Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of a joint. It is indicated for pain and instability in the joint. With improvements in joint replacement surgery, arthrodesis is now less commonly performed. It permanently relieves pain by fusing the bones and eliminating joint movement, at the cost of stiffness. The optimal positions for fusing different joints are described. Common complications include malposition and nonunion.
The document provides information on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, including:
1. The ACL originates from the femur and inserts into the tibia, resisting anterior tibial translation and medial rotation. ACL injuries most commonly result from rapid changes in direction during sports.
2. Physical examination of ACL injuries involves tests like the Lachman test and anterior drawer test to assess knee stability. MRI is also used for diagnosis.
3. Treatment involves RICE initially, followed by either nonsurgical rehabilitation with bracing or surgical reconstruction using grafts like the patellar tendon. Reconstruction aims to restore stability and function to prevent further knee damage.
1. The earliest recorded prosthetic limb dates back to 484 BC, while the oldest preserved prosthetic limb was made of copper and wood from 300 BC.
2. Factors requiring amputation include trauma, ischemia, tumor removal, infection, and complications of diseases like diabetes.
3. An ideal amputation stump heals well, has a gentle contour with muscle padding, sufficient length to bear a prosthesis, and a thin, mobile scar that does not interfere with function.
1. Rehabilitation after lower limb amputation involves pre-op, post-op, and long-term phases aimed at preventing complications, educating the patient, and improving functional mobility and independence.
2. The post-op phase focuses on managing pain, increasing range of motion and strength, promoting wound healing, and training the patient in mobility and prosthetic use.
3. Long-term rehabilitation involves community and vocational reintegration, lifelong prosthetic management, and psychological support through follow-ups and support groups.
Arthroplasty is a reconstructive surgery to restore joint motion and function or relieve pain by replacing damaged bone and joint surfaces with prosthetic implants. The document discusses various types of arthroplasty including hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty. It describes the principles of arthroplasty, techniques, approaches, and potential complications for each type of joint replacement surgery.
This document discusses principles of tendon transfers for restoring lost movement. It outlines key principles such as having supple joints before transfer, using a donor tendon with adequate excursion and strength, adhering to principles of synergy and straight line of pull. The timing of transfers depends on the likelihood of nerve recovery but can be done early to aid recovery. Contraindications include a lack of suitable donor muscles or transfers for joints with stiffness. Classification systems like Sunderland and Seddon are used to describe nerve injuries requiring tendon transfers.
This document discusses amputation, including its definition, causes, types, surgical principles, complications, pain management, psychological adjustment, dressing, skin care, and exercises. It defines amputation as the removal of part of a limb through one or more bones. The main causes include peripheral vascular disease, injuries, infections, tumors, and congenital anomalies. There are two main types - guillotine/open and closed amputations. Key goals after amputation are pain management, psychological counseling, preventing deformities, and regaining range of motion and strength.
Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of a joint. It is indicated for pain and instability in the joint. With improvements in joint replacement surgery, arthrodesis is now less commonly performed. It permanently relieves pain by fusing the bones and eliminating joint movement, at the cost of stiffness. The optimal positions for fusing different joints are described. Common complications include malposition and nonunion.
The document provides information on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, including:
1. The ACL originates from the femur and inserts into the tibia, resisting anterior tibial translation and medial rotation. ACL injuries most commonly result from rapid changes in direction during sports.
2. Physical examination of ACL injuries involves tests like the Lachman test and anterior drawer test to assess knee stability. MRI is also used for diagnosis.
3. Treatment involves RICE initially, followed by either nonsurgical rehabilitation with bracing or surgical reconstruction using grafts like the patellar tendon. Reconstruction aims to restore stability and function to prevent further knee damage.
1. The earliest recorded prosthetic limb dates back to 484 BC, while the oldest preserved prosthetic limb was made of copper and wood from 300 BC.
2. Factors requiring amputation include trauma, ischemia, tumor removal, infection, and complications of diseases like diabetes.
3. An ideal amputation stump heals well, has a gentle contour with muscle padding, sufficient length to bear a prosthesis, and a thin, mobile scar that does not interfere with function.
1. Rehabilitation after lower limb amputation involves pre-op, post-op, and long-term phases aimed at preventing complications, educating the patient, and improving functional mobility and independence.
2. The post-op phase focuses on managing pain, increasing range of motion and strength, promoting wound healing, and training the patient in mobility and prosthetic use.
3. Long-term rehabilitation involves community and vocational reintegration, lifelong prosthetic management, and psychological support through follow-ups and support groups.
Arthroplasty is a reconstructive surgery to restore joint motion and function or relieve pain by replacing damaged bone and joint surfaces with prosthetic implants. The document discusses various types of arthroplasty including hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty. It describes the principles of arthroplasty, techniques, approaches, and potential complications for each type of joint replacement surgery.
This document discusses principles of tendon transfers for restoring lost movement. It outlines key principles such as having supple joints before transfer, using a donor tendon with adequate excursion and strength, adhering to principles of synergy and straight line of pull. The timing of transfers depends on the likelihood of nerve recovery but can be done early to aid recovery. Contraindications include a lack of suitable donor muscles or transfers for joints with stiffness. Classification systems like Sunderland and Seddon are used to describe nerve injuries requiring tendon transfers.
This document discusses amputation, including its definition, causes, types, surgical principles, complications, pain management, psychological adjustment, dressing, skin care, and exercises. It defines amputation as the removal of part of a limb through one or more bones. The main causes include peripheral vascular disease, injuries, infections, tumors, and congenital anomalies. There are two main types - guillotine/open and closed amputations. Key goals after amputation are pain management, psychological counseling, preventing deformities, and regaining range of motion and strength.
This document discusses meniscus injuries of the knee. It describes the anatomy and functions of the medial and lateral meniscus. Common types of meniscal tears are described based on location and pattern. Physical exam maneuvers for diagnosing meniscal tears include Thessaly test, McMurray's test, and Apley's grinding test. MRI is the most sensitive imaging method. Treatment involves initial rest, ice, and NSAIDs for minor tears. Surgery options include partial meniscectomy, meniscal repair, or meniscal transplantation for more severe tears. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further joint damage.
The document discusses different types and grades of sprains and strains. A sprain is a ligament injury caused by stretching or tearing from abnormal joint position. Ankle sprains are most common. Strains injure muscles or tendons. Back strains are most common. Grades range from minor fiber damage (Grade I) to complete rupture (Grade III). Treatment follows the PRICE protocol with rest, ice, compression and elevation. A three-stage recovery process focuses on PRICE, exercises and sports reintroduction. Recovery time depends on severity, from 3-6 weeks for mild to 8-12 months for severe injuries.
This document discusses various abdominal surgeries including gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, and appendectomy. It provides details on the causes, operations, post-operative care and complications for each surgery. For gastrectomy, which removes part or all of the stomach, common causes are ulcers and cancer. Post-operative care includes keeping a nasogastric tube in place for drainage and gradually advancing the diet. Physiotherapy focuses on chest physiotherapy to clear secretions, early mobilization, and wound care. For cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), common causes are gallstones and infections. Laparoscopic surgery is now common, and potential complications include bile duct damage. Physiotherapy assesses for
1) The document discusses arthroplasty and physiotherapy management for arthroplasty procedures like total hip replacement and total knee replacement.
2) It covers topics like indications, types, surgical approaches, complications and post-operative physiotherapy management for regaining range of motion, strength and ambulation abilities.
3) The goal of physiotherapy is to achieve a pain-free and stable joint to allow for lower extremity weight bearing and functional activities.
Volkmann's ischemic contracture is caused by compartment syndrome leading to muscle and nerve necrosis in the forearm. It is characterized by contractures and neurological deficits. The condition typically results from untreated injuries that increase forearm compartment pressure, blocking blood flow. Clinical signs include pain, paresthesia, loss of pulses, and contractures. Treatment involves urgent fasciotomy to release pressure if compartment syndrome is present. Established contractures may be treated conservatively or with muscle sliding procedures like Inglis-Cooper or Williams-Haddad to release contracted flexor muscles and tendons.
This document summarizes information about fractures of the patella. It describes the anatomy of the patella and mechanisms of injury, which can include direct trauma from a fall or indirect trauma from forceful quadriceps contraction. Clinical evaluation involves examining for pain, swelling, abrasions, and limited knee movement. Fractures are classified as undisplaced or displaced. Investigations may include x-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and MRIs. Treatment depends on the type of fracture, and may involve casting, tension band wiring, or patellectomy. Complications can include non-union, avascular necrosis, osteoarthritis, or knee stiffness.
The document discusses different types of prostheses used to replace missing limbs. It describes exoskeletal and endoskeletal prosthetic designs, and covers the basic components and classifications of prostheses. Myoelectric prostheses that use muscle signals and various types of feet - including SACH, Jaipur and dynamic response feet - are explained. The document provides details on prostheses for transtibial and transfemoral amputations, including PTB and quadrilateral socket designs and considerations for bilateral transfemoral amputees.
The document discusses total knee replacement (TKR). It begins with the anatomy of the knee joint, which consists of three bones and three compartments. It then defines TKR as a procedure done when conservative management of conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have failed to restore mobility or relieve pain. Common indications for TKR include increasing age, obesity, female sex, trauma, and repetitive occupational trauma. The document outlines the evaluation and management of TKR, including the history of the procedure and post-operative rehabilitation.
Orthosis are devices used to support weak joints and correct deformities. They work by applying three point pressure and distributing weight across a wide surface area. Common orthosis include ankle foot orthosis (AFO) which support the ankle and foot, knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) which stabilize the knee and lower leg, and hip knee ankle foot orthosis (HKAFO) which provide support from the hip to the foot. Orthosis are made of plastic or metal and their design depends on the joints needing support and the individual's condition.
The document provides an overview of general principles and techniques for amputation. It discusses:
1. The definition of amputation and its historical development from ancient times to modern antiseptic techniques.
2. The common indications for amputation including peripheral vascular disease, trauma, infections, and tumors.
3. Surgical principles such as ideal stump shape and length, techniques for blood vessels, nerves, muscles and bone, and postoperative care including rigid dressings.
4. Potential complications like hematoma, infection, wound necrosis, contractures and phantom limb pain.
This document provides an overview of fractures including their definition, goals of treatment, how they happen, complications, life saving measures, maintaining reduction through internal methods, and local factors. The key points are that a fracture is a break in the bone's structural continuity along with some soft tissue injury, treatment goals are healing in a satisfactory position and restoring function, and fractures can be caused by twisting, compression, bending or tension on the bone.
The document discusses amputation, including definitions, history, indications, types, postoperative care, complications, and special procedures. It notes that amputation involves surgical removal of part or all of a limb through bone or joints. The main indications are trauma, peripheral vascular disease, infection, tumors, and congenital anomalies. Postoperative goals are prompt healing, edema control, pain management, and early rehabilitation and prosthesis training. Complications can include wound issues, infection, phantom pain, and psychological impacts.
Torticollis is a twisting of the neck that can have many causes. In newborns, it is often due to issues during birth or position in the uterus. Older children may experience torticollis after neck injuries or infections. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include stretching, medication, bracing, or surgery. Imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI can help identify conditions like muscle issues, infections, fractures, or tumors that are causing the neck twisting.
Establishing the need for a surgical intervention
Confirmation of relevant physical findings and review of the clinical history and laboratory investigations that support the need of surgical intervention
Type of approach- Benefits & Risks of surgical procedure
The incision site- ease of surgery as well as cosmetic considerations
Type of anesthesia
Physiotherapy management in fracture complications (Rsd/myositis ossificans)Ashish kumar Sharma
This document discusses fracture complications and the role of physiotherapy in management. It defines fractures and lists types of fractures and potential causes. Regarding physiotherapy management, it outlines the SOAP assessment process and common treatment approaches, including soft tissue work, scar management, exercises, and manual therapy. Potential complications from fractures are categorized as immediate/early (e.g. hypovolemic shock, nerve injury), delayed (e.g. ARDS, infection), and late (e.g. malunion, RSD). Risk factors and basic prevention principles are also covered.
This document discusses total knee replacement (TKR) and the physiotherapy rehabilitation process. It covers pre-surgical physiotherapy focusing on strength and mobility. Post-surgical physiotherapy is divided into phases focusing initially on range of motion and strengthening, then adding balance and proprioception training. The goals and key exercises of each phase are outlined in detail over 12 weeks of recovery. Complications of TKR like infection, loosening and failure are also mentioned.
Tendon and ligament injuries - Basics.pptxPraveen Yadav
Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. This document discusses injuries to tendons and ligaments, including strains, sprains, tendinitis, and bursitis. It defines each type of injury, describes causes and symptoms, and outlines treatment approaches like RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) and PRICEM (protection, rest, ice, compression, and medication). Surgical repair may be needed for severe tendon ruptures, while mild injuries usually heal with conservative care.
This document provides information on first aid dressings, bandages, and common bone, joint, and muscle injuries. It discusses the purpose of bandages in controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and immobilizing injuries. Guidelines for applying dressings and bandages properly are outlined. Common injuries include muscle cramps, strains, sprains, dislocations, and fractures. First aid management for each focuses on RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), immobilization, and seeking further medical help if needed.
This document discusses meniscus injuries of the knee. It describes the anatomy and functions of the medial and lateral meniscus. Common types of meniscal tears are described based on location and pattern. Physical exam maneuvers for diagnosing meniscal tears include Thessaly test, McMurray's test, and Apley's grinding test. MRI is the most sensitive imaging method. Treatment involves initial rest, ice, and NSAIDs for minor tears. Surgery options include partial meniscectomy, meniscal repair, or meniscal transplantation for more severe tears. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further joint damage.
The document discusses different types and grades of sprains and strains. A sprain is a ligament injury caused by stretching or tearing from abnormal joint position. Ankle sprains are most common. Strains injure muscles or tendons. Back strains are most common. Grades range from minor fiber damage (Grade I) to complete rupture (Grade III). Treatment follows the PRICE protocol with rest, ice, compression and elevation. A three-stage recovery process focuses on PRICE, exercises and sports reintroduction. Recovery time depends on severity, from 3-6 weeks for mild to 8-12 months for severe injuries.
This document discusses various abdominal surgeries including gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, and appendectomy. It provides details on the causes, operations, post-operative care and complications for each surgery. For gastrectomy, which removes part or all of the stomach, common causes are ulcers and cancer. Post-operative care includes keeping a nasogastric tube in place for drainage and gradually advancing the diet. Physiotherapy focuses on chest physiotherapy to clear secretions, early mobilization, and wound care. For cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), common causes are gallstones and infections. Laparoscopic surgery is now common, and potential complications include bile duct damage. Physiotherapy assesses for
1) The document discusses arthroplasty and physiotherapy management for arthroplasty procedures like total hip replacement and total knee replacement.
2) It covers topics like indications, types, surgical approaches, complications and post-operative physiotherapy management for regaining range of motion, strength and ambulation abilities.
3) The goal of physiotherapy is to achieve a pain-free and stable joint to allow for lower extremity weight bearing and functional activities.
Volkmann's ischemic contracture is caused by compartment syndrome leading to muscle and nerve necrosis in the forearm. It is characterized by contractures and neurological deficits. The condition typically results from untreated injuries that increase forearm compartment pressure, blocking blood flow. Clinical signs include pain, paresthesia, loss of pulses, and contractures. Treatment involves urgent fasciotomy to release pressure if compartment syndrome is present. Established contractures may be treated conservatively or with muscle sliding procedures like Inglis-Cooper or Williams-Haddad to release contracted flexor muscles and tendons.
This document summarizes information about fractures of the patella. It describes the anatomy of the patella and mechanisms of injury, which can include direct trauma from a fall or indirect trauma from forceful quadriceps contraction. Clinical evaluation involves examining for pain, swelling, abrasions, and limited knee movement. Fractures are classified as undisplaced or displaced. Investigations may include x-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and MRIs. Treatment depends on the type of fracture, and may involve casting, tension band wiring, or patellectomy. Complications can include non-union, avascular necrosis, osteoarthritis, or knee stiffness.
The document discusses different types of prostheses used to replace missing limbs. It describes exoskeletal and endoskeletal prosthetic designs, and covers the basic components and classifications of prostheses. Myoelectric prostheses that use muscle signals and various types of feet - including SACH, Jaipur and dynamic response feet - are explained. The document provides details on prostheses for transtibial and transfemoral amputations, including PTB and quadrilateral socket designs and considerations for bilateral transfemoral amputees.
The document discusses total knee replacement (TKR). It begins with the anatomy of the knee joint, which consists of three bones and three compartments. It then defines TKR as a procedure done when conservative management of conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have failed to restore mobility or relieve pain. Common indications for TKR include increasing age, obesity, female sex, trauma, and repetitive occupational trauma. The document outlines the evaluation and management of TKR, including the history of the procedure and post-operative rehabilitation.
Orthosis are devices used to support weak joints and correct deformities. They work by applying three point pressure and distributing weight across a wide surface area. Common orthosis include ankle foot orthosis (AFO) which support the ankle and foot, knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) which stabilize the knee and lower leg, and hip knee ankle foot orthosis (HKAFO) which provide support from the hip to the foot. Orthosis are made of plastic or metal and their design depends on the joints needing support and the individual's condition.
The document provides an overview of general principles and techniques for amputation. It discusses:
1. The definition of amputation and its historical development from ancient times to modern antiseptic techniques.
2. The common indications for amputation including peripheral vascular disease, trauma, infections, and tumors.
3. Surgical principles such as ideal stump shape and length, techniques for blood vessels, nerves, muscles and bone, and postoperative care including rigid dressings.
4. Potential complications like hematoma, infection, wound necrosis, contractures and phantom limb pain.
This document provides an overview of fractures including their definition, goals of treatment, how they happen, complications, life saving measures, maintaining reduction through internal methods, and local factors. The key points are that a fracture is a break in the bone's structural continuity along with some soft tissue injury, treatment goals are healing in a satisfactory position and restoring function, and fractures can be caused by twisting, compression, bending or tension on the bone.
The document discusses amputation, including definitions, history, indications, types, postoperative care, complications, and special procedures. It notes that amputation involves surgical removal of part or all of a limb through bone or joints. The main indications are trauma, peripheral vascular disease, infection, tumors, and congenital anomalies. Postoperative goals are prompt healing, edema control, pain management, and early rehabilitation and prosthesis training. Complications can include wound issues, infection, phantom pain, and psychological impacts.
Torticollis is a twisting of the neck that can have many causes. In newborns, it is often due to issues during birth or position in the uterus. Older children may experience torticollis after neck injuries or infections. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include stretching, medication, bracing, or surgery. Imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI can help identify conditions like muscle issues, infections, fractures, or tumors that are causing the neck twisting.
Establishing the need for a surgical intervention
Confirmation of relevant physical findings and review of the clinical history and laboratory investigations that support the need of surgical intervention
Type of approach- Benefits & Risks of surgical procedure
The incision site- ease of surgery as well as cosmetic considerations
Type of anesthesia
Physiotherapy management in fracture complications (Rsd/myositis ossificans)Ashish kumar Sharma
This document discusses fracture complications and the role of physiotherapy in management. It defines fractures and lists types of fractures and potential causes. Regarding physiotherapy management, it outlines the SOAP assessment process and common treatment approaches, including soft tissue work, scar management, exercises, and manual therapy. Potential complications from fractures are categorized as immediate/early (e.g. hypovolemic shock, nerve injury), delayed (e.g. ARDS, infection), and late (e.g. malunion, RSD). Risk factors and basic prevention principles are also covered.
This document discusses total knee replacement (TKR) and the physiotherapy rehabilitation process. It covers pre-surgical physiotherapy focusing on strength and mobility. Post-surgical physiotherapy is divided into phases focusing initially on range of motion and strengthening, then adding balance and proprioception training. The goals and key exercises of each phase are outlined in detail over 12 weeks of recovery. Complications of TKR like infection, loosening and failure are also mentioned.
Tendon and ligament injuries - Basics.pptxPraveen Yadav
Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. This document discusses injuries to tendons and ligaments, including strains, sprains, tendinitis, and bursitis. It defines each type of injury, describes causes and symptoms, and outlines treatment approaches like RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) and PRICEM (protection, rest, ice, compression, and medication). Surgical repair may be needed for severe tendon ruptures, while mild injuries usually heal with conservative care.
This document provides information on first aid dressings, bandages, and common bone, joint, and muscle injuries. It discusses the purpose of bandages in controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and immobilizing injuries. Guidelines for applying dressings and bandages properly are outlined. Common injuries include muscle cramps, strains, sprains, dislocations, and fractures. First aid management for each focuses on RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), immobilization, and seeking further medical help if needed.
This document provides information on orthopedic injuries and fractures. It discusses evaluating injuries through history and examination, classifying fractures, signs of specific fractures like greenstick or Colles fractures, complications, and management techniques like splinting. Key points include classifying fractures as macrotrauma from large forces or microtrauma from small repeated forces, evaluating neurovascular function, and properly splinting and immobilizing fractures to prevent further injury while allowing for transport to a hospital for further treatment.
A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone that can be caused by direct blows, crushing forces, twisting motions or muscle contractions. There are two main types - complete fractures where the bone is broken across its entire cross-section, and incomplete fractures where the break is only partial. Fractures can be open (compound) if the bone protrudes through skin, or closed (simple) without skin breakage. Clinical signs include pain, deformity, swelling and loss of function. Treatment involves setting and immobilizing the bone through methods like casting, internal/external fixation, or traction to promote healing. Complications can include nonunion, infection and impaired mobility.
A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone that can be caused by direct blows, crushing forces, twisting motions or muscle contractions. There are two main types - complete fractures where the bone is broken across its entire cross-section, and incomplete fractures where the break is only partial. Fractures can be open (compound) if the bone protrudes through skin, or closed (simple) without skin breakage. Clinical signs include pain, deformity, swelling and loss of function. Treatment involves reduction, immobilization using casts, splints or traction, and restoring mobility while the bone heals. Complications can include nonunion, infection and compartment syndrome.
Stem Cell Therapy: A Breakthrough For Ligament Injuries - Dr. David Greene R3...R3 Stem Cell
Ligament injuries are common, but they're not always taken seriously. Treating a ligament injury early is key to preventing long-term pain and problems from developing. Here, Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell discusses stem cell therapy that could be a very promising treatment option for these injuries. Because stem cell therapy can help with ligament injuries by helping in the regeneration of tissues. It also provides protection to tissues against further injury.
The document provides information about a seminar on fractures presented by Ms. Durga Joshi. It defines a fracture as a break in the bone's continuity. It then lists the objectives of the seminar which are to define fracture, discuss causes and types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and medical and nursing management. It proceeds to define types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, closed, and open fractures. It also discusses classification, causes, and complications of fractures as well as diagnosis, management including splinting and traction, and nursing care of patients with fractures.
Ligamentous Injuries Around Knee by Dr Arun C Raj, Ortho Resident, KIMS HubliArunCRaj1
This document discusses ligamentous injuries around the knee. It begins by describing the relevant anatomy of the knee joint and its ligaments. It then discusses the mechanisms of various knee injuries including injuries to the medial collateral ligament from valgus forces, lateral collateral ligament from varus forces, posterior cruciate ligament from backward tibial forces, and anterior cruciate ligament from twisting forces. It describes the clinical examination and diagnosis of these injuries including various tests. Treatment options discussed include conservative treatment with immobilization for mild injuries and surgical repair or reconstruction for more severe injuries. Complications of untreated injuries like instability and osteoarthritis are also mentioned. The document then discusses meniscal injuries of the knee, their mechanism as twisting injuries
Sports injuries can be acute like sprains and fractures or chronic like tendinitis and overuse injuries. Common bone injuries include fractures which cause breaks in the bone. Fractures are often diagnosed based on symptoms like swelling, bruising, deformity and pain. Treatments include splinting, casting, and sometimes surgery. Joint dislocations occur when the joint slips out of place, causing symptoms such as swelling, pain, and immobility. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or physical therapy. Muscle strains can cause tearing or damage and result in swelling, bruising, pain, and weakness. Initial treatments include RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) along with anti-inflammatory medications and physical
FRACTURES AND DISLOCATION MANAGEMENT.pptxAntwiBrainard
The document discusses fractures, dislocations, and their treatment. It defines fractures and describes different types including closed/open, pathological, and stress fractures. Signs and symptoms of fractures and dislocations are outlined. The principles of diagnosing and treating fractures are described, including reduction, splinting, and casting. Factors that influence fracture healing are also mentioned.
1) A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone caused by stress greater than the bone can withstand. This can damage surrounding soft tissues and organs.
2) Fractures are caused by direct blows, crushing forces, twisting motions, or muscle contractions. Types include simple, compound, impacted, and stress fractures.
3) Treatment involves reducing the fracture by aligning bone fragments, immobilizing the area, and rehabilitation to regain function and strength. Complications can include infection, delayed healing, or nonunion if not properly treated.
This seminar discusses fractures, including their definition, causes, classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and medical and nursing management. Fractures are breaks in bone continuity and can be caused by direct blows, twisting motions, or muscle contractions. They are classified based on their relationship to the environment (closed vs open), degree of displacement, fracture pattern (transverse, oblique, etc.), and etiology (traumatic vs pathological). Treatment involves reduction, immobilization using devices like casts, splints, or traction, and restoring function through exercises. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like infection or neurovascular issues, and promoting mobility and independence.
Non surgical conditions of knee joint and its rehabilitationAditibuliya4
This document provides information about non-surgical knee conditions and their rehabilitation. It discusses the anatomy of the knee joint, including ligaments, muscles, and menisci. Common knee conditions like osteoarthritis, knee effusion, ACL injuries, patellar tendonitis, and meniscal tears are described. The symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for these conditions are summarized. Physical therapy plays an important role in the rehabilitation of knee issues through exercises, modalities, bracing, and education to reduce pain, improve function and mobility, and prevent further injury.
Ligament Injuries - Types, Symptoms and TreatmentHealth Quest
Ligaments connect bones and support joints. Ligament injuries occur when a joint is stressed beyond its normal range of motion, causing the ligament to tear. Common symptoms include sudden pain, swelling, instability, bruising and inability to move the joint. Treatment depends on the severity but may include physical therapy, NSAIDs, bracing and sometimes surgery for severe injuries. Rest is important to allow healing.
1) Tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone. They are both susceptible to acute injuries from trauma or overuse injuries from repetitive stress.
2) Common tendon and ligament injuries include strains, tendinitis, tendinosis, subluxation, ruptures, and sprains. Symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of motion.
3) Treatment depends on severity but generally involves RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), bracing, physical therapy, or sometimes surgery. Prevention focuses on strength training, wearing proper protective equipment, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Unit 1_ Orthopedic Nursing^J Educational Platform copy.pptxRawalRafiqLeghari
The document discusses several common musculoskeletal conditions including sprains, strains, fractures, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and amputations. It provides information on the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment including nursing considerations for each condition.
This document discusses various injuries to the ankle and foot, including:
- The anatomy of the ankle joint and ligaments that support it.
- Common ankle injuries like sprains, fractures of the medial/lateral malleolus, and fractures of the calcaneum.
- Clinical features, radiological examinations, and treatment approaches for different types of ankle and foot injuries. Conservative treatment involves immobilization, while surgical treatment may be needed for displaced fractures or chronic injuries. Complications can include stiffness, arthritis, and long-term impairment.
A tibial shaft fracture occurs along the length of the bone, below the knee and above the ankle. It typically takes a major force to cause this type of broken leg. Motor vehicle collisions, for example, are a common cause of tibial shaft fractures.
Meniscal injuries and physiotherapy managementSyed Adil
meniscal tear
Anatomy
Types of meniscal tear
Etiology
Clinical features including (special tests)
Differential diagnosis
Management for partial meniscal tear and full meniscal tear, meniscectomy
Recent advance
for meniscal tears
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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3. OBJECTIVE
• After this lesson you may understand and be able to diagnosis the
problem of the injuries of tendon and ligament .
• Moreover you may know what you should or shouldn’t do when you
help people with all this problems.
3
5. INTRODUCTION
• Tendon - A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous
connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and
is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to
ligaments and fasciae; all three are made of collagen.
• Ligament - In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous connective
tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known
as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or
true ligament.
5
7. TENODONS AND LIGAMENTS INJURIES CAUSES
ACUTE INJURIES
caused by :
• a sudden trauma: such as a fall, twist,
or blow to the body. Examples of an
acute injury include sprains, strains,
and contusions.
OVERUSE INJURIES
• Overuse injuries occur gradually over
time.
• when an athletic or other activity is
repeated so often, areas of the body
do not have enough time to heal
between occurrences. Tendinitis and
bursitis are common soft-tissue
overuse injuries.
7
8. INJURIES TO LIGAMENTS
• An injury to a ligament is termed as a sprain.
• This is to be differentiated from the term 'strain' which means
stretching of a muscle or its tendinous attachment.
8
11. CLASSIFICATION
• Sprains are classified into three degrees:
– A first-degree sprain is a tear of only a few fibres of the ligament. It is
characterised by minimal swelling, localised tenderness but little
functional disability.
– A second-degree sprain is the disruption of more ligamentous fiber
with more loss function and more joint reaction with mild to
moderate instability .
– A third-degree sprain is the complete disruption of the ligament with
severe swelling and bruising.
11
13. MANAGEMENT
• RICE stands for:
• Rest the sprained or strained area. If necessary, use a sling for an arm
injury or crutches for a leg or foot injury. Splint an injured finger or toe
by taping it to an adjacent finger or toe.
• Ice for 20 minutes every hour. Never put ice directly against the skinor it
may damage the skin. Use a thin towel for protection.
• Compress by wrapping an elastic (Ace) bandage or sleeve lightly (not
tightly) around the joint or limb. Specialized braces, such as for the
ankle, can work better than an elastic bandage for removing the
swelling.
• Elevate the area above heart level if possible. 13
15. MANAGEMENT
• Give an over-the-counter NSAID (non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug)
like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or
aspirin. !!!Do not give aspirin to anyone under age 19.
15
16. MANAGEMENT
• Treatment of sprains and strains depend on the severity of the
injury and the joint or muscle involved.
• In mild to moderate cases of sprains and strains, rest and ice is
sufficient treatment.
• In severe case, immobilization with a brace and splint is
necessary .
• In rare case of severly rupture muscle or torn ligament ,
surgery may needed.
16
18. PATHOLOGY
• Arupture occurs within a tendon only if it is abnormal and has become
weak, either due to degeneration or wear and tear.
• Degenerative tendon ruptures commonly occur in rheumatoid arthritis,
SLE, senile degeneration etc.
• Tendon rupture related to wear and tear commonly occurs in the biceps
(long head), and in extensor pollicis longustendons .
• Some tendons known to rupture commonly are as given in Table- 1.3.
20. DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnosis of a ruptured tendon is usually easy.
– The patient complains of pain and inability to perform a function
for which the tendon is meant.
20
22. TREATMENT
• The best treatment of a fresh rupture is to regain continuity by end-
to-end repair, or with the help of a tendon graft.
• In cases where the repair is not possible or causes prolonged
morbidity, a tendon transfer may be performed.
• In some old tendon ruptures , especially in the elderly, there may
be only a minimal functional disability . These patients do well
without treatment.
22
23. TENDONITIS
• Tendinitis (also called tendonitis) is an inflammation or
irritation of a tendon, a thick cord that attaches bone to
muscle.
23
24. CAUSES
• There are many activities that can cause tendinitis, including:
- tennis
- golf
- shoveling
- painting
-carpentry
- throwing and pitching
- scrubbing
24
25. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of tendinitis include:
• Pain
• Local joint stiffness
• Inflammation( visible knot surround the joint)
• Loss of motion
25
26. BURSITIS
Bursitis is the inflammation or irritation of the bursa. The bursa is
a sac filled with lubricating fluid, located between tissues such as
bone, muscle, tendons, and skin , that decreases rubbing,
friction, and irritation.
26
27. ETIOLOGY
• Bursitis is caused by :
– Repetetive
– Minor impact/ stronger impact
– Old age
– Affect from other problem near by (infection)
• Example: arthritis .
27
28. AFFECTED PART OF BURSITIS
The most common places where bursitis may occur:
• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Ankle
• Knee
• Buttocks
• Hip
• Thigh
28
29. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
A person with bursitis can have one or more of the following
symptoms:
• Pain - the pain increases with movement or pressure
• Tenderness is felt even without movement
• Swelling
• Loss of movement
29
30. Signs and Symptoms
• If the bursitis is caused by an infection it is called Septic Bursitis. The
patient may have the following additional symptoms:
• Fever
• The affected area is red
• The affected area feels hot when touched
30
31. DIAGNOSIS
• An x-ray, to make sure no bones are broken or fractured.
• Blood tests, to check for rheumatoid arthritis.
• A CT scan or MRI scan to see if there is a torn tendon
31