The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses:
1) The Big Bang theory, currently the accepted theory that the universe expanded from a tiny, dense mass 13.8 billion years ago. This theory is supported by evidence like the redshift of galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation.
2) Other historical theories like the steady state theory that the universe has no beginning or end, and the cyclic universe theory of eternal expansion and contraction cycles.
3) Key stages in the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial rapid inflation to nucleosynthesis, formation of stars and galaxies, and current dark energy-dominated expansion.
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
HOW RELATIONSHIPS MADE THE UNIVERE & HUMANSPaul H. Carr
-Einstein’s General Relativity (1916) frames modern cosmology.
-Big-Bang energetic beginning: interactive relationships of matter particles created our universe.
-Explains origin of 92 elements in the Periodic Table
- We are made of stardust.
- Symbiotic relations between cells led to the Cambrian explosion of complex and human life.
-BIG HISTORY: 13.8 BILLION YEARS
“Each of us is as old as the universe and experiences our greater self in the larger story of the universe.” Thomas Berry.
Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which offspring are produced by the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms. It involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells called gametes, which typically come from two different individuals of the same species.
Gamete Formation: Each parent produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes. In most animals, the male parent produces small, mobile gametes called sperm, while the female parent produces larger, usually immobile gametes called eggs. In plants, the male gamete is typically contained within pollen grains, and the female gamete is located within ovules.
Fertilization: The gametes from the male and female parents fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote. This process usually occurs through the union of the sperm and egg. Fertilization typically occurs externally in many aquatic organisms and internally in most terrestrial organisms.
Genetic Variation: One of the key features of sexual reproduction is the generation of genetic diversity. Offspring produced through sexual reproduction inherit genetic material from both parents, leading to genetic variation among individuals within a population. This genetic diversity is important for the adaptation and evolution of species over time.
Meiosis: In preparation for sexual reproduction, specialized cell division called meiosis occurs in the cells that give rise to gametes. Meiosis ensures that the resulting gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells, allowing the union of gametes to restore the full chromosome number in the zygote.
Sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of reproduction in multicellular organisms, including most animals, plants, and fungi. It offers several advantages, such as genetic diversity, which enhances the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environments and improves the overall fitness of populations.
Sexual reproduction is common in many multicellular organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi. It contrasts with asexual reproduction, where offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical or very similar to that parent. The diversity introduced by sexual reproduction is advantageous for evolutionary processes, as it can lead to individuals with new combinations of traits that may be better adapted to changing environments.
The organ system of animals is a complex network of specialized structures working together to support life functions, maintain homeostasis, and enable organisms to interact with their environment. Organ systems are comprised of organs, tissues, and cells, each with unique roles and functions that contribute to the overall health and survival of the organism.
Animals exhibit a remarkable diversity of organ systems, reflecting their adaptation to different ecological niches, lifestyles, and evolutionary histories. While specific structures may vary among species, most animals share several fundamental organ systems essential for survival. These include the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, muscular system, skeletal system, excretory system, reproductive system, and endocrine system.
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Similar to Lesson 1 The Origin of the Universe.pptx
HOW RELATIONSHIPS MADE THE UNIVERE & HUMANSPaul H. Carr
-Einstein’s General Relativity (1916) frames modern cosmology.
-Big-Bang energetic beginning: interactive relationships of matter particles created our universe.
-Explains origin of 92 elements in the Periodic Table
- We are made of stardust.
- Symbiotic relations between cells led to the Cambrian explosion of complex and human life.
-BIG HISTORY: 13.8 BILLION YEARS
“Each of us is as old as the universe and experiences our greater self in the larger story of the universe.” Thomas Berry.
Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
Similar to Lesson 1 The Origin of the Universe.pptx (20)
Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which offspring are produced by the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms. It involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells called gametes, which typically come from two different individuals of the same species.
Gamete Formation: Each parent produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes. In most animals, the male parent produces small, mobile gametes called sperm, while the female parent produces larger, usually immobile gametes called eggs. In plants, the male gamete is typically contained within pollen grains, and the female gamete is located within ovules.
Fertilization: The gametes from the male and female parents fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote. This process usually occurs through the union of the sperm and egg. Fertilization typically occurs externally in many aquatic organisms and internally in most terrestrial organisms.
Genetic Variation: One of the key features of sexual reproduction is the generation of genetic diversity. Offspring produced through sexual reproduction inherit genetic material from both parents, leading to genetic variation among individuals within a population. This genetic diversity is important for the adaptation and evolution of species over time.
Meiosis: In preparation for sexual reproduction, specialized cell division called meiosis occurs in the cells that give rise to gametes. Meiosis ensures that the resulting gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells, allowing the union of gametes to restore the full chromosome number in the zygote.
Sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of reproduction in multicellular organisms, including most animals, plants, and fungi. It offers several advantages, such as genetic diversity, which enhances the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environments and improves the overall fitness of populations.
Sexual reproduction is common in many multicellular organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi. It contrasts with asexual reproduction, where offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical or very similar to that parent. The diversity introduced by sexual reproduction is advantageous for evolutionary processes, as it can lead to individuals with new combinations of traits that may be better adapted to changing environments.
The organ system of animals is a complex network of specialized structures working together to support life functions, maintain homeostasis, and enable organisms to interact with their environment. Organ systems are comprised of organs, tissues, and cells, each with unique roles and functions that contribute to the overall health and survival of the organism.
Animals exhibit a remarkable diversity of organ systems, reflecting their adaptation to different ecological niches, lifestyles, and evolutionary histories. While specific structures may vary among species, most animals share several fundamental organ systems essential for survival. These include the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, muscular system, skeletal system, excretory system, reproductive system, and endocrine system.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. Baryonic matter- “ordinary” matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons that comprises atoms, planets,
stars, galaxies, and other bodies
Dark matter- matter that has gravity but
does not emit light
Dark energy- a source of anti-gravity, a
force that counteracts gravity and causes
the universe to expand
Protostar- an early stage in the formation
of a star resulting from the gravitational
collapse of gases
4. Thermonuclear reaction- a nuclear
fusion reaction responsible for the energy
produced by stars
Main Sequence Stars- stars that fuse
hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in
their cores; outward pressure resulting
from nuclear fusion is balanced by
gravitational forces
Light years- the distance light can travel
in a year
-a unit of length used to
measure astronomical distance
5. The Universe is at least 13.8
billion years old and the Solar
System at least 4.5-4.6 billions
of years old
But how large exactly is a
billion?
How long will it take you to
spend 1 billion pesos if you
spend 1 peso per second?
6.
7. THE UNIVERSE
Structure and Composition
Comprises all space and time, and all matter
and energy in it
Made up of 4.6%baryonic matter(ordinary
matter consisting of protons, electrons and
neutrons: atoms, planets , stars, galaxies,
nebulas, and other bodies)
24% cold dark matter (matter that has
gravity but does not emit light)
71% dark energy(a source of anti-gravity)
8. Dark matter can explain what may be
holding galaxies together for the
reason that the low total mass is
insufficient for gravity alone to do so
Dark energy can also explain the
observed accelerating expansion of
the universe
It is also made up of Hydrogen, helium,
and Lithium
9. Stellar interiors are like furnaces
where elements are synthesized or
combined/fused together
Most stars such as the Sun belong
to the so-called “Main Sequence
Stars”, where in their cores,
hydrogen atoms are fused through
thermonuclear reactions to make
helium atoms
10. Massive main sequence stars
burn up their hydrogen faster
than smaller stars.
Stars like our Sun burn up
hydrogen in about 10 billion
years
11. GALAXY- a cluster of billions of stars
STARS- (the building block of galaxies)
are born out of clouds of gas and dust
Superclusters- clusters of galaxies
Practicallyan empty space- found
between the clusters
Diameter is at least 91 billion light
years
14. * NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT*
Ancient Egyptians
believed in many gods
and myths which narrate
that the world arose from
an infinite sea at the first
rising sun.
15. The Kuba people of Central
Africa tell the story of a
creator god Mbombo (or
Bumba) who, alone in the dark
and water-covered Earth, felt
an intense stomach pain and
then vomited the stars, sun,
and moon
16. In India, there is the
narrative that gods
sacrificed Purusha, the
primal man whose head,
feet, eyes, and mind
became the sky, earth, sun,
and moon respectively.
17. The monotheistic religions
of Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam claim that a
supreme being created the
universe, including man
and other living organisms.
18. STEADY STATE MODEL
Proposed by Bondi, Gould, and
Hoyle in 1948
suggests that the universe has
no beginning or end
It maintains that new matter is
created as the universe expands
thereby maintaining its density.
19. Cyclic Universe
proposes that the universe goes
through an infinite series of cycles,
with each cycle beginning with a
Big Bang and ending in a Big
Crunch (the reverse of a Big
Bang)
In this view, the universe has no
true beginning or end but goes
through eternal cycles of
expansion and contraction.
20.
21.
22.
23. “ THE BIG BANG THEORY”
The currently accepted theory
of the origin and evolution of
the Universe
Postulates that 13.8 billion years
ago, the Universe expanded
from a tiny, dense and hot mass
to its present size and much
cooler state.
24.
25. The Big Bang Theory has
withstood the tests for expansion:
1. the redshift
2. abundance of hydrogen,
helium, and lithium
3. the uniformly pervasive cosmic
microwave background
radiation(the remnant heat
from big bang)
26. “ THE RED-SHIFT”
Discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929
It interprets that galaxies are moving
away from each other
27.
28.
29. Where is the horn
coming? From inside
or outside the car?
30. Video 1- The horn is coming from inside
the car. There is hardly any change in
the volume and pitch of the horn.
Video 2- The horn is coming from
outside the car. Specifically, the horn is
coming from another car travelling in
an opposite direction. Notice the
volume and the pitch of the horn varies
with distance from the other car. Pitch
and volume increases as the other car
approaches.
31. Redshift refers to a
phenomenon in astronomy
where the light emitted by an
object in space, such as a star
or galaxy, appears to be shifted
toward longer wavelengths,
which corresponds to the red
end of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
32. This is primarily
observed in the context
of the Doppler effect,
which is the change in
the frequency or
wavelength of a wave as
perceived by an
observer moving relative
33. In the case of redshift, it
usually occurs because an
object in space is moving
away from an observer
(like Earth). As the object
moves away, the light it
emits is stretched, causing
its wavelength to increase.
34. This stretching of the
light waves results in a
shift towards the longer-
wavelength, lower-
frequency, and "redder"
part of the spectrum.
35. “COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
(CMB)”
A radiation in the universe
that was accidentally
discovered by Arno Penzias
and Robert Woodrow Wilson
in 1964 and that made them
earned the physics Nobel Prize
in 1978
36. Evolution of the Universe
according to the Big Bang
Theory
From time zero (13.8
billion years ago) until
10ˉ¹³ second later, all
matter and energy in the
universe existed as a hot,
dense, tiny state.
37. It then underwent extremely
rapid, exponential inflation
until 10ˉ³² second later after
which and until 10 seconds
from time zero, conditions
allowed the existence of only
quarks, hadrons, and leptons.
38. Then, Big Bang nucleosynthesis
took place and produced
protons, neutrons, atomic
nuclei, and then hydrogen,
helium, and lithium until 20
minutes after time zero when
sufficient cooling did not allow
further nucleosynthesis.
39. As the universe continued
to cool down, matter
collected into clouds
giving rise to only stars
after 380,000 years and
eventually galaxies would
form after 100 million
years
40. From 9.8 billion years until at
present, the universe became dark-
energy dominated and underwent
accelerating expansion.
At about 9.8 billion years after the
Big Bang, the solar system was
formed.
41. ASSIGNMENT
What is the fate of the
Universe? Will the universe
continue to expand or will it
eventually contract because
of gravity?
