***
(0.0263)
0.037
(0.031)
• Conflict-induced migration increased the
severity of household food insecurity (All
FIES indicators)
• Household members’ loss of property and
injury is associated with the three FIES
indicator
• Trauma due to conflicts increases the
likelihood of a household being
experiencing ‘ran out of food’ and ‘hungry
but did not’
• Fatality to a household member is
associated with experiencing all three food
insecurity indicators.
87. Policy Recommendations
State-level or region-specific approaches and policy interventions is recommended
in addressing triggers of conflicts and its attendant impacts.
Property rights and promotion of alternative livestock production/management
system such as the practice of cattle ranching (To address the resource use
competition as a major driver, and the huge collateral impacts that comes with it)
Generally, policies and programs need be developed to mitigate the direct impact
of conflict- induced shocks on households, as it creates long term imbalances that
often affects household welfare, including food security.
88. Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM)
&
National Policies and Strategies (NPS)
Joint Initiative Seminar
May 12, 2023
Abuja, Nigeria
Developing Nigeria’s Community
of Policy Practice:
Current Status and Next Steps
Hyacinth Edeh
90. www.cgiar.org
NPS Goals/Implementation Areas
• Building policy coherence
• Synergy among CGIAR Initiatives
• Linking Initiatives research portfolios to national and sub-national policies
• Supporting coherence between national and sub-national agricultural and
development policies
• Integrating Policy Tools
• Developing easy-to-use tools for policy-related analysis
• National capacity strengthening activities, e.g., trainings
• Mentoring national trainees to lead national policy analysis and monitoring
• Responding to Crises
• Creating/strengthening of Communities of Policy Practice (CoPP)
• Informing CoPP through evidence-based research outputs to bridge the gap
between research and policy making
• Diverse relevant stakeholders
91. www.cgiar.org
Community of Policy Practice:
The Nigeria Model/Actors
Community
of Policy
Practice
Development Partners
(CGIAR)
Government
(FMARD, State,
Committee of Practice
on Agricultureand
Rural Development)
Private Sector
Actors/Policy Influencers
(NABG, NGF, APRNet, etc.)
Researchers
(ADAN, NARIs, NISER,
NBS, etc.)
92. www.cgiar.org 4
NATIONAL POLICY AND CAPACITY SUPPORT
Strengthening CoPP Partners in Nigeria
Introduction to Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) – July
2022
Launch of the National Agricultural Technology and
Innovation Policy – NATIP (August 2022)
93. www.cgiar.org 5
CAPACITY STRENGTHENING WORKSHOP/TRAINING
Strengthening CoPP Partners in Nigeria
Buildinga Nigeria Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) – Jan/Feb. 2023
STATA tool – March. 2023
95. www.cgiar.org 7
Next Steps
• NATIP Implementation Plan validation workshop – May 2023
• State policy engagements through Committee of Practice of State
Commissioners of Agriculture – June/July 2023
• Research dissemination events at national and state levels – June 2023
onwards