This document discusses different types of foundations, including pile foundations, which involve boring or driving piles into the ground; strip foundations, which are commonly used for houses and involve a shallow concrete slab; raft foundations, which spread the building load over a larger area and are used on unstable soils; and pad foundations, which support isolated structures like columns. It also covers concrete composition and provides example foundation dimension calculations.

1. Foundations

2. Pile Foundations

3.  A pile is either bored or driven into the ground to load bearing
substrata.
 A pile can be made from prefabricated or in situ concrete.
 Either method can be used depending on the soil type and
load bearing capacity of it.
Pile Foundation

4. Strip Foundation

5.  Most commonly used type of foundation used for house build
and small scale industrial buildings.
 It’s the cheapest method of foundation.
 It can be reinforced to increase its structural properties.
 It’s made from concrete.
Strip Foundation

6. Raft Foundation

7.  Is a system used to support the load of the building
over a greater area.
 It can be used on poor or unstable soils.
 It’s an expensive method of forming a foundation.
 It takes more concrete and reinforcing to construct.
Raft Foundation

8. Pad Foundations

9.  Is an isolated foundation, used to support columns or steel
structures e.g. pylon legs.
 They are relatively cheap to form.
 They bolts embedded into them to connect the steal columns
to.
Pad Foundation

10.  Concrete is made from: sand, large aggregate (crushed stone),
cement and potable water.
 It’s made be mixing 1 part cement to 2 parts sand and 4 parts
large aggregate or similar.
 If the aggregate and sand are dry 5.5 litres of water are used
per 10 kilograms of cement.
 However wet aggregate and sand will lead to less water!
Concrete

11.  Sketch a reinforced pile foundation.
 Sketch a strip foundation.
 Calculate the volume of a strip foundation 24m long by
600mm wide and 150mm deep. (show all working)
 Calculate the volume of a pad foundation 1.2m by
 1.2m by 600mm deep.
 Calculate the volume of a pad foundation 3.3m by 3.3m by
850mm deep.
Activity