Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical chromosomes to the parent cell. It occurs in somatic cells for growth, repair, and replacement of damaged cells. The process involves nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to tumors and cancer if not properly regulated by genes. Cloning uses techniques based on mitosis to produce genetically identical organisms through asexual reproduction and has applications in increasing crop yields, though it has disadvantages like reduced genetic variation and disease resistance.

1. Prepared by :
En. Muhd Fazli b. Dollah
SP Integrasi Gopeng

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To state the necessity for
the production of new cells
in organisms,
• To explain the necessity
for the production of new
cells identical to parent
cells,
• To state the significance of
mitosis,

4. MITOSIS
• A type of cell division which involve
the division of the nucleus to
produce two daughter cells,
each contain same number &
same kind of chromosome as the
parent cell
• Occurs in all somatic cells
except gametes.

5. • In unicellular organisms – for asexual
reproduction. (Amoeba sp.)
• Multicellular organisms – to generate new
cells to replace dead & damaged cells, for
growth & development
• Somatic cells contain 2 sets of
chromosomes, 1 set from female parent, 1
set from male parent –diploid(2n)
• Single set of unpaired chromosome –
haploid (n)
• Each somatic cells produce 2 new diploid
cells identical to the parent cell

6. Examples number of chromosomes
ORGANISM SOMATIC CELL (2n) GAMETE CELL
Human 46 (n)
23
Camel 70 35
Goat 60 30
Porcupine 34 17
Bat 44 22
Squirrel 40 20
House fly 12 6
Chicken 78 39
Alligator 32 16
Mosquito 6 3
Pea 14 7
Rice 24 12

7. SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITOSIS
• For growth, repair & replaces
cells that are dead or damaged
• A form of asexual reproduction
to increase the number of
organisms
• To ensure that the
offsprings/new cells are
genetically identical to the
parent.

8. The Cell INTERPHASE (G1, S, G2)
G1 : Growth phase 1
Cycle The cell growth by producing
proteins & cytoplasmic organelles
S : Synthesis
Synthesis of DNA, chromosomes are
duplicated & DNA has replicated to
form 2 identical sister chromatids
joined together by centromere
G2 : Growth phase 2
Cell growth & cell differentiation
occur
M PHASE(Cell Division)
Mitosis : nucleus divides
Cytokinesis : division of cytoplasm

10. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To explain the process of
mitosis & cytokinesis,
• To arrange the various
stages of mitosis in the
correct sequence,
• To compare and contrast
mitosis & cytokinesis in
animal cell & plant cell

12. STAGE OF
MITOSIS
• Divided into four phase :
PROPHASE, METAPHASE,
ANAPHASE & TELOPHASE
• Nucleus divides 
cytokinesis (cytoplasm
divides)

13. • Centrioles move apart to
PROPHASE opposite poles
• The chromosomes coil up,
condense & shorten
• Two identical chromatids (sister
chromatids) appears, attached
at centromere
• Nuclear membrane breaks down
• Nucleolus disappears
• Spindle fibres begin to form
extend between the centrioles.

14. METAPHAS • The chromosomes move
to the cells equator
E
• The chromosomes line up
along the equator of the
cell with the
centromeres attached to
the spindle fibres
• Each chromatid of the
chromosome faces its
own pole
• Metaphase ends when
the centromeres divide

15. A NA PH A SE • The centromere of each
chromosome divides into two
• The sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate and
move to opposite poles of the
cell
• The spindle fibres pull the
centromere toward each pole
with the chromatid arms
trailing behind
• When the chromatids reach
their respective poles, the
chromatids become
independent chromosomes.

16. • Final stage of mitosis
TELOPHASE • Two sets of chromosomes,
one at each pole
• Chromosomes start to uncoil
& revert to their extended
state.
• Less visible under the
microscope
• Spindle fibres begin to
disappear
• Nuclear membrane begin to
form around each
chromosomes. 2 daughter
nuclei are formed
• Cytokinesis occurs at the end
of telophase

17. CYTOKINESIS
• The division of cytoplasm.
• Animal cell = actin filaments in the
cytoplasm contracts to pull a ring of the
plasma membrane inwards to form a
cleavage furrow  the cell is separated
into 2 daughter cells.
• Plant cell = starts with the formation of
cell plate at the equator of the cell  cell
plate enlarge  new cell wall is formed
 2 daughter cells are produced.

19. OVERALL PROCESS OF MITOSIS

20. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To explain the importance of
controlled mitosis,
• To explain the effects of
uncontrolled mitosis in living
things,
• To describe the application of
knowledge on mitosis in cloning,
• To explain the advantages &
disadvantages of cloning.

21. REGULATION
OF • Cell cycle is controlled by
genes of the chromosomes
THE
• Each type of cell has its own
CELL timing & rate of cell division
CYCLE (controlled mitosis)
• Uncontrolled mitosis happen
when the genes that regulate
the cell cycle is mutated or
damaged
• May be caused by too much
exposure to carcinogens
(cancer-causing agent).

22. R E G U L A T IO N
OF • Tumor : the number of
abnormal cells produced
TH E increase very quickly
C E L L • Benign tumor : abnormal
C Y C L Ecells remain at the
original site
• Malignant tumor : tumor
becomes invasive & spread
to neighbouring tissues,
impairing the functions of
one or more organs  cancer

23. APPLICATION OF
KNOWLEDGE ON MITOSIS
IN CLONING
• To increase the
quantity of the
product
• To improve the
quality, to produce
new species & to
ensure uniformity in
the traits of the
plants

24. CLONING
• A natural process  asexual
reproduction of unicellular
organisms
• Contain same genetic content &
chromosomal number with one
another as well as with the parent
organism
• CLONING : A TECHNIQUE /
the process of
producing clones or
genetically identical
organisms through
asexually reproduction.

26. C L ONI NG / G E NE TI C
E NG I NE E RI NG
• A highly artificial form of asexual
reproduction based on mitosis
• The offspring is produced by mitosis
from a diploid cell
• The transfer of the nucleus from a
somatic cell to an ovum or embryonic
cell with the nucleus removed.

27. T IS S U E • A technique in
C U L TU R reproduction which
involves the transfer of
E tissues or cells from an
organism into a suitable
culture medium to produce
a whole new organism
(identical to the existing
organism)  clone

28. A N O U T L IN E O F
P L A N T T IS S U E
C U L TU R E
• S te rilis e d ap p aratu s & m ate rials 
T h e s u rfac e of a le af is s te rilis e d
w ith e th anol / d ilu te s od iu m
h yp oc h lorite s olu tion  S m all
p ie c e s of tis s u e (e x p lants )  c u ltu re
m e d iu m  a c allu s (an
u nd iffe re ntiate d m as s of tis s u e )
form e d (m itos is )  e m b ryos
p lantle ts  trans fe rre d to
th e s oil  ad u lt p lants

31. A DVA NTA G E S
• Produced in a short time (increase quantity)
• The good qualities of the plants/ animals can
be selected & maintained in the clones
• Increases the rate of production & the quality
of the product
• Ensure the continuity of hereditary traits
from parent to the clones
• Can be carried out any time of the year

32. DI SA DVA NTA G E S
• The resistance of the clones towards
diseases & pests is the same. 1 infected with
a disease/pests, all the clones will also
affected. Lead to the extinction of the
species.
• Carried out under controlled environment.
External environment changes, the will be
destroyed
• Prevents natural selection
• No variation