Psychiatry– it deals with study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illness.
Forensic psychiatry- application of knowledge of psychiatry
These are the person who are unable to cope with the ordinary social circumstance
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
ON
INSANITY
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
ON
INSANITY
Medico-legal responsibilities of mentally ill persons and recent amendments in Mental Health Act 2017, Procedures of restraint or admission of mentally ill person to psychiatric hospital.
Insanity
Mind in Psychology
DISORDERS OF COGNITION
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Medico-legal responsibilities of mentally ill persons and recent amendments in Mental Health Act 2017, Procedures of restraint or admission of mentally ill person to psychiatric hospital.
Insanity
Mind in Psychology
DISORDERS OF COGNITION
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
DISORDERS OF AFFECT / EMOTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONATION / BODY FUNCTIONS
Classification of Psychiatric disorders ICD -10
LUCID INTERVAL- Psychiatry & Head Injury
Feigned Insanity
Test for determining criminal responsibilities
McNaughton Rules-The right or wrong test)
Durham’s Rule
Curren’s Rule
American law Institute Test
Civil and Criminal responsibility of an insane
Section 84 IPC
MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT,2017
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Somatoform disorders
A disorder in which people have physical illnesses or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions
Dissociative disorders
A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness.
Historically, both somatoform and dissociative disorders used to be categorized as hysterical neurosis
in psychoanalytic theory neurotic disorders result from underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety that resulted from those conflicts and ego defense mechanisms
"schizophrenia" "split mind" but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking.
Schizophrenia is chronic and a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior .
Sexual assault related laws and examination of survivourDr. FAIZ AHMAD
Sexual offences
are criminal forms of human sexual behavior
A
sex offender is one who commits a sexual offence
CLASSIFICATION
Sexual offences may be classified as below
(I) Natural sexual offences
Offences involving natural penile
vaginal penetration
A)
Violent Done without consent e.g. rape
B)
Non violent done with consent e.g. incest , adultery
MEDICAL PRACTITIONER
means an individual who practices the art of
allopathic system of modern medicine .
REGISTERED
MEDICAL PRACTITIONER ( means Medical
Practitioner whose name appears i n the official register kept for the purpose
in accordance with the law of the land to which one belongs
Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states “everyone has
the right to life, liberty and security of a person”
Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees no person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure
established by law”
Thus right to life, liberty and security of a person are recognized as a
fundamental right by the Universal Declaration of Human Right (article
3 of 1948 and article 21 of the Indian Constitution
The transplantation of human organs and tissue act 1994(TOHOTA)Dr. FAIZ AHMAD
This Act was enacted for the
Regulation of removal , storage and transplantation of human organs
for therapeutic purposes only
F or the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs.
Justifiable abortion (therapeutic abortion)Dr. FAIZ AHMAD
It is also called as therapeutic abortion or legal abortion
In 1970 the World Medical Association WMA) adopted a resolution
on therapeutic abortion, known as Declaration of Oslo
It is performed either in accordance with the legal provisions under
the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP Act 1971 (i e legal
abortion) or caused in good faith to save the life of the pregnant
woman
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
Derived from GK word daktylose-finger ,graphein- to write
Method of identification based on unique epidermal ridge pattern on the tips of fingers.
Syn-Fingerprinting, Dermatoglyphics, Galton system of identification
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Psychiatry– it deals with study, diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of mental illness.
Forensic psychiatry- application of knowledge of psychiatry
Administration of justice
in
Insanity- Unsoundness of mind
ds of mind & personality
These are the person who are unable to cope with the ordinary
social circumstance
3. Insanity or Unsoundness mind
A disease of the mind or the personality, in which there is derangement of mental
or emotional processes & impairment of behavioral control.
Mentally Ill Person
Any person who is in need of treatment by reason of any mental disorder other than
mental retardation.
4. Forensic psychiatrist
a) Provide services such as determination of competency to stand trial in a court
of law to facilitate adjudicative process.
b) Involved in care of prisoners , both in jails and mental health institutions.
c) Often also do research work related to prison
5. Patients requiring expert mental health professionals opinion in
judiciary
Those harming themselves and others
Those who are incapable of looking after themselves and unable to
handle welfare of their family and properties
Patients who are acting out to be dangerous due to psychiatric
disorders
Spouses of mentally ill patients in cases of divorce, etc
Patients who are having criminal and civil litigation as a
consequence of mental illness
Mental patients who are going for some contract or want to make a
will
Mental fitness certificate of the person is needed for adoption of
child and other issues
6. SOME COMMON PSYCHIATRY TERMS
Abreaction
This is a release phenomenon where old, forgotten things
or events are brought into conscious state again.
Circumstantiality
When a person is not able to answer properly, in a straight
manner, and keeps on giving irrelevant details or wanders
off the subject many times in a conversation, the condition
is called circumstantiality.
7. It is the awareness of the self & environment
Disturbance
Loss
Confusion
Clouding of consciousness
Delirium
Twilight state
Fugue
Disorientation
Coma
Consciousness
8. Delirium
It is a condition characterized by disturbance of consciousness
where the critical faculty is blunted or lost, associated with
impaired orientation and inconsistent or irrelevant thought
contents.
Etiology-: 1. Fever with high temperature
2. Drug intoxication
3. Alcoholic intoxication/Dhatura
Clinically- Person is restless, excited, talkative (irrelevant)
sometimes loss of self control become violent.
MLI- Person in state of delirium is not responsible of
his criminal act.
9. Delirium tremens
It is psychotic condition in alcoholics which occurs due
to sudden increase of dose and sudden withdrawal.
There are tremor, Insomnia, mental confusion, loss of
memory, disorientation and hallucination of horror.
Korsakoff’s psychosis
It is a psychological and neurogenic deranged condition
occurring in some chronic alcoholics where there is
peripheral neuritis with polyneuritis, muscular
degeneration with weakness, disorientation , some
hallucination and retrograde amnesia.
10. Drunkenness
It is the state of a person under the influence of alcohol such that he lost control
to such an extent that he is unable to perform his duty in which he was
engaged at the material time.
Dementia
It means degeneration of mental faculties after full development. It may occur
due to old age, Alzheimer’s disease involving brain, etc.
Loss of higher cognitive functions & social inhibition(sexual offences against
children, shoplifting)
11. Memory It is the ability to store and recall information
Recent Remote
Disturbance in memory is called Amnesia
Retrograde Anterograde
Confabulation False interpretation of some recent events
12. Unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining
experiences or events that have no basis in fact,
commonly seen in amnestic syndrome.
Confabulation is considered “honest lying,” but is
distinct from lying because there is typically no intent to
deceive and the individual is unaware that their
information is false
13. Thinking
Thought blocking- sudden break of thought.
Circumstantiality- slow talking with unnecessary details
Derailment of thoughts- sliding of thoughts
Perseveration- repetition of a word/phrase several times
Stereotype- constant repetition of a phrase & behavior in many
different places irrespective of context
14. Delusion
It is a false belief in something which is not a fact, and
which persists even after it’s falsity has been clearly
demonstrated
Characteristics
A normal person can have a delusion, but is capable
of correcting it by it’s reasoning power & by his past
experience
Delusion in a insane person is a symptoms of brain ds
it is mainly found in epileptic, affective & schizophrenic
patients but not seen in anxiety neurosis & other
neurotic illness.
15. Types of Delusion
1. Delusion of grandeur
Also termed as delusion of exaltation
Pleasant delusion
Feeling of greatness, power & health.
ex- a man imagine himself to be very intelligent,
or rich while in reality is different.
2. Delusion of persecution
Unpleasant delusion
16. The sufferer believe that something bad is going
to happen to him
He fears that he may be killed by somebody.
The life of the person become full of distress & helpless.
Because of this apprehension he may commit suicide.
3. Delusion of influence
The sufferer strongly believe that his thought process,
activities and behaviors all are controlled by some
external supernatural power.
17. Such person on the basis of some imaginary command
from that supernatural power, he may commit some
unlawful act.
4. Delusion of reference
The person believes that people refer to him in a special
way. This may create conflicts with strangers as he may
think that strangers also looking at him & talking about him
18. 5. Delusion of infidelity
Sufferer thinks that his/ her spouse is not loyal
to him/ her
Usually males are sufferer.
The person thinks that his wife does not love him
and she has some intimate relationship with some
other person
For which the sufferer always torture his wife even
he kill her wife & himself commit suicide.
19. It is an unpleasant delusion.
Mainly found in negative attitude persons.
The sufferer always think that world is not exist,
as well as he also not exist.
6. Nihilistic delusion(Cotard syndrome)
7. Hypochondriacal delusion
Modern people are very health conscious
It’s over consciousness create a
delusion that called hypochondriasis
20. The person believe that there is some pathology
or abnormality with some part or system or
organ of his body, though in reality he is physically
healthy
Some times he feels depressed by thinking of the
different diseases in his body, he become helpless
& in extreme depression he may commit suicide.
21. 8. Delusion of self-reproach, or self criticism-
It is an unpleasant delusion
The sufferer realizes his fault in past
He blames himself for the failure
That creates depression and the person punish himself
by terminating his own life.
9. Other type-
1.Delusion of jealousy
2. Delusion of religion
3. Delusion of poverty
22. Delusional Misidentification Syndromes
include four types of syndromes
Capgras syndrome (Delusion of doubles) -Person holds a
delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family
member has been replaced by an identical-looking
impostor [stranger].Familiar person is thus seen as a
stranger.
The syndrome of subjective doubles - The patient’s
own self is perceived as being replaced by a double.
23. The syndrome of intermetamorphosis - Familiar persons
are believed to have exchanged identities [no stranger is
involved]. A person misidentifies his wife as his deceased
mother and, later, as his living sister.
Fregoli syndrome -Delusional belief that one or more
familiar persons, usually persecutors following the
repeatedly change their appearance.
24. 1. It reflects mental abnormality
2. They will not responsible by their act
3. Suicide is a major risk
4. Partial delusion – doctrine of diminished
responsibility
Medico legal importance
25. Perception
We perceive various things around us through
our sense organ
Sense of perception
Alteration
Sensory distortion Sensory experience
1. Macropsia
2. Micropsia
1. Hallucination
2. Illusion
26. a. Auditory hallucination
A person hears pleasant or unpleasant sounds or voices
out of nothing. He may presume that someone is talking
to him, when there is none.
b. Visual hallucination
A man thinks that he is seeing something where
there is nothing.
c. Olfactory hallucination-
A person smells pleasant & non pleasant odour
when none is present.
27. d. Gustatory -
A person feels sweat, sour, bitter, good or bad taste
In his mouth, though no food is actually present.
e. Tactile (formication or haptic hallucination)
A man imagine rat, mice crawling into his bed.
f. Psychomotor hallucination-
A man will have feeling of movement of some part of
the body in the absence of such movement.
28. Hallucination Disease
Visual Organic brain diseases
(focal CNS lesion)
Auditory Schizophrenia
Gustatory Temporal lobe epilepsy
Olfactory Organic brain disease
Tactile cocainism
MLI-
The persons suffering from hallucination may also commit
suicide or homicide especially in some command hallucination.
29. Illusion
These are false interpretation of sensory stimuli often visual or auditory
which has real existence.
They maybe seen in normal persons, in dark or during emotional stress and
in organic brain disease and maybe associated with hallucination.
E.g. A dog maybe interpreted as a tiger.
A rope maybe mistaken for
30. Completion Illusion: Where an unfinished pattern is completed
by illusion.
Affect Illusion: In this, mood of the person affects the nature
of illusion.
Parabolic Illusion: When human faces or images are seen in
illusion.
In Illusion, The person may be corrected when confronted with
Facts. He realizes that it was a misinterpretation of stimulus.
31. 5. Emotion or mood or feelings (AFFECT)
Symptoms related to Affect are
Panic
Mood
Irritability
Anxiety
Phobia
Obsession
Anxiety
It is the subjective distress may or may not accompanied
by autonomic over activity.
Palpitation
Sweating
Tremors
Dilated pupils
It is the commonest symptoms of various neurotic disorders
32. Acrophobia- fear of high place.
Agarophobia- fear of open space.
Nyctophobia - fear of darkness
Claustrophobia- fear of closed space
Xenophobia- fear of stranger.
Mysophobia- morbid fear of filth or contamination.
Type-
Phobia
It is the unreasonable and irrational fear of a particular
object or situation.
33. Obsession
It is a condition characterised by appearance of a single idea,
thought, or emotion which constantly disturbs the sufferer
which he recognizes as irrational but persists in spite of all
effort to drive it out from his mind.
Usually found in neurotic people.
The ideas are usually associated with some sort of fear
Compulsion
It is a repetitive behavior done by an individual in spite of
knowing that it is not correct.
Examples being, repeatedly washing hands, checking locked
premises again and again.
34. Panic
It is a state of attack of severe state of anxiety lasting for
minute to hours.
Irritability
It is the unpleasant feeling in which the person feels
an inner discomfort.
Mood
Elevation of mood- the terms are
Feeling of well being
Euphoria
Elation
Exaltation
35. Ecstasy
Mania Abnormal elevation of mood
Mainly found in bipolar disorder.
6. Body function
Appetite- excessive eating- bulimia
decrease appetite-anorexia
Thirst- excessive thirst- polydispia- anxiety.
Sex- loss of libido-seen in depression
hyper sexuality- mania
36. Sleep- insomnia- anxiety
hypersomnia – excessive sleep in night
somnolence- excessive day sleeping
somnambulism- sleep walking
It is aimless wandering with incomplete arousal
from sleep.
Actually the person may get up from bed,
open the door walk out a distance and return
to bed to sleep again,
No recollection of the event the next day.
Somnolentia – sleep drunkenness
Person aroused suddenly from deep sleep
37. Impulse
Def- it is a sudden & irresistible force compelling a person
to the conscious performance of some action without
motive & forethought.
Type- Kleptomania- steal article of small value
Pyromania- to set fire
Mutilomania – mutilate animals
Dipsomania- desire for alcohol drink
Sexual impulse
Suicidal & homicidal impulse.
MLI-
A person if commits some offence which is the result of
impulse, can not be held responsible for his criminal act.
38. Lucid interval
A period of normalcy with normal mental activities may found
sometimes in an insane person
-- The symptoms of insanity may cease altogether.
-- Person behave absolutely normal
-- He is able to judge and foresee the consequence of his act
-- He may suddenly returns to his insanity state.
insane insanesane
Lucid interval
This is the sane period of insane. He may held responsible
for his criminal act & it mainly found in mania, melancholia,
SDH
39. Difference between lucid interval in Insanity & head injury
Trait Insanity Head injury
History Of insanity Head injury
Preceding
symptoms
Insanity Of concussion
Following
symptoms
Insanity Of cerebral irritation &
compression of brain
Occurrence Frequent Only once
40. Fugue state
The person becomes a wanderer who keeps on moving
from place to place in an altered state of mind. He has
episodes of amnesia. This stage is seen in depression,
schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
Twilight states
It is state of diminished awareness of acts of relatively
short duration of which he has no recollection.
Oneirophrenia
It is a dream like state which may last for days or
weeks. The patient suffers from mental confusion
,amnesia, illusions, hallucinations, disorientation and
anxiety.
41. Automatism (automatic behaviour)
Acting without volition
It is a conduct that is performed by a person whose
consciousness is impaired to such an extent, that he is
not fully aware of his actions.
There may be no consciousness at all of the actions in
question, or there may be awareness that fall below
the level of N consciousness.
Followed by amnesia
Causes - Concussion or cerebral disease, Epilepsy,
Alcohol/Drug usage, Hypoglycaemia, During sleep
(Somnambulism)
MLI - Defence in a criminal charge.
42. Psychopath
It is a personality disorder, where the person has recurrent
episode of impulsive behavior, which is not acceptable to
social structure.
They are neither Insane nor mentally defective
Characteristics
They always offend against society.
Lack of sympathy
Behavior not modified by experience & punishment
43. Emotionally cool
Incapable to understand the feelings & motivation of other
They may have temper outburst, may make verbal or
physical attack without sufficient provocation.
MLI-: They are criminally responsible for their act.
44. Mental age
Mental development with age
I.Q – Intelligent Quotient-
Mental age
Chronological age
100
Level of intelligence I.Q range
a) Idiot
b) Imbecile
c) Moron
d) Normal
e) Genius
0—24
25—49
50—69
90—109
> 140
45. Psychosis
It is a state of mental illness which is characterized by
Disorder of behavior being withdrawal from reality
Insight – absent
Empathy- lacking
Contact with reality- lost
Neurosis
It is a state of mental illness where the patient suffers
from emotional or intellectual disorders, but his insights
remain intact and the sense of reality also present.
No change in personality
No disorder of thinking
It is the reaction against conflicts & stress in mind.
46. Difference between psychosis & neurosis
Trait Psychosis Neurosis
Severity Major Minor
Genetic
predisposition
Present Absent
Insight absent Present
Contact with
reality
Lost Present
Empathy Lack of empathy Present
47. Psychosis associated with organic ds
Dementia - degeneration of memory, loss of power of
judgment
senile ->65 yrs
pre senile - <65yrs
pseudo dementia- Alzheimer ds
Drugs induced psychosis-
Barbiturate
Amphetamine
Cannabis
Cocaine
L.S.D
48. Deficiency of vitamins-
Cyanocobalamin
Niacin
GPI- General paralysis of insane
Found in meningo vascular syphilis.
Epilepsy- It is due to head trauma,
tumor or parasitic infestation.
Alcoholics-
Alcoholic blackout
Delirium tremens
Alcoholic hallucination
Korasakoff’s psychosis
Delusion of jealousy.
49. Classification of mental diseases(WHO 1965)
Psychosis
Neurosis Personality
disorder
Sexual
perversion
Drugs
dependence
organic
functional
schizophrenia Affective
disorder
a) Anxiety neurosis
b) Obsessive compulsive neurosis
a) Dementia
b) Intra cranial inf.
c) Metabolic/endocrinal ds. a) Manic depressive psychosis
b) Involutional melancholia
50. ICD-10 BY WHO(1992)
CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL
DISORDERS
1.ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
DELERIUM,DEMENTIA
2.MENTAL DISORDERS DUE TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ALCOHOL,COCAINE,CANNABIS
3.SCHIZOPHRENIA,SHYZOTYPAL AND
DELUSIONALDISORDERS
SCHIZOPHRENIA
4.MOOD DISORDERS(AFFECTIVE)
MDP,MANIC DISORDER,DEPRESSION.
51. 5.NEUROTIC, STRESS RELATED AND SOMATOFORM
DISORDERS
ANXIETY,PHOBIC STATES ,
OBCESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDERS
6.BEHAVIOURAL SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES
EATING DISORDERS
SLEEP DISORDERS
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
7.DISORDERS OF ADULT PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOUR
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
52. 8.MENTAL RETARDATION
9.DISORDERS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVOLOPMENT
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS
10.BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD AND
ADOLESENCE
HYPERKINETIC DISORDERS
TIC DISORDER
11.UNSPECIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS
53. Functional psychosis-
Schizophrenia - Split personality
Disorder of thought
Affective - MDP
Diagnosis of mental diseases-
1. Proper history.
2. Signs & symptoms
3. Other lab investigation
4. Observation
Mental condition
1. General appearance
2. Talk
3. Speech
4. Writing
5. Behavior
6. Mood
7. Memory
8. Sleep
9. Gait
10.Thought content.
54. THE MENTAL HEALTH ACT, 1987
Act was passed by the Indian Parliament in 1987.
The aims and objectives
To consolidate and amend the law relating to mentally
ill persons
Their better treatment and care, better management of
their property, and their overall better protection
It changed certain objectionable and stigmatic terms into
more acceptable terms
55. Mentally ill person is defined as a person who is in need of
treatment by reason of any mental disorder other than mental
retardation [S.2(l)]
56. Establishment and maintenance of psychiatric hospitals or
psychiatric nursing homes can only be with license [S.6] which
has to be renewed every 5 years [S.94]
The license will be revoked if the hospital is not maintained
according to provisions of the Act [S.11]
If hospital is run without license, the penalty is imprisonment of
3 months and/or fine of `200 for first offence, 6 m and/or 1000
for second offence and if hospital is continued to run without
license even after that, a penalty of `100 per day [S.82]
57. Regular inspection of psychiatric hospitals by Inspecting
Officers
In order to know that psychiatric hospitals are working well and in
accordance with the Act, the State Government or licensing
authority will appoint an ‘Inspecting Officer’ who at any time can
enter and inspect any psychiatric hospital, inspect its records and
talk to patients in private. If working of hospital not found
satisfactory, he will report to the licensing authority who will take
appropriate action [S.13]
58. Appointment of visitors and monthly inspection by them
For every psychiatric hospital, the Govt shall appoint 5 or
more visitors (of these at least one should be a medical
officer, preferably a psychiatrist, two should be social
workers and two others) [S.37]
Every month three or more visitors will make a joint
inspection of every part of the psychiatric hospital and
examine every minor admitted as a voluntary patient, and
preferably every other mentally ill person admitted [S.38]
Regular visits by inspecting officers and visitors ensure that
psychiatric hospitals are run smoothly
59. RESTRAINT OF THE MENTALLY ILL
Restraint of the mentally ill refers to lawful restraint of a
mentally ill person, who is a danger to himself or others.
(A) Immediate restraint
(B) Admission in a psychiatric hospital.
60. [A] Immediate restraint means taking a mentally unsound
person into immediate control whose illness has exacerbated
acutely, or who has suddenly become violent.
There is no specific provision in MHA 1987 for immediate
restraint. It is done U/s 81, IPC [act done to prevent other
harm]
Prerequisites – informed consent of guardian must be obtained.
If consent not obtainable for any reason, person can be restrained
without consent, but only as long as danger exists.
Method – by safely locking up in a room under immediate
personal care of attendants.
61. [B] Admission in a Psychiatric Hospital
Procedures for admission in a psychiatric hospital have been
made so no person may exploit the law.
If a person is aggrieved over an unfavorable will made by a
relative, he may try to prove him mentally ill by getting him
admitted to a psychiatric hospital.
A criminal may himself get admitted in order to claim benefit
of S.84, IPC
62. [1] Admission on a voluntary basis
Any person >18 y who considers himself a mentally ill person
and desires to be admitted to any psychiatric nursing home for
treatment, may request the doctor in charge for being admitted as
a voluntary patient [S.15].
In case of persons <18 y, request is made by guardian [S.16].
63. Procedure
The doctor in-charge shall make such inquiry [examination etc]as
he may deem fit within 24 h and if satisfied that the applicant or
minor requires treatment he may admit him [S.17]
Comments
A straightforward procedure. The possibility of patient
malingering illness is prevented by doctor himself examining
such person.
Very few patients are admitted under this law.
64. [2] Admission under special circumstances [application by
relative or friend]
If mentally ill person is unable to express his willingness for
admission
(i) Patient may be admitted for up to 90 days on an application
by relative or friend [S.19(1)]
(ii) Application should be on prescribed form
(iii) It should be accompanied by certificates from 2 medical
practitioners [allopath, homeopath, or ayurveda (S.2k)], one
of whom should be a Govt doctor
(iv) Each doctor should have examined the MIP separately within
10 days prior to application[S.30]
(v) If above certificates are not attached, the doctor in charge
may appoint 2 doctors working in the hospital to examine
him [S.19(2)].
65. [3] Reception order on application
Reception order [RO]– means a magisterial order for MIP to be
“received”, admitted and kept in hospital.
Application by doctor in charge
If doctor thinks that treatment is needed for >6 m or detention is
needed for patient’s own safety and that of others, he would make
an application to magistrate for a reception order [S.20(2)].
66. Application by husband, wife or relative
Husband or wife of patient can make an application to
magistrate.
If there is no husband or wife or if they are ill or absent or can
not make an application for whatever reason, any relative of
patient can make an application [S.20(3)].
He must state why the husband or wife is not making the
application. He should also indicate his relationship with the
patient, and the circumstances under which the application is
being made [S.20(4)].
67. All persons making application under this provision [husband,
wife, relative] must be >18 y and must have seen the patient
within 14 days of making application [S.20(5)].
The application must be in prescribed form and must be
accompanied by certificates from 2 medical practitioners, one
of whom must be a Govt doctor [S.20(6)].
68. Each medical practitioner should examine the patient
independently [S.21(a)]
The certificate should state that the MIP is suffering from
mental disorder of such a nature and degree that his treatment in
the psychiatric hospital is required and that such detention is
necessary in the interests of the health and personal safety of
patient or for the protection of others [S.21(b) ].
69. [4] Reception order on production of mentally ill
person before Magistrate
[a] Wandering or dangerous mentally ill person
A police officer in charge of a police station may detain any
wandering mentally ill person (WMIP) [who is wandering
aimlessly] or dangerous mentally ill person (DMIP) [who is
dangerous to himself or others due to his violent
behavior][S.23(1)].
70. The Police officer would immediately inform him why he is
being detained. If WMIP or DMIP is incapable of
understanding, their relatives or friends must be informed
[S.23(2)].
Such WMIP or DMIP must be produced before a magistrate
within 24 h of detention. The period of journey is not included
[S.23(3)].
71. In respect of examination - Magistrate shall
(a) examine the person personally
(b) cause him to be examined by a doctor
(c) make any other relevant enquiries [S.24(1)].
In respect of admission – Doctor must certify the person to be
mentally ill.
If he feels that patient may be malingering and needs sustained
observation or there is some other difficulty in on-the-spot
diagnosis, he may ask the magistrate to pass a temporary order
for detention for observation of a period of up to 10 days
[S.28(1)]
72. If diagnosis cannot be made during that period, two more such
orders can be passed
The doctor must make a diagnosis within 30 days [S.28(2)]
If after medical certificate from doctor the magistrate is
satisfied of the need of his treatment or for protection of
himself or others (a) he may make a RO.
73. If any relative or friend wants him to be admitted to a
particular licensed psychiatric hospital and agrees to bear cost,
and doctor in-charge of that hospital consents, an RO for that
particular hospital is made.
If relative or friends furnishes a bond ensuring that WMIP or
DMIP would neither injure himself nor others, and agrees to
keep him, the magistrate, instead of making an RO, would
hand over such person to the relative or friend [S.24(2)].
74. Features True /real Feigned insanity
Onset Gradual Sudden
Motive Nil Presence of crime
Predisposing factors Present Absent
Signs & symptoms Uniform Present only when being
observed
Facial expression Vacant look Frequently changing
Insomnia present Absent
Exertion Absent Present
Habits Dirty Not so
Skin & lips Dry Normal
Frequent examination Does not mind Resists for fear of
detection
Difference between real & feigned insanity
75. [b] Cruelly treated mentally ill person
Police officer – may inform magistrate if a MIP is in the
custody of relative or guardian, and is being cruelly treated by
him [cruelly treated mentally ill person, CTMIP] [S.25(1)].
Any private person – can similarly inform magistrate
[S.25(2)].
76. The magistrate would call CTMIP, relative who is cruelly
treating him and person who is legally bound to maintain such
CTMIP [S.25(3)].
Magistrate would order the person who is legally bound to
maintain such CTMIP to take his proper care. If he willfully
neglects to comply with the order, he can be fined up to `2,000
[S.25(4)].
If it appears to magistrate that despite fine etc, the CTMIP
would not be properly looked after, he would make an RO,
under same procedural guidelines as with WMIP and DMIP
above [S.25(5)].
77. [5] Discharge of a mental ill person in asylum
1. A voluntary patient must be discharged within 24 hrs
of receipt of request for discharge made by the patient
himself or by the guardian
2. Admission by application can be discharged by
request but it must first be made certain that the
patient is fit to be discharged.
3. The O.I.C of psychiatric hospital can order the discharge of
any patient, on the recommendation of two medical practitioner
one of whom should be a psychiatrist.
78. 4. A relative of a mentally ill person can make an
application for his discharge even if he is not fully
cured, provided that he is not dangerous to society.
5. A person detained on a reception order can
be discharged if a judicial inquisitions finds him of
sound mind.
79. Civil & criminal responsibility of an insane person
Responsibility of mentally ill
Civil Criminal
Management of property
Contract
Marriage & divorce
Adoption
Competency of witness
Validity of consent
Testamentary capacity
Mc Naughten rule
Section 84 I.P.C
Durham's rule
Curren;s rule
The Irresistible impulse
act
The American Law
Institute act
Doctrine of diminished
responsibility
80. Civil responsibility
1. Management of property & affairs of the insane
Judicial inquisition regarding alleged mentally ill person
possessing property, custody of his person
and management of his property.Apply in
Court for
inquiry
To prove the person
Is mentally ill or not
Court will send the case for medical examination to
a psychiatrist & wait for his report regarding the insanity
81. That the
extent of mental
illness
Whether the person is capable of looking after
his property or not
Court will decide as follows
1. The court may order for the appointment of guardian to
take care him & his property.
2. When the court find that person is mentally ill but he can
take care of himself but can not manage his property then
it may issue an order for management of his property
82. 3. The court may order to sell the property for the
purpose to meet up the expenses. (debt, maintenance,
payment of the cost for any judicial inquisition)
4. The manager has no power to mortgage or sell such
properties without permission of court.
5. If it is reported that the person has improved or cured
then another inquiry by court
If court satisfy
All the proceeding
will be stopped
83. 2. Contracts
Only a person of sound mind is competent to contract
When is a person said to have sound mind
If at the time when he makes the contract, he is capable of
understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its
effect upon his interests
If other party can show it did not know the mental condition of
the other party, and the contract was fair " Contract may be
held valid
84. If mental illness develops after contract is signed
Contract is valid, until and unless mental illness makes the
other party unable to perform service relevant to contract.
Contract can be made during lucid interval
A sane man, who is delirious from fever or who is so drunk
that he cannot understand the terms of a contract or form a
rational judgment as to its effect on his interests, cannot
contract whilst such delirium or drunkenness lasts
85. 3.Marriage and divorce
Either party is incapable of giving valid consent due to
unsound of mind.
Recurrent attack of insanity or epilepsy.
Divorce can be granted if either party prove unsoundness
of mind.
4. Adoption
Any Hindu male who is of sound mind and is not a minor
can adopt a child with the consent of his wife.
86. 5. Government service
A mentally ill person cannot enter a govt service.
6. Inheritance
Mentally ill person cannot be disqualified from inheritance to
any property
The situation is less clear if a mentally ill person commits
murder.
87. 7. Competency as a witness
An insane person is not competent to give evidence.
But if he understand the obligation of an oath is competent
to give evidence.
At lucid interval he can competent to give evidence.
8. Consent
Consent is not valid in case of rape, causing death or
grievous hurt/MTP
9. Testamentary capacity
It is the capacity to make a valid will or it is the mental
ability of a person to make a valid will.
88. Will denotes as a testamentary document.
Components
1. An understanding of the nature of will
2. A knowledge of the property to be disposed
3. An ability to recognize those who may be
have justifiable claims on the property.
Silent points regarding testamentary deposition
Must in writing
Signed by the testator in presence of two witness
An executor is appointed under the will by the
testator to carryout it’s term after his death
Will can be modified by the testator any time before
his death
The testator must be of a sound mind, not being
minor,
89. Will is invalid when
1. If it is taken under influence of other person
2. Loss of judgment due to extreme age
3. In excessive drinking state
4. Insanity
Will is valid when
1. In lucid interval
2. If testator commit suicide immediately after making
the will in the absence of evidence of mental ds.
3. Delusion not affecting any way for disposal of
property.
90. Criminal responsibility of the insane
A mentally ill person is not punished for his crime as he devoid
of free will, intelligence, and knowledge of the act
The murderer
Take the plea of mental illness
For escape from capital punishment
Mc Naughten rule
A 29 yrs Scottish had been suffering a delusion of persecution
That the party in power were constantly following him,
harassing him, planning conspiracy against him
91. So he decide to kill the Prime minister in power that
Sir Robert peel so he made a plan for the crime. He wait from
distance of the prime minister residence
Suddenly he found that the Prime minister came out with
some other officers then he started firing to the P.M but
mistakenly he shot his private secretary Henry Drummond
In court found him as insane as
not guilty by reason of insanity he was sent to
Psychiatric hospital for treatment for life.
92. An accused person is not legally responsible, if it is clearly
proved that at the time of committing the crime he was suffering
from such a defect of reason from abnormality in mind, that he
did not know the nature & quality of the act he was doing or that
what he was doing was wrong.
Section 84 IPC
Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the
time of doing it, by the reason of unsoundness of mind is
incapable of knowing the nature of the act or that he is doing
what is either wrong or contrary to law.
93. 2. Durham Rule (1954)
“an accused person is not criminally responsible, if his
unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental
defect.”
3.Curren’s Rule (1961)
“an accused person is not criminally responsible, if at
the time of committing the act, he did not have the
capacity to regulate his conduct to the requirements of
the law, as a result of the mental disease or defect.”
94. 4. The Irresistible Impulse Test (New Hampshire
Doctrine)
“an accused person is not criminally responsible, even if he
knows the nature and quality of his act and knows that he is
wrong, if he is incapable of restraining himself from
committing the act, because of free agency of his will has
been destroyed by mental disease.”
5. The American Law Institute Test (1972)
“a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time
of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect he
lacks adequate capacity either to appreciate the criminality of
his conduct, or to adjust his conduct to the requirement of the
law.”
95. Insanity and Murder
If the mental disorder impairs the cognitive faculties
of the accused, he is not held responsible for his acts.
If insanity affects only emotions and the will, but not
the cognitive faculties, the person is held responsible
for his acts.
96. Doctrine of Diminished Responsibility
If an unlawful act is committed by a person who is suffering
from some degree of mental illness, should not be treated like
a sane person who committed an unlawful act.
According to this theory, such mentally ill persons have
diminished responsibility.
Punishment for them for commission of an unlawful act
should be less.
97. Responsibility of Intoxicated Persons
In Civil cases
If any intoxicated person involves in any civil responsibility,
then the case will be considered according to the nature of the
work and merit of the consequences.
In Criminal cases
An intoxicated person may not be held responsible for his act,
if at the time of commission, due to the effect of intoxication,
he did not understand the nature and quality of the act and its
consequences and legal position
If the person has taken the intoxicating agent on his own and
with a mind to perform the criminal act easily, he will be held
responsible for its commission.