The document provides an overview of FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) design, architecture, and applications, highlighting its programmable logic device nature and distinct internal circuitry that processes logic independently of an operating system. Major FPGA manufacturers like Intel and Xilinx are mentioned, alongside key architectural elements such as logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and memory. The document also emphasizes the advantages of parallel processing and pipelining in FPGA applications.

1. FPGA Design,
Architecture and
Applications.
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November 2022

2. FPGA Design
An FPGA is a programmable logic device with a matrix of reconfigurable gate array logic circuits. When an
FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is coupled in such a way that the software program is
implemented in hardware. Unlike processors, FPGAs process logic on dedicated hardware and do not have
an operating system.
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Different processing operations do not have
to fight for the same resources because
FPGAs are really parallel in nature. As a result,
when extra processing is introduced, the
performance of one section of the application
is unaffected. Intel, Xilinx, Lattice
Semiconductor, and Microchip Technology are
among the major FPGA manufacturers.

3. FPGA Architecture
Block RAMs, DSP Slices, PCI Express
compatibility, and programmable fabric
are all part of FPGAs’ heterogeneous
computation platforms. Because all of
these compute resources can be accessed
at the same time, they enable parallelism
and pipelining of applications throughout
the platform. An FPGA’s basic structure
consists of logic units, programmable
interconnects, and memory. The
placement of these blocks is unique to
each manufacturer.
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4. Symmetrical arrays
The logic elements (called CLBs) are placed in rows and columns of a matrix, with connections built out
between them. I/O blocks surround this symmetrical matrix, connecting it to the outside world. A pair of
programmable flip-flops and an n-input Lookup table make up each CLB.
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Internal Structure of an FPGA
 Logic Blocks
 Routing
 I/O blocks
Functions such as tristate control and output transition speed
are likewise controlled by I/O blocks. Interconnects are used to
create a routing path. When compared to general-purpose
interconnect, direct interconnects between neighboring logic
elements have a shorter delay.

5. Row-based architecture
Alternating rows of logic modules and customizable connection tracks make up a row-based design. The
input-output blocks are located on the row’s periphery. Vertical interconnects can connect one row to
neighbouring rows.
Logic modules can be combined in a variety of ways. Combinatorial modules are made up entirely of
combinational parts. Sequential modules include both combinational and flip-flop features. Complex
combinatorial-sequential functions can be implemented with this sequential module. Anti-fuse
components are used to connect the smaller pieces of the routing rails.
To know more about FPGA Design, Architecture and Applications, see https://www.logic-
fruit.com/blog/fpga/fpga-design-architecture-and-applications/
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