- Fractures are breaks or disruptions in the continuity of bone structure. They are commonly caused by traumatic injuries and are described and classified based on type, location, appearance of fragments, and stability. - Clinical manifestations of fractures include immediate pain, inability to use the affected area, and potential deformity. Fracture healing involves hematoma formation, granulation tissue, callus formation, ossification, and remodeling over weeks to months. - Treatment goals are anatomic realignment, immobilization to maintain alignment, and restoring function. This may involve closed or open reduction, traction, casting, external or internal fixation, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on assessment, pain management, prevention of complications, and