Formation Of The Universe 2007
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The Big Bang Theory proposes that all matter and energy in the universe was originally concentrated in a single point which exploded approximately 13.7 billion years ago, shooting matter and energy out in all directions. Evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory includes cosmic microwave background radiation detected everywhere and nearly all galaxies moving away from us. While some alternative theories have been proposed, most support the general framework of the Big Bang Theory, such as inflationary theory and the plateau theory. The steady state theory and plasma theory are among the few alternatives that refute the Big Bang Theory.
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The Big Bang Theory describes how the universe expanded from an initial extremely hot and dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago. As the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, simple subatomic particles formed, eventually combining to create the first atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium. Over billions of years, gravity caused clouds of these primordial elements to collapse and form the first stars and galaxies. Astronomical observations and mathematical models support this theory, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, Hubble's Law of galaxy redshifts, and the abundance of light elements found throughout the universe. While many aspects of the Big Bang Theory are well established, questions remain about what preceded this event and the ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
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Thebigbangtheory
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Big bang
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1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
4. Some theories speculate our universe is one of many in a multiverse, with parallel universes arising from eternal inflation, quantum fluctuations, or different mathematical structures.
5. The anthropic principle notes our universe must
THE BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.[1] Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale form.[2][3][4] These models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure. The overall uniformity of the Universe, known as the flatness problem, is explained through cosmic inflation: a sudden and very rapid expansion of space during the earliest moments. However, physics currently lacks a widely accepted theory of quantum gravity that can successfully model the earliest conditions of the Big Bang.
Crucially, these models are compatible with the Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this cosmic expansion backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the models describe an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a singularity in which space and time lose meaning (typically named "the Big Bang singularity").[5] In 1964 the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the competing steady-state model of cosmic evolution was falsified,[6] since the Big Bang models predict a uniform background radiation caused by high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang event, which is now essentially universally accepted.[7] Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang singularity at an estimated 13.787±0.020 billion years ago, which is considered the age of the universe.[8]
There remain aspects of the observed universe that are not yet adequately explained by the Big Bang models. After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. The unequal abundances of matter and antimatter that allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. These primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. Astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang models and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to an unexplained phenomenon known as dark energy.
the origin of the universe for teenagers.pptx
The big bang theory is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin of the universe. It proposes that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since. In the first moments after the big bang, nuclear reactions formed light elements like hydrogen and helium. Evidence for the big bang theory includes the observed abundances of light elements and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. While other hypotheses have been proposed, the big bang theory best explains the observable evidence about the origin and evolution of the universe.
Manas P Gharat _ Big Bang Theory .pptx
Use this for Free , but also give me some credit While using this presentation wherever you want. A small request.
1universe hp
The document provides information about the universe and solar system. It discusses:
- The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and consists of dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter.
- The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust around the sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Planetesimals collided and accreted to form the planets.
- The current model is that the sun and planets formed from a protoplanetary disk, with collisions forming the terrestrial planets close to the sun and condensation forming the gas giants further out.
Lesson 1 OGT Schiff
The document discusses the Big Bang theory of the formation and evolution of the universe. It states that according to this theory, approximately 13.7 billion years ago all matter in the known universe was compacted into a tiny, extremely dense particle that exploded, propelling matter and energy outward. Over millions of years, this matter cooled and came together to form galaxies that continue moving farther apart due to the ongoing expansion of the universe, as evidenced by the redshift of light from distant galaxies. The document also discusses evidence supporting the Big Bang theory, such as cosmic microwave background radiation, and competing theories like the steady-state theory.
Lesson 1 origin of the universe
1. The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. It describes the leading theories for the formation of the universe as the Big Bang theory and inflationary theory, which propose that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and rapidly expanded.
2. For the origin of the solar system, the most widely accepted is the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust around 4.6 billion years ago that flattened into a disk and planets formed from accretion of planetesimals within the disk.
3. Alternative theories proposed include the encounter hypothesis of a close star passing and stripping material,
Steady state theory
The Steady State Theory proposed that the universe has no beginning or end in time and appears the same from any point. It suggests new stars are continually created to replace those that have died, maintaining a steady state. The theory was proposed as an alternative to the Big Bang Theory. However, evidence emerged in the 1960s that contradicted Steady State Theory, including more distant radio sources in the early universe, discovery of quasars only in the early universe, and detection of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is difficult to explain under Steady State Theory. The theory has since been discarded.
Big Bang & Nuclear Fusion PowerPoint Presentation
The document describes the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present. It began as an infinitely dense singularity that expanded rapidly. Within the first second, quarks and radiation formed. Over millions of years, the forces separated, inflation occurred, and light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Eventually, 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled enough for electrons to form stable orbits around atomic nuclei, allowing light to travel freely.
Evolution of universe
The document discusses several scientific theories related to the origin and evolution of the universe:
1) Relativity Theory proposed by Einstein in 1916 that proved the universe was continuously expanding from a beginning point, known as the Big Bang.
2) The Big Bang Theory, first proposed by Lemaitre in 1927, that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago.
3) The Steady State Theory, an alternative to the Big Bang proposed in 1948, that the universe has always existed and matter is continuously created as it expands.
4) In 1965, scientists discovered Cosmic Microwave Radiation, evidence Lemaitre had predicted in support of the Big
Earth science the origin of the universe
It contains about the Theories of the origin of the universe, suggested activities in Earth Science, Rocks and Minerals
Big bang theory explained
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense initial state. It then rapidly expanded. As it cooled, simple atomic elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Over billions of years, giant clouds of these elements coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The theory is supported by observations of galaxy expansion, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements in the universe. The Big Bang was not an explosion in space, but rather an ongoing expansion of space itself that continues today.
Similar to Formation Of The Universe 2007 (20)
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9 Digestive System
The digestive system begins in the mouth where mechanical and chemical digestion starts breaking down starches. Food then moves to the pharynx and esophagus through peristalsis. In the stomach, food is further broken down chemically and mechanically by HCl and pepsin over 3-6 hours. The partially digested food, now called chyme, spends 3-5 hours in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed and enzymes from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid digestion. Undigested waste spends 18-24 hours in the large intestine where water is absorbed before moving to the rectum and anus to be excreted from the body.
8 Momentum
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity (p = m X v), measured in kg*m/sec. The law of conservation of momentum states that during collisions, the total momentum of interacting objects remains the same, relating to Newton's third law. The document provides the definition of momentum, its units, and introduces the law of conservation of momentum.
5 Newtons First Law
Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is demonstrated when a car comes to a sudden stop - an unbelted crash dummy will continue moving forward at the car's original speed and fly through the windshield, coming to rest only upon colliding with another object exerting an outside force like the ground or gravity in a vacuum.
4 Gravity
The document discusses the universal law of gravitation and how it affects falling objects on Earth. Gravity causes all objects to attract each other, with the force depending on their masses and distance between them. When objects fall near Earth's surface, they accelerate at 9.8 m/s2 due to gravity. While gravity causes all objects to fall at the same rate in a vacuum, air resistance opposes smaller, lighter objects so their acceleration decreases until they reach a terminal velocity where air resistance equals the force of gravity.
7 Newtons Third Law
Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a bird flies, the wings push air downwards which causes an equal and opposite reaction force from the air pushing the bird upwards, allowing flight. The action-reaction force pairs between the wings and air make bird flight possible.
6 Newtons Second Law
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. It can be expressed by the equation F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. The document provides an example problem of calculating the force needed to push a car with a mass of 1000 kg and an acceleration of 0.05 m/sec^2. Using the equation, the force is calculated to be 50 N.
3 Friction
There are three main types of friction: sliding friction which occurs between two solid objects in contact and sliding over each other, rolling friction which occurs between wheels or spherical objects that are rolling over a surface, and fluid friction which occurs when an object moves through a liquid or gas.
2 Forces
Forces can be pushes or pulls on an object. When balanced forces act on an object, there is no movement as the forces add up to zero, but unbalanced forces cause movement as the forces do not add up to zero. Forces are often shown with arrows to indicate their size and direction as a vector quantity.
1 Measuring Motion
This document discusses motion and related concepts like speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines motion as an object's change in position relative to a reference point over time. Speed is the rate of change of distance over time, while velocity also includes direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating speed, velocity, and changes in velocity.
Acids And Bases
Acids turn litmus paper red, contain hydrogen, and donate protons. Bases turn litmus paper blue, contain hydroxide ions, and accept protons. When acids and bases are mixed in a neutralization reaction, they form salts and water by combining hydrogen ions with hydroxide ions. The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Tips For Predicting 6
This document provides tips for predicting bond type, stating that ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals or metals and polyatomic ions, covalent bonds form between nonmetals, and metallic bonds form between metals. It then lists examples of bond predictions and practice problems predicting bond type between different elements.
Radioactivity 11
There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha decay releases alpha particles, beta decay releases electrons, and gamma decay releases gamma rays. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive substance to decay, and is used to determine the age of fossils and rocks. In the examples given, calculations are shown for determining the amount of radioactive material remaining after a given number of half-lives based on the original amount and the half-life of the specific isotope.
Notes Acids&Bases 10
The document lists common acids and bases, including their chemical formulas and some common uses. It identifies hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid as strong acids commonly used for cleaning, manufacturing, and making explosives. Weaker acids mentioned include carbonic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and citric acid which are used in beverages, personal care, detergents, and food production. Strong bases listed are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide used in soaps, cleaners, leather processing, and pharmaceuticals. Weaker bases include ammonium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide used in household products and
Energy And Rates Of Reactions 9
The document discusses how energy relates to chemical reactions. It explains that exothermic reactions release energy by breaking bonds, while endothermic reactions absorb energy by forming new bonds. All chemical reactions require a minimum amount of energy, called activation energy, to get started. The rates of reactions are affected by temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts, and inhibitors. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Writing And Balancing Chem Rxn’S 8
This document discusses writing and balancing chemical reactions. It explains that when writing chemical equations, reactants are written on the left and products are written on the right. It also notes that every atom must be balanced according to the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. The document indicates that if an equation is not balanced, a coefficient can be placed in front of a molecule to balance the number of atoms, but no bonds can be broken in the process of balancing equations.
Covalent Bonding 5
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell, giving the molecule an overall charge of zero. Hydrogen always forms covalent bonds because it has only one electron to share. Examples of covalent bonds include hydrogen gas (H2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), which can be represented using electron-dot diagrams showing the shared electrons. Molecules are combinations of atoms held together by covalent bonds, such as polyatomic ions.
Chemical Reactions 7
Chemical reactions start with one or more substances (A) and result in different substances (B) through the breaking and rearranging of bonds. Signs that a chemical reaction occurred may include the formation of a gas (bubbles), release of energy (light, sound, heat), a color change, or the production of a precipitate (solid). The document asks if these signs were present for reactions between sulfuric acid and sugar, and nitric acid and a penny.
Electrons And Chemical Bonding 3
Electrons and Chemical Bonding summarizes how atoms bond together to form new substances. Atoms bond by sharing or transferring valence electrons in their outermost shells to achieve full outer shells, which provides stability. Noble gases have full outer shells and do not bond since they are the most stable configuration for atoms.
Periodic Table Presentation 1
The document provides a key for understanding a periodic table. It indicates that solid elements are black, gases are red, and liquids are blue. It also notes that all states of elements can be changed and clear elements are unstable. The periodic table boxes list the element symbol, atomic number representing protons, and atomic mass. Groups have vertical columns of similar chemical properties, while periods have different properties horizontally. Elements are categorized as metals, metalloids, or nonmetals.
Ionic Bonding 4
Ionic bonding occurs when atoms transfer electrons, forming positive and negative ions that bond together. Specifically, metals donate electrons to nonmetals to complete their outer energy levels, with the metal always written first in the compound. The final bonded ionic compound is stable with no overall charge.
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ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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