Fractures are breaks in the continuity of bone that are usually caused by trauma. They are described and classified based on their type, communication with the external environment, and anatomic location. The goals of treatment are to realign bone fragments through reduction, immobilize the bones to maintain alignment through fixation methods like casting, and restore normal function. Complications can include infection, compartment syndrome, venous thrombosis, fat embolism syndrome, malunion, non-union, osteomyelitis, avascular necrosis, and shortening.
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
Fractures
Description
A disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of boneTraumatic injuries account for the majority of fractures
Description
Described and classified according to:
Type
Communication or noncommunication with external environment
Anatomic location
Types of Fractures
Fig. 61-4
Classification by Communication with
External Environment
Fig. 61-5
Classification by Fracture Location
Fig. 61-6
Description
Described and classified according to:
Appearance, position, and alignment of the fragments
Classic names
Stable or unstable
Description
Closed (also called simple) skin remain intactOpen (also called compound) skin is breeched.
Description
Stable fractures
Occur when a piece of the periosteum is intact across the fracture
External or internal fixation has rendered the fragments stationary
Description
Unstable fractures
Grossly displaced
Poor fixation
Clinical Manifestations
Immediate localized pain
Function
Inability to bear weight or use affected part
Guarding
May or may not see obvious bone deformity
Fracture HealingReparative process of self-healing (union) occurs in the following stages:
Fracture hematoma (d/t bleeding, edema)
Granulation tissue → osteoid (3 – 14 days post injury)
Callus formation (minerals deposited in osteoid)
Fracture HealingReparative process of self-healing (union) occurs in the following stages:
Ossification (3 wks – 6 mos)
Consolidation (distance between fragments decreases → closes).
Remodeling (union completed; remodels to original shape, strength)
Bone Healing
Fig. 61-7
Collaborative CareOverall goals of treatment:
Anatomic realignment of bone fragments (reduction)
Immobilization to maintain alignment (fixation)
Restoration of normal function
Collaborative Care
Fracture ReductionClosed reduction
Nonsurgical, manual realignmentOpen reduction
Correction of bone alignment through a surgical incision
Collaborative Care
Fracture ReductionTraction (with simultaneous counter-traction)
Application of pulling force to attain realignment
Skin traction (short-term: 48-72 hrs)
Skeletal traction (longer periods)
See Table 61-7
Collaborative Care
Fracture ImmobilizationCasts
Temporary circumferential immobilization device
Common following closed reduction
Casts
Fig. 61-9
Collaborative Care
Fracture ImmobilizationExternal fixation
Metallic device composed of pins that are inserted into the bone and attached to external rods
Collaborative Care
Fracture ImmobilizationInternal fixation
Pins, plates, intramedullary rods, and screws
Surgically inserted at the time of realignment
Collaborative Care
Fracture ImmobilizationTraction
Application of a pulling force to an injured part of the body while countertraction pulls in the opposite direction
Collaborative Care
Fracture ImmobilizationPurpose of traction:
Prevent or reduce muscle spasm
Immobilization
Reduction
Treat a pathologic condition
Nursing Manage ...
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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12. Description
Stable fractures
Occur when a piece of the periosteum is
intact across the fracture
External or internal fixation has rendered
the fragments stationary
15. Fracture Healing
Reparative process of self-healing (union)
occurs in the following stages:
1. Fracture hematoma (d/t bleeding, edema)
2. Granulation tissue → osteoid (3 – 14 days
post injury)
3. Callus formation (minerals deposited in
osteoid)
16. Fracture Healing
Reparative process of self-healing (union)
occurs in the following stages:
4. Ossification (3 wks – 6 mos)
5. Consolidation (distance between fragments
decreases → closes).
6. Remodeling (union completed; remodels to
original shape, strength)
18. Collaborative Care
Overall goals of treatment:
Anatomic realignment of bone fragments
(reduction)
Immobilization to maintain alignment
(fixation)
Restoration of normal function
19. Collaborative Care
Fracture Reduction
Closed reduction
Nonsurgical, manual realignment
Open reduction
Correction of bone alignment through a
surgical incision
20. Collaborative Care
Fracture Reduction
Traction (with simultaneous counter-traction)
Application of pulling force to attain
realignment
Skin traction (short-term: 48-72 hrs)
Skeletal traction (longer periods)
28. Complications of Fractures
Infection
Collaborative Care
Open fractures require aggressive surgical
debridement
Post-op IV antibiotics for 3 to 7 days
(prophylactic)
29. Complications of Fractures
Compartment Syndrome
Condition in which elevated intracompartmental
pressure within a confined myofascial
compartment compromises the neurovascular
function of tissues within that space
Causes capillary perfusion to be reduced below a
level necessary for tissue viability
34. Complications of Fractures
Compartment Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Absence of peripheral pulse = ominous late
sign
Myoglobinuria
Dark reddish-brown urine
35. Complications of Fractures
Compartment Syndrome
Collaborative Care
Prompt, accurate diagnosis is critical
Early recognition is the key
Do not apply ice or elevate above heart level
36. Complications of Fractures
Compartment Syndrome
Collaborative Care
Remove/loosen the bandage and bivalve the
cast
Reduce traction weight
Surgical decompression (fasciotomy)
37. Complications of Fractures
Venous Thrombosis
Veins of the lower extremities and pelvis are
highly susceptible to thrombus formation after
fracture, especially hip fracture
38. Complications of Fractures
Venous Thrombosis
Precipitating factors:
Venous stasis caused by incorrectly applied
casts or traction
Local pressure on a vein
Immobility
Prevent with anticoagulant medications
39. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Characterized by the presence of fat globules in
tissues and organs after a traumatic skeletal
injury
40. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Fractures that most often cause FES:
Long bones
Ribs
Tibia
Pelvis
41. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Clinical Manifestations
Usually occur 24-48 hours after injury
Interstitial pneumonitis
Produce symptoms of ARDS
42. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms of ARDS:
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Cyanosis
↓ PaO2
43. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms of ARDS:
Dyspnea
Apprehension
Tachycardia
44. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Clinical Manifestations
Rapid and acute course
Feeling of impending disaster
Patient may become comatose in a short time
45. Complications of Fractures
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
Clinical Manifestations
Rapid and acute course
Feeling of impending disaster
Patient may become comatose in a short time