WEEK-4-5-ANXIETY-FEAR-AND-DISORDERS.pptx

ANXIETY,
FEAR, AND
DISORDERS
JOVANIE S. SOLIBIO, PHD

ANXIETY DISORDER
a) a psychological disorder that involves excessive levels of negative
emotions, such as nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and anxiety.
b) generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or tension that may be
associated with a particular object or situation or may be free-floating,
not associated with anything specific.
c) can cause such distress that it interferes with a person’s ability to lead a
normal life.

• ANXIETY – defined as an
unpleasant emotional state for
which the cause is either not
readily identified or perceived to be
uncontrollable or unavoidable.
• FEAR – an emotional and
physiological response to a
recognized external threat or a
response to a real danger or threat.
Difference between ANXIETY and FEAR

SYMPTOMS of
ANXIETY DISORDER
a. Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness
b. Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts
c. Repeated thoughts or flashbacks or
traumatic experiences
d. Nightmares
e. Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated
hand washing
f. Problem sleeping
g. Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet
h. Shortness of breath
i. Palpitations
j. An inability to be still and calm
k. Dry mouth
l. Numbness or tingling in the hands or
feet
m. Nausea
n. Muscle tension
o. Dizziness

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension, even if there is little or
nothing to provoke the anxiety.
Symptoms:
1. restlessness or feeling keyed up
2. difficulty concentrating
3. irritability
4. muscle tension and jitteriness
5. deep disturbance
6. unwanted, intrusive worries
TYPES of ANXIETY DISORDER

2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
i. people with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause
them to perform certain rituals or routines.
ii. Obsessions: disturbing thoughts; anxiety-provoking thoughts that will
not go away (e.g. thoughts of killing a child, becoming contaminated by a
handshake)
iii. Compulsions: rituals; irresistible urges to engage in behaviors (e.g.
unreasonable fear of germs, compulsive counting, touching, and
checking)

3.Panic Disorder
i. Keeps recurring attacks to a person of intense fear or panic, often with
feelings of impending doom of death.
ii. Having feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no
warning.
Other symptoms:
a) Sweating
b) Chest pain
c) Palpitations (irregular heartbeats)
d) Feeling of choking

4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
i. a condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying
event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of
a loved one, or a natural disaster.
ii. People with PTSD often have lasting and frightening thoughts and
memories of the event, and tend to be emotionally numb.

5.Specific Phobias
i. An intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes,
heights, or flying
ii. Phobia : an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation,
activity or object.

SAMPLE PHOBIAS
Acrophobia - Fear of heights
Ailorophobia - Fear of cats
Amaxophobia - Fear of vehicles or driving
Anuptaphobia - Fear of staying single
Aquaphobia - Fear of water or swimming
Arachnophobia - Fear of spiders
Astraphobia - Fear of storms, thunder and lightning
Airophobia - Fear of flying, airplanes
Bibliophobia - Fear of books
Blennophobia - Fear of slime
Bogyphobia - Fear of demons

Cathisophobia - Fear of sitting down
Cibophobia - Fear of food
Claustrophobia - Fear of confinement
Coitophobia - Fear of sexual intercourse
Cremnophobia - Fear of precipices
Cynophobia - Fear of dogs
Demophobia - Fear of crowds
Dromophobia - Fear of crossing streets
Ecophobia - Fear of home
Entomophobia - Fear of insects
Gamophobia - Fear of marriage
Geascophobia - Fear of crossing a bridge or a large body of water
Gymnophobia - Fear of nudity
Hamatophobia - Fear of sins or sinning

Hapephobia - Fear of touching, or being touched
Hematophobia - Fear of blood
Hodophobia - Fear of travels
Homilophobia - Fear of sermons
Kinesophobia - Fear of motion
Kopophobia - Fear of mental or physical exams
Lygophobia - Fear of the dark
Mersophobia - Fear of darkness
Microphobia - Fear of germs
Nyctophobia - Fear of fear of darkness
Ocholophobia - Fear of crowds
Odontiatophobia - Fear of dentists
Ophiophobia - Fear of snakes

i. Also called social phobia
ii. Involves overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday
social situations
iii. The worry often centers on a fear of being judged by others, or
behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule
Social Anxiety Disorder

1.Reality Anxiety
- Refers to fear of real dangers in the external world
2.Neurotic Anxiety
- Refers to fear that instincts will get out of control and cause the person to
do something for which he or she will be punished
3.Moral Anxiety
- The fear of conscience
THREE TYPES of ANXIETY according to FREUD

a. Sometimes referred to as paranoia
b. Delusions: are false, sometimes even preposterous, beliefs that are not
part of the person’s culture
Types of delusional disorder
1. Persecutory Type (Delusion of Persecution)
- The individual believes that he or she is being threatened or mistreated
by others.
2. Grandiose Type (Delusion of Grandeur)
- Victims of this disorder believe that they are extraordinarily important
people which possessed extra ordinary power, knowledge, and ability.
3. Jealous Type
- This delusion centers on the suspected unfaithfulness of a spouse or
sexual partner.
-This delusion is more common than others.
DELUSIONAL DISORDER (FALSE BELIEF)

Types of delusional disorder
4. Erotomanic Type
- a person has an erotic delusion that he/she is loved by another person,
especially by someone famous or of higher status.
5. Somatic Type
- The false belief focuses on a delusional physical abnormality or disorder.
-The somatic delusion relates to the patient body no matter what the
mirror says a person suffering from this type of delusion believes their body
is under attack.
6. Guilt Delusions
- This person believes they have done something terribly wrong.
DELUSIONAL DISORDER (FALSE BELIEF)

a. are disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted
disturbances in feeling or mood.
b. these are major disturbances in one’s condition or
emotion, such as depression and mania.
c. it is otherwise known as affective disorder.
MOOD DISORDER

SYMPTOMS OF MOOD DISORDER
a.Sadness g.Dejection
b.Difficulty sleeping h.Exaggerated guilt
c.Fatigue i.Changes in appetite
d.Hopelessness j.Loss of interest
e.Despair k.feeling of incompetence
f.Sense of inferiority l.Inability to function effectively
MOOD DISORDER

TYPES OF MOOD DISORDER
1. Bipolar Disorder
 also known as manic disorder
 there are swings in mood from elation (extreme happiness) to
depression (extreme sadness) with no discernable cause.
MOOD DISORDER

TWO PHASES OF BIPOLAR
a.Manic Phase
 During the manic phase of this disorder, the patient may show
excessive, unwarranted or silliness, carrying jokes too far.
 hey may also show poor and recklessness and maybe
argumentative.
 manic may speak rapidly, have unrealistic ideas, and jump
from subject to subject.
 they may not able to sleep or sit still for very long.
MOOD DISORDER

TWO PHASES OF BIPOLAR
b. Depressive Episode
 The other side of the bipolar coin is the depressive episode.
 Bipolar depressed patients often sleep more than usual and
are lethargic.
 patient may also show irritability and withdrawal.
MOOD DISORDER

2. Depressive Disorder
- It is where the person experiences extended,
unexplainable period of sadness.
MOOD DISORDER

Three Types of Depressive Disorder
a.Major Depressive Disorder
- A person suffering from major depressive disorder is on depressed
mood for most of the day, nearly every day or has lost interest or
pleasure in all, or almost all, activities, for a period of at least two weeks.
b. Single Episode
- Single episode depression is like major depression only it strikes in one
dramatic episode.
c.Recurrent
- recurrent depression is an extended pattern of depressed episode.
- Depressed episode can include any of the features of major depressive
disorder.
MOOD DISORDER

3. Personality Disorder
 is long standing patterns of maladaptive behavior.
 are disorders in which one’s personality results in personal distress
or significantly impairs social or work functioning.
 is a psychological disorder that is believed toresult from
personalities that developed improperly during childhood.
MOOD DISORDER

Types of Personality Disorders
Cluster A; Odd or Eccentric Behavior
1.Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)
 may be perceived by others as somber and aloof, and often
referred to as “loners”.
 Social isolation and a lack of desire for close personal
relationships
 Prefer to be alone and seem withdrawn and emotionally
detached
 They seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other people.
MOOD DISORDER

2. Paranoid Personality disorder
 may be perceived by others as somber and aloof, and often
referred to as “loners”.
 although prone to unjustified anger or aggressive outbursts
when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, they more
often come across as emotionally “cold” or excessively
serious.
 Feeling of constant suspicion and distrust to other people
 Believed that others are against them and constantly look for
evidence to support their suspicions
 They are hostile to others and react angrily to perceived insults
MOOD DISORDER

3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
 characterized both by a need for isolation as well as odd,
outlandish, or paranoid beliefs.
 Engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior
 They may ramble or use words and phrases in unusual ways
 They may believe they have magical control over others
 They feel very uncomfortable with close personal relationships
and tend to be suspicious of others
MOOD DISORDER

Cluster B
1. Antisocial personality Disorder (APD)
Manifestations:
 Act in a way that disregards the feelings and rights of other people
 Anti-social personalities often break the law
 Use or exploit other people for their own gain
 They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into physical fights
 They may mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children and
exploit their employees
 They may even kill other people
 People with this disorder are also sometimes called sociopaths or
psychopaths
MOOD DISORDER

Cluster B
2. Borderline personality disorder
 this mental illness interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate emotion.
 Borderlines are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may
result in frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such suicide threats and
attempts
 Manifestations:
 Intense emotional instability, particularly in relationship with other
 Make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment by others
 They may experience minor problems as major crises
 Express their anger, frustration, and dismay through suicidal gestures, self-
mutilation, and other self-destructive acts
 Tend to have an unstable self-image or sense of self
MOOD DISORDER

Cluster B
3.Narcissistic Personality Disorder(NPD)
i. characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of
empathy.
ii. narcissistic tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others’
perspectives, insensitive to others’ needs and indifferent to the effect of their
own egocentric behavior.
Manifestations:
 A grandiose sense of self-importance
 They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited
success or power
 They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. However, they
often have very fragile self-esteem.
MOOD DISORDER

Cluster B
4. Histrionic personality disorder
- individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of excessive
emotionality and attempt to get attention in unusual ways, such as bizarre
appearance or speech.
Manifestations:
 Strive to be the center of attention.
 Act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention.
 They may also talk in dramatic or theatrical style and display exaggerated
emotional reactions.
MOOD DISORDER

Cluster C; Anxious, Fearful Behavior
1. Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD)
 Often hypersensitive to rejection.
 Unwilling to take social risks.
 Display a high level of social;
 Discomfort
 Timidity
 Fear of criticism
 Avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal contact
Manifestations:
a. possess intense, anxious shyness.
b. reluctant to interact with others unless they feel certain of being liked.
c. fear being criticized and rejected.
d. often they view themselves as socially inept and inferior to others.
MOOD DISORDER

2. Dependent Personality Disorder
- typically exhibits a pattern of needy and submissive behavior, and rely on
others to make decisions for them.
Manifestations:
a. Severe and disabling emotional dependency on others.
b. Has difficulty in making decisions without a great deal of advice and
reassurance from others.
c. They urgently seek out another relationship when a close relationship
ends.
d. They feel uncomfortable by themselves.
MOOD DISORDER

3. Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
 Also called Anankastic Personality Disorder.
 Are so focused on order and perfection that there lack of flexibility interferes with
productivity and efficiency.
 They can be also workaholics, preferring of working alone, as they afraid that work
completed by others will not be done correctly.
 This disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which often includes more
bizarre behavior and rituals.
Manifestations:
a. A preoccupation with details, orderliness, perfection, and control.
b. Devote excessive amounts of time to work and productivity and fail to take time for
leisure activities and friendships.
c. They tend to be rigid, formal, stubborn, and serious.
MOOD DISORDER

 Schizophrenia is a group of disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked
disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behavior.
 At some phase delusions or hallucinations almost always occur.
 Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure
to understand reality. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused
thinking, hearing voices that others do not, reduced social engagement and emotional
expression, and a lack of motivation.
 People with schizophrenia often have additional mental health problems such as anxiety,
depressive, or substance-use disorders. Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in
young adulthood, and last a long time.
 Emil kraepelin first identified the illness in 1896 when he distinguished it from the mood
disorders. He called it dementia praecox, which means a premature deterioration of the
brain.
 He developed the word by combining two greek words schizein meaning ‘to split” and
phren“mind”. This emphasized a splitting apart of the patients affective and cognitive
functioning, which are heavily affected by the disease. Also schizophrenia came from the
New latin words schizo “split”, and phrenia, meaning “mind”
SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenic Hallucinations
Hallucinations can be broken down into the following categories:
1.Tactile (touch)- people with schizophrenia often have the sensation that
there are things (like bugs or insects) crawling across their skin.
2.Visual (sight)- this kind of hallucination causes the person to see things
that are not really there.
3.Auditory (hearing)- this is the most common type of hallucination. People
with auditory hallucination hear voices and sounds that other cannot hear.
4.Olfactory (smell)- the person experiencing an olfactory hallucination smell
things (usually foul smell things ) that others do not smell.
5.Command (hearing)- when a voice commands the person to do sometings
he/she would not ordinarily do.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

Characteristics of Schizophrenia
1. Disturbance of thought and attention- people suffering schizophrenia often
cannot think logically and as the result of this they cannot write a story,
because every word they write down might make sense, but are meaningless
in relation to each other, and they cannot keep their attention to the writing.
i. the principal disturbance in the schizophrenic’s thought processes is
multiple delusions. This is divided into two sub-categories.
ii. Persecutory Delusion- the schizophrenia believes that he/she is being
talked about , spied upon, or his/her death being planned.
iii. Delusions of Reference- the schizophrenia give personal importance to
completely unrelated incidents,objects, or people.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

2. Disturbance of Perception- during acute schizophrenic
episodes, people say that the world appears different to
them,their bodies appear longer, color seem more intense
and they cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

3. Disturbances of affect- schizophrenic persons fail to
show ‘normal’ emotions. This symptom is easiest
described as an excessive lack of correlation between
what an individual is saying and what emotion they are
expressing recounting an exprience of serious horror
while chuckling or a patient may smile while talking over
tragic events).
SCHIZOPHRENIA

4. Withdrawal from Reality- during schizophrenic
episodes, the individual becomes absorbed in his inner
thought and fantasies. The self-absorption may be so
intense that the individual may not know the month or day
or the place where he is staying.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

5. Delusion and Hallucination – in most cases it is
accompanied by delusions. Delusions are inflexible
misleading beliefs. They appear as a result of
exaggerations or distortions of reasoning, as well as false
interpretations of things in events.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

The most common are beliefs that other persons are
trying to control his thoughts, he may become suspicious
of friends(paranoid), this is the reason why Robert
Kennedy was assassinated.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

Kinds of Schizophrenia
The following are the kinds of schizophrenia:
1.Paranoid Schizophrenia- if a person has paranoid
schizophrenia, he or she:
a.Is very suspicious of others,
b.Has great schemes of persecution at the root of the
behavior,
c.Has hallucinations and delusion which are also the
symptoms of this type of schizophrenia,
d.Displays the psychotic symptoms.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

2.Residual Schizophrenia- residual schizophrenia usually:
a.Expressed through a person’s having no motavition or
interest in everyday life,
b.Advised when an individual has been through at least one
episodes of schizophrenia (6months)but then “recover”.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

3.Disorganized schizophrenia(hebephrenic schizophrenia) - this
schizophrenia is characterized by:
a.Person is incoherent verbally and to his/her feeling,
b.Expressing emotions that are not appropriate to the
situation.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

4.Catatonic Schizophrenia- a person diagnosed with the catatonic
schizophrenia is:
a.Extremly withdrawn, negative, isolated, and has obvious
psychomotor disturbances.
b.The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated
purposeles movement,
c.Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia- people with undifferentiated
schizophrenia exhibit the symptoms of more than one of the
above mentioned types of schizophrenia, but without a clear
predominance of a particular set of diagnostic characteristics.
This is used when the patient’s symptoms clearly point
schizophrenia but are so clouded that classification into the
different types of schizophrenia is very difficult.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

How schizophrenia develops?
Schizophrenia develops through any of the following causes:
1. Genetic Cause – a cause of schizoprenia usually lies in a
person’s having immediate relatives with a history of
schizophrenia or other psychiatric diseases (schizoaffective
disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression). Some researchers
consider schizophrenia to be highly heritable (estimates are as
high as 70%).
SCHIZOPHRENIA

2. environmental/social cause – there is considerable evidence
indicating that stress may trigger episodes of schizophrenia psychosis.
For example, emotionally turbulent families and stressful life events
have shown to be some of the risk factors for the relapses or triggers of
schizophrenia episodes.
- The “social drift hypothesis “suggests that people affected by
schizophrenia may be less able to hold steady, demanding, or high –
paying jobs. As a result, low income and problems increases stress
levels and leave such people susceptible to lapsing into a
schizophrenic episode.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

3. prenatal cause – causal factors are thought to initially some together
in early neurodevelopment to increase the risk of later developing
schizophrenia ( ex. Prenatal exprosure to infections ).
One curious finding is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are
more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (atleast in the
northern hemisphere).
SCHIZOPHRENIA

4. Substance abuse cause – in a recent study of people with
schizophrenia in a substance abuse disorder, over a ten year period,”
substantial proportions where above cutoffs selected by dual diagnosis
clients as indicators of recovery.” example : illegal drugs, tobacco and
the like.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

4. Substance abuse cause
However, Eugene bluer, one of the pioneers in the diagnosis and study of schizophrenia, divided the
disorder into two forms, they are:
Type I. Reactive or acute schizophrenia – reactive schizophrenia is usually sudden and seems to
be a reaction to some life crisis. Reactive schizophrenia is a more treatable form of the illness than
process or chronic schizophrenia.
Type II. Process schizophrenia /chronic schizophrenia – process schizophrenia is also referred to
as a poor premorbid schizophrenia,
This type is characterized by lengthly periods of its development with gradual deterioration and
exclusively negative symptoms. It doesn’t seem to be related to any major life change or negative
event. Usually this type of schizophrenia associated with “loners” who are rejected by society, tend
not to develop social skills and don’t excel out of high school
SCHIZOPHRENIA

 related to a particular phase of the sexual response cycle.
 It includes problems of sexual identity, sexual performance
and;
 sexual aim.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Major Categories of Sexual Disorder
i. Sexual Dysfunction
ii. Paraphilia, and
iii. Gender identity disorders
SEXUAL DISORDER

Sexual Dysfunction
i. persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked
distress and interpersonal difficulty and that may involve
any or some combination of the following:
ii. sexual arousal or the pleasure associated with sex, or
orgasm
SEXUAL DISORDER

What is the Human Sexual Response Cycle?
- It is a four-stage model of physiological responses during sexual
stimulation. The term was coined by William H. Masters and
Virginia E. Johnson.
i. Excitement Phase - “arousal phase or initial excitement phase.
First stage of the human sexual response cycle. It occurs as
the result of any erotic physical or mental stimulation, such as
kissing, petting, or viewing erotic images. It is characterized by
an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris and vaginal
lubrication in females.
SEXUAL DISORDER

ii. Plateau Phase - period of sexual excitement phase prior to
orgasm. It is the second phase of the sexual cycle, after the
excitement phase with the following manifestation such as: further
increases in circulation and heart rate occur in both sexes, sexual
pleasure increased with increased stimulation, muscle tension
increases for those who never achieve orgasm.
SEXUAL DISORDER

iii. Orgasm Phase - Orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau phase
of the sexual response cycle and is experienced by both males
and females. It is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle
contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surrounds the both
anus and the primary sexual organs. Women also experience
uterine and vaginal contractions.
SEXUAL DISORDER

iv. Resolution Phase - “Refractory Period” occurs after orgasm
and allows the muscle to relax, blood pressure to drop and the
body to slow down from its excited state.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Types of Sexual Dysfunction
a. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - It is marked by lack or no
sexual drive or interest in sexual activity. It is characterized by a
persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire
b. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - It is characterized by a desire
to avoid genital contact with a sexual partner. It refers to persistent
feelings of fear, anxiety, or disgust about engaging in sex.
c. Male Erectile Disorder- It refers to the inability to maintain or
achieve an erection (previously called impotence).
d. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - It refers to none responsiveness
to erotic stimulation both physically and emotionally (previously
called as frigidity).
SEXUAL DISORDER

f. Sexual Plains
i. Vaginismus- It is the involuntary muscle spasm at the entrance to
the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse.
ii. Dyspareunia- It refers to painful coitus that may have either an
organic or psychological basis.
g. Hyper Sexuality
i. Nymphomania (or furoruterinus - A female psychological disorder
characterized by an overactive libido and an obsession with sex
(etymology of the word is nymph).
ii. Satyriasis - In males the disorder is called satyriasis and the
etymology is satyr (At Health, Inc., 1996-2013)
SEXUAL DISORDER

h. Paraphilias
i. (In Greek ‘para’ = over and ‘philia’ = friendship) it is a rare mental
health disorder term recently used to indicate sexual arousal in
response to sexual objects or situations that are not part of societal
normative arousal/activity patterns, or which may interfere with the
capacity for reciprocal affectionate sexual activity.
ii. This disorder is characterized by a 6-month period of recurrent,
intense, sexually arousing fantasies or sexual urges involving a
specific act, depending on the paraphilia.
iii. A. Exhibitionism - This is also known as flashing, is behavior by a
person that involves the exposure of private parts of his/her body to
another person in a situation when they would not normally be
exposed. It may be called apodysophilia/Lady Godiva syndrome
SEXUAL DISORDER

Types of Exposure
 Flashing - it is the display of bare breast and/or buttocks by a woman with
an up-and-down lifting of the shirt and/or bra or a person exposing and/or
stroking his/her genitals.
 Mooning
 Anasyrma
 Martymachlia - Is a paraphilia which involves sexual attraction to having
others watch the execution of a sexual act.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Fetishism
- People with fetish experience sexual urges and behavior which are
associated with non-living objects.
Types of Fetishism
1. Sexual Transvestic Fetishism (Transvestism) – most practitioners who are
aroused by wearing, fondling, or sing female clothing
2. Foot Fetishism – can be sexually aroused by, the foot
3. Tickling Fetishism – sexually aroused by tickling themselves
4. Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM) – getting aroused by having a substance in
the body
SEXUAL DISORDER

Four (4) Major categories of WAM
I. Messy - The applying of largely opaque substances not usually used in
this fashion. This includes food, shaving cream and mud. A major
subdivision of food play involves striking people with cream pies in mud,
like in silent comedy films.
II. Wet - The major varieties are of images of people in completely soaked
clothing, usually involving full clothing ensembles.
III. Quicksand- Images of people sinking in quicksand. The stage where
female characters sink up to their chests and their breast are up in
response is a favorite.
IV. Underwater - “Aquaphilia”
V. Images of people swimming or posing underwater.
VI. This category are underwater fashion, scuba, rubber, simulated drowning
and underwater sex.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Pygmalionism
- It is a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual
desire for statues.
Incendiarism
- It is a sexual deviation whereby a person derives
sexual pleasure from setting fire
SEXUAL DISORDER

Frotteurism (Frottage) - Is the act of obtaining sexual arousal
and gratification by rubbing one’s genitals against others in public
places or crowds or sexual urges are related to the touching or
rubbing of their body against a non-consenting, unfamiliar woman.
Pedophilia - Used to refer to child sexual abuse which comes
from the Greek word (paidophilia) (pais), “child” and (philia)
“friendship”. It is also called “pedophilic behavior”
Masochism - It involves acts in which a person derives sexual
excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise
abused.
Sadism - Is the act of obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by
rubbing one’s genitals against others in public places or crowds or
sexual urges are related to the touching or rubbing of their body
against a non-consenting, unfamiliar woman.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Voyeurism (peeping tom) - Came from the French means “one
who looks”. The act of reaching sexual pleasure or gratification by
watching or observing the subject from a distance, or by stealth to
observe the subject with the use of peep-holes, two way mirrors
and etc.
Scatologia - Coprolalia”, deviant sexual practice in which sexual
pleasure is obtained through the compulsive use of obscene
language. The affected person commonly satisfies his desires
through obscene telephone calls (Telephone Scatologia), usually
to strangers. Related terms are copropraxia, performing obscene
or forbidden gestures, and coprographia, making obscene writing
or drawings
SEXUAL DISORDER

Necrophilia- Also called thanatophilia and necrolagnia is the
attraction to corpses. The word artificially derived from Ancient
Greek (nekros;”corpse,” or “dead”) and (philia; “friendship”)
Coprophilia - From Greek kṓpros - excrement and filia - liking,
fondness), also called scatophiliac or scat, is the paraphilia
involving sexual pleasure from feces.
Zoophilia - Is the practice between humans and animals (also
known as bestiality/bestosexual. It came from the Greek (zṓion,
“animal”) and (philia, “friendship” or love).It is also known as
zoosexuality. A person who practices zoophilia is known as a
zoophie.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Urophilia (Urolagnia)- A paraphilia of the fetishistic/talismanic
type in which sexuoerotic arousal and facilitation or attainment of
orgasm is responsive to, and being, urinated upon and/or
swallowing urine [Greek, ouron, urine + -philia].
Gerontophilia - (Sexual preference for the elderly) describes a
specific sexual inclination towards the elderly and may at times
explain the sadistic attacks made upon them.
Mysophilia - Obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by filth or
a filthy surrounding. This is getting horny from smelling, chewing
or rubbing against dirty underwear (Greek, mysos, uncleanness +
-philia)
SEXUAL DISORDER

Hypoxyphilia - desire to achieve an altered state of
consciousness as an enhancement to the experience of orgasm.
In this disorder, the individual may use a drug such as nitrous
oxide to produce hypoxia, or a “high” due to a lack of oxygen to
the brain. Autoerotic asphyxiation is also associated with hypoxic
states, but it is classified as a form of sexual masochism.
Gender Identity Disorder (Transsexualism) - Exist when a
person experiences confusion, vagueness or conflict in his/her
feelings about his/her own sexual identity. It is condition in which
the individual feels trapped in a body of the wrong sex.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Gerontophilia - Refers to a sexual desire with elder person.
Necrophilia - Refers to a sexual perversion characterized by
erotic desire or actual sexual intercourse with a corpse.
Incest - Refers to a sexual relation between persons who, by
reason of blood relationship cannot legally married.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Categories of Sexual Abnormalities
- Persons who may or may not be aware of the tendency in
that direction but are inclined to repress the urge to give way
to their homosexual yearning.
a. Heterosexual - Refers to a sexual desire towards the opposite
sex. This is a normal sexual behavior, socially and medically
acceptable.
b. Homosexual - Refers to a relationship or having a sexual
desire towards member(s) of his/her own gender. The term
homosexual can be applied to either a man or woman, but
female homosexuals are usually called lesbians.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Kinds of Homosexual
a. Overt- persons who are conscious of their homosexual
cravings, and who make no attempts to disguise their intention.
They make advances towards members of their own gender.
b. Latent -
SEXUAL DISORDER

c. Infantosexual - Refers to a sexual desire towards an immature
person such as pedophilia.
d. Bestosexual - Refers to a sexual gratification towards animals.
This is similar to bestiality and zoophilia.
e. Autosexual (Self Gratification/Masturbation) - Form of “self-
abuse” or “solitary vice” carried without the cooperation of another
person or the induction of a state of erection of the genital organs
and the achievement of orgasm by manual or mechanical
stimulation.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Types of Masturbation
a. Autosexual (Self Gratification/Masturbation)
- The person deliberately resorts to some mechanical means of
producing sexual with or without orgasm
b. Unconscious Type
- The release of sexual tension may come about via the
mechanism of nocturnal stimulation with or without emission,
which may also be as “masturbation equivalent.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Ways of Masturbation:
a. In male: 1. By manual manipulation to the point of emission.
2. Ejaculation produced by rubbing his sex organ
against some part of the female body without the
use of the hand (frottage)
b. In female: 1. Manual manipulation of clitoris.
2. Introduction of penis-substitute
SEXUAL DISORDER

a. Over Sex–
i. Satyriasis - refers to an excessive sexual desire of men to
intercourse
ii. Nymphomania- refers to the strong sexual feeling of
women. They are commonly called “hot” or “fighter”
b. Under Sex
i. Sexual Anesthesia - refers to the absence of sexual desire
or arousal during sexual act in women.
ii. Dyspareunia - refers to the painful sexual act in women.
iii. Vaginismus - refers to the painful spasm of the vagina
during sexual act.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Sexual Abnormalities as to Mode of Sexual Expression or
Way of Sexual Satisfaction:
a. Oralism - refers to the use of the mouth as a way of sexual
gratification. This includes any of the following:
i. Fellatio (Irrumation) – the female agent receives the penis of
a man into her mouth and by friction with the lips and
tongue coupled with the act sucking the sexual organ.
ii. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking or
sucking the external female genitalia.
iii.Anilism (Anilingus) – a form of sexual perversion wherein a
person derives excitement by licking the anus of another
person of either sex.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Sexual Abnormalities as to the part of the Body:
a. Sodomy - Refers to a sexual act through anus of another human being.
b. Uranism - Refers to the attainment of sexual gratification by fingering,
fondling with the breast, licking parts of the body
c. Frottage (Frotteurism) - Images of people sinking in quicksand. The
stage where female characters sink up to their chests and their breast
are up in response is a favorite.
d. Partialism - Form of sexual deviation wherein person has special
affinity to certain parts of the female body.
e. Voyeurism - form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion
to peep to see persons undress or perform other personal activities.
f. Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) - refers to a perversion wherein sexual
pleasure is attained by watching couple undress or during their sex
intimacies
SEXUAL DISORDER

g. Triolism - French word, trios which means three, it is a form of sexual
perversion in which three persons are participating in the sexual orgies,
combination may consist of two men and a woman or two women and
man. “Troilist” (a person) becomes aroused and gratified by the
“sharing”.
h. Pluralism - form of sexual deviation in which group of person
participates in the sexual orgies. Two or more couples may perform
sexual act in a room and they may even agree to exchange partners
for “variety sake” during “sexual festival”
i. Transvestism - (Sexo-esthetic Inversion, Psychical Hermaphroditism,
or Metamorphosis SexualisParanoica), form of deviation wherein a
male individual derives pleasure from wearing the female apparel. This
condition is found sometimes in females.
SEXUAL DISORDER

j. Transexualism - the dominant desire in some person to identify
themselves with the opposite sex as completely as possible to discard
forever their anatomical sex refers to Transexualism.
k. Intersexuality - genetic defect wherein an individual show intermingling,
in varying degrees, of the characteristics of both sexes including
physical form, reproductive organs, and sexual behaviour.
SEXUAL DISORDER

Classification of Intersexuality
 Gonadal Agenesis - The sex organs (testes or ovaries) have never
developed.
 Gonadal Dysgenesis - the external sexual structures are present but at
puberty the testes or the ovaries fail to develop.
 True Hermaphroditism - a state of bisexually, having both ovaries and
testicles. The nuclear sex is usually female.
 Pseudohermaphro-dite - the sex organ is anatomically of one sex but the
sex character is that of the opposite sex.
SEXUAL DISORDER

 A mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic
physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical
cause.
 People who have this disorder may undergo several medical
evaluations and tests to be sure that they do not have an illness related
to physical cause or central lesion.
 Patients who have this disorder are worried about their health because
the doctors are unable to find a cause for their health problems.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER

Six Major Types of Somatoform Disorder
1. Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) - A condition where a patient
displays neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits,
even though neurological explanation is found and it is determined that
the symptoms are due to the patient’s psychological response to stress.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER

1. Conversion Disorder (Hysteria)
Symptoms are grouped as follows:
i. Sensory Symptoms - These includes anesthesia, excessive sensitivity to
strong stimulation (hyper anesthesia), loss of sense of pain (analgesia), and
unusual symptoms such as tingling or crawling sensations.
ii. Motor Symptoms - Any of the body’s muscle involved: arms, legs, and vocal
chords. Included tremors, tics, (involuntary twitches), and disorganized
mobility or paralysis.
iii. Visceral Symptoms - Includes trouble swallowing, frequent belching, spells of
coughing, vomiting, all carried to uncommon extreme. In both sensory and
motor symptoms, the areas affected may not correspond at all to the nerve
distribution in the area.
iv. Hypochondriasis - A somatoform disorder in persons are preoccupied with
their health and are convinced that they have some serious disorder despite
reassurance from doctors to the contrary.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER

2. Somatization Disorder - Also Briquets’s disorder or, in antiquity, hysteria
is a psychiatric diagnosis applied to patients who chronically and persistently
complain of varied physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical
origin.
3. Pain Disorder - It is when a patient experiences chronic pain in one or
more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress. The pain is
often so severe that it disables the patient from proper functioning. It can last
as short as a few days, to as long as many years.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER

4. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - It is previously known as
Dysmorphophobia and sometimes referred to as body dysmorphia or
dysmorphic syndrome. It is a (psychological) somatoform disorder in which
the affected person is excessively concerned about and preoccupied by a
perceived defect in his/her physical features (body image).
5. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder - Only one unexplained symptom
is required for at least 6 months. Included among these disorders are false
pregnancy, psychogenic urinary retention, and mass psychogenic illness (so-
called mass hysteria) (Spoor, 1999)
SOMATOFORM DISORDER

- Are disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of
consciousness, identity, and memories of important personal events. These
include four recognized varieties:
1. Psychogenic Amnesia – It is also known as dissociative amnesia is the
temporary or permanent loss of a part or all of the memory. When this is due
to extreme psychosocial stress, it is labeled psychogenic amnesia. This
stress is most often associated with catastrophic events.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER

Four Sub-categories of Psychogenic Amnesia
a. Localized amnesia - this is the most often an outcome of a particular
event. The disease renders the afflicted unable to recall the details of a
usually traumatic event, such as a violent incestuous rape. This is
undoubtedly the most common type of amnesia.
b. Selective amnesia – As its name implies, this is similar to localized
amnesia except that the memory retained is very selected. Often a person
can remember certain general occurrences of the traumatic situation, but
not the specific parts which make it so.
c&d. Generalized and Continuous amnesia – these less common forms of
amnesia exists when a person either forgets the details of his/her entire
lifetime, or as in the case of continuous amnesia, he/she can’t recall the
details prior to a certain point in time, including his present.

2. Psychogenicfugue – It is also known as dissociative fugue.
Psychogenic fugue is simply the addition to generalized amnesia of a flight
from family, or location. In highly uncommon cases, the person may create an
entirely new life (fugue means “flight’’)
3. Multiplepersonalitydisorder – It is also known as dissociative identity
disorder. It is defined as the occurrence of two or more personalities within
the same individual, each of which during sometime in the person’s life is
able to take control. This is not often a mentally healthy thing when the
personalities vie for control.
4. Depersonalization Disorder – This is the continued presence of
feelings that the person is not himself/herself or that he/she can’t control
his/her own actions. This is labeled as disorder when it is recurrent and
impairs social and occupational function.

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