This document summarizes a paper about food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It begins with an introduction discussing how population growth is outpacing food production, leading to food crises. It then discusses the concept of sustainable development and how environmental, economic, and social sustainability are interrelated when it comes to agriculture and food security. Finally, it defines food security and sustainable food security, noting that the latter requires sufficient food availability now and in the future, as well as access through income or social support programs, and proper nutrient absorption.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses how population growth affects global food production and food security. It notes that the world population is growing exponentially and is expected to increase by 30% by 2050, placing greater demands on food supply. While agricultural production needs to increase by almost 70% to meet rising demands, current trends suggest production has declined in some regions. The relationship between population growth and agricultural growth likely varies between developing and developed regions. Food insecurity is a major threat if agricultural production cannot keep pace with population growth.
Food Insecurity and Government Intervention for Sustainable Food Access in Od...IJLT EMAS
This paper aims to find out the status and causes of food insecurity and policy measures taken by the government to reduce insecurity in Odisha. The data used in this paper have been collected from different secondary sources like books, journals, news papers, government reports etc.
The study shows that the main cause of food insecurity in Odisha is absence of purchasing power of people to purchase adequate amounts of foods to meet basic minimum food requirements. Purchasing power is absent because of poverty. 9%of the population are extremely food insecure consuming less than 1800 kcl per day. The vulnerability is high in southern and northern regions of the state as well as among SC and ST communities and is more experienced in rural areas than urban areas.
Government of Odisha intervene the situation to counter insecurity through different measures like subsidized distribution of food grains, nutrition provisioning through Anganwadis and mid-day meals, food for work programmes etc. Because of implementation of these measures calories intake of people of KBK regions has increased from 1674.6 kcl in 2004-05 to 1819.0 kcl in 2011-12 and that of non-KBK regions has increased from 2046.5 kcl in 2004-05 to 2076 kcl in 2011-12. Finally, the paper suggests that the government should focus on development of agriculture and employment generation and price stability.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses how population growth affects global food production and food security. It notes that the world population is growing exponentially and is expected to increase by 30% by 2050, placing greater demands on food supply. While agricultural production needs to increase by almost 70% to meet rising demands, current trends suggest production has declined in some regions. The relationship between population growth and agricultural growth likely varies between developing and developed regions. Food insecurity is a major threat if agricultural production cannot keep pace with population growth.
Food Insecurity and Government Intervention for Sustainable Food Access in Od...IJLT EMAS
This paper aims to find out the status and causes of food insecurity and policy measures taken by the government to reduce insecurity in Odisha. The data used in this paper have been collected from different secondary sources like books, journals, news papers, government reports etc.
The study shows that the main cause of food insecurity in Odisha is absence of purchasing power of people to purchase adequate amounts of foods to meet basic minimum food requirements. Purchasing power is absent because of poverty. 9%of the population are extremely food insecure consuming less than 1800 kcl per day. The vulnerability is high in southern and northern regions of the state as well as among SC and ST communities and is more experienced in rural areas than urban areas.
Government of Odisha intervene the situation to counter insecurity through different measures like subsidized distribution of food grains, nutrition provisioning through Anganwadis and mid-day meals, food for work programmes etc. Because of implementation of these measures calories intake of people of KBK regions has increased from 1674.6 kcl in 2004-05 to 1819.0 kcl in 2011-12 and that of non-KBK regions has increased from 2046.5 kcl in 2004-05 to 2076 kcl in 2011-12. Finally, the paper suggests that the government should focus on development of agriculture and employment generation and price stability.
This document discusses systemic nutrition security and transformative change. It begins by stating that nutrition is critical for human development and economic development, and there is a need to view nutrition as good politics. Acting to reduce undernutrition and overnutrition is a political choice about optimally using agricultural resources. The document then discusses definitions of nutrition from 1974 to 2005 that have expanded to include socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. It also outlines current trends in child malnutrition and obesity worldwide. Key issues in prioritizing nutrition are discussed such as meeting water, energy, and protein needs before vitamins and minerals. The concepts of malnutrition and the protein-energy percentage ratio of diets are explained. The document stresses investing in nutritional sciences and balancing food, feed,
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
The document discusses India's food security and the public distribution system. It provides context on food security definitions and dimensions of availability, accessibility, and affordability. It then discusses challenges to food security in India like land degradation, seasonal unemployment, and the impacts of natural disasters. The public distribution system and buffer stock schemes are introduced as government interventions to address food insecurity.
This document discusses food security and government intervention in India. It provides background on the definition of food security and the forms of food insecurity. It then reviews the history of food security in India, including the challenges of feeding the growing population pre-Green Revolution, the success of the Green Revolution, and the need for alternative sustainable agriculture approaches now. The document also discusses the government's role in ensuring food availability through policies, public distribution systems, and production incentives to achieve food security goals.
800 million people suffer from hunger each year despite global food production being enough to feed the world population. Food security has become a priority for global governance but issues around access to food remain due to several factors. Rising food prices are driven by increased demand, environmental changes, commodity speculation, and the shift towards biofuels and large-scale agriculture. This has concentrated food supply among a few multinational corporations and harmed small farmers, reducing local food security in developing countries who must now rely on imports or humanitarian aid. Strengthening family farming is presented as a way to improve food access, local economies, and sustainable development.
One of the most controversial aspects of our food system is the role of genetically engineered crop varieties. While proponents argue GE crops can increase yields to feed a growing population, critics warn that reliance on this single technological solution cannot address the root causes of global hunger. The problems with our food system lie deeper than issues of production, as evidenced by the paradox of food waste amidst hunger even in countries like the US where GE crops are most widely used. True solutions require addressing inefficiencies and inequalities across the entire food system through sustainable, locally-adapted policies and behaviors rather than promises of any single "golden ticket."
Food security is defined as all people having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Revolutions in agricultural technology, including mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and high-yielding crop varieties, have fulfilled the needs of growing populations by boosting food production. Advances in food preservation through techniques like canning have further revolutionized food security by allowing food to be safely stored and distributed over long periods and distances.
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food security and nutrition security are related but distinct concepts. Food security refers to reliable access to sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious food, while nutrition security additionally considers factors like food utilization, caring practices, and access to healthcare that impact nutritional status. Ensuring nutrition security requires a multi-sectoral approach that addresses underlying determinants like income, education, water and sanitation alongside direct nutrition interventions. Assessing and helping to address clients' food security is important for effective nutrition care and support, as food insecurity can negatively impact health status and limit the options available to improve nutrition.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
The document discusses food and nutrition security in India, including definitions, current status, and challenges. It summarizes trends showing that while food grain production has increased, per capita availability and intake of some foods have not kept pace with population growth. Undernutrition levels remain high, with nearly half of children underweight or stunted. The National Food Security Act aims to guarantee food access, but implementation challenges include accurately identifying beneficiaries and ensuring balanced diets. Nutrition security requires a holistic, lifelong approach beyond food grains to include water, sanitation, healthcare, and education.
The document discusses the issue of food security and defines it as irregular access to safe, nutritious food. It notes that food insecurity is a growing problem not just in developing countries but also in developed nations like Australia. It argues that individuals can help address this by growing their own food to become less reliant on external food sources. The document outlines actions people can take like growing some of their own vegetables and fruits, joining a community gardening group, financially supporting programs to establish more groups, and donating excess produce to charities. The overall message is that individuals have an important role to play in ensuring future food security.
For how long can the world’s agro-alimentary system be sustained? It is estimated that our global population is set to reach nine billion by 2050. Demand for food products will double by then, with an increased need for more animal proteins and processed foods. As a direct result, the food-processing sector is now gearing up to address how we are going to feed a population that is growing at a rate never experienced before by mankind.
Food security and public distribution systemshivalika sood
This document provides information about India's agriculture sector, food production, food security challenges, and the Public Distribution System (PDS). It notes that while India achieved food self-sufficiency 35 years ago, about 35% of the population remains food insecure due to low incomes and high food prices. The PDS aims to distribute subsidized food to those in need through a network of fair price shops, but currently only meets less than 10% of the consumption needs of the poor. It provides details on the evolution and workings of the PDS in India.
Food security is defined as reliable access to adequate food and depends on food supply and an individual's ability to access it. Concerns over food security date back throughout history as evidenced by ancient civilizations storing food in granaries during times of famine. While initially defined based on adequate worldwide food supply, modern definitions of food security also incorporate demand and individuals' access to food. Food security is measured using country-level household surveys to estimate caloric availability and capture components of availability, access, and adequacy of food.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
The right price of food and food policy
Presented by Jo Swinnen at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Food Prices
and Price Volatility
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
This document discusses various food production systems around the world and compares two systems - rice-fish farming in China and salmon farming in Norway. Rice-fish farming is an ecologically symbiotic system where fish provide fertilizer to rice and rice provides shade and food for fish. It has low environmental impacts. Salmon farming has high inputs of feed derived from wild fish, uses antibiotics, and causes nutrient pollution, but provides local jobs. Food production systems are linked to social, cultural and economic factors in different places.
This document discusses systemic nutrition security and transformative change. It begins by stating that nutrition is critical for human development and economic development, and there is a need to view nutrition as good politics. Acting to reduce undernutrition and overnutrition is a political choice about optimally using agricultural resources. The document then discusses definitions of nutrition from 1974 to 2005 that have expanded to include socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. It also outlines current trends in child malnutrition and obesity worldwide. Key issues in prioritizing nutrition are discussed such as meeting water, energy, and protein needs before vitamins and minerals. The concepts of malnutrition and the protein-energy percentage ratio of diets are explained. The document stresses investing in nutritional sciences and balancing food, feed,
Addressing food and nutrition security in developing countries depends on livelihood security, vulnerability, and coping strategies. Food security exists when all people have reliable access to sufficient nutritious food. Key elements of food security assessments include livelihoods, vulnerability to risks and shocks, and coping strategies. The three pillars of food security are availability of food, access to food, and utilization of food. Malnutrition is a global problem impacting health, growth, and development. An integrated approach blending traditional and modern agricultural and nutrition practices can help support food and nutrition security.
The document discusses India's food security and the public distribution system. It provides context on food security definitions and dimensions of availability, accessibility, and affordability. It then discusses challenges to food security in India like land degradation, seasonal unemployment, and the impacts of natural disasters. The public distribution system and buffer stock schemes are introduced as government interventions to address food insecurity.
This document discusses food security and government intervention in India. It provides background on the definition of food security and the forms of food insecurity. It then reviews the history of food security in India, including the challenges of feeding the growing population pre-Green Revolution, the success of the Green Revolution, and the need for alternative sustainable agriculture approaches now. The document also discusses the government's role in ensuring food availability through policies, public distribution systems, and production incentives to achieve food security goals.
800 million people suffer from hunger each year despite global food production being enough to feed the world population. Food security has become a priority for global governance but issues around access to food remain due to several factors. Rising food prices are driven by increased demand, environmental changes, commodity speculation, and the shift towards biofuels and large-scale agriculture. This has concentrated food supply among a few multinational corporations and harmed small farmers, reducing local food security in developing countries who must now rely on imports or humanitarian aid. Strengthening family farming is presented as a way to improve food access, local economies, and sustainable development.
One of the most controversial aspects of our food system is the role of genetically engineered crop varieties. While proponents argue GE crops can increase yields to feed a growing population, critics warn that reliance on this single technological solution cannot address the root causes of global hunger. The problems with our food system lie deeper than issues of production, as evidenced by the paradox of food waste amidst hunger even in countries like the US where GE crops are most widely used. True solutions require addressing inefficiencies and inequalities across the entire food system through sustainable, locally-adapted policies and behaviors rather than promises of any single "golden ticket."
Food security is defined as all people having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Revolutions in agricultural technology, including mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and high-yielding crop varieties, have fulfilled the needs of growing populations by boosting food production. Advances in food preservation through techniques like canning have further revolutionized food security by allowing food to be safely stored and distributed over long periods and distances.
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food security and nutrition security are related but distinct concepts. Food security refers to reliable access to sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious food, while nutrition security additionally considers factors like food utilization, caring practices, and access to healthcare that impact nutritional status. Ensuring nutrition security requires a multi-sectoral approach that addresses underlying determinants like income, education, water and sanitation alongside direct nutrition interventions. Assessing and helping to address clients' food security is important for effective nutrition care and support, as food insecurity can negatively impact health status and limit the options available to improve nutrition.
Food security has four main dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, adequate food utilization, and stability of the other three dimensions over time. There are differences in the duration of food insecurity, including chronic, transitory, and seasonal, and in the severity, ranging from acute food insecurity to famine.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
The document discusses food and nutrition security in India, including definitions, current status, and challenges. It summarizes trends showing that while food grain production has increased, per capita availability and intake of some foods have not kept pace with population growth. Undernutrition levels remain high, with nearly half of children underweight or stunted. The National Food Security Act aims to guarantee food access, but implementation challenges include accurately identifying beneficiaries and ensuring balanced diets. Nutrition security requires a holistic, lifelong approach beyond food grains to include water, sanitation, healthcare, and education.
The document discusses the issue of food security and defines it as irregular access to safe, nutritious food. It notes that food insecurity is a growing problem not just in developing countries but also in developed nations like Australia. It argues that individuals can help address this by growing their own food to become less reliant on external food sources. The document outlines actions people can take like growing some of their own vegetables and fruits, joining a community gardening group, financially supporting programs to establish more groups, and donating excess produce to charities. The overall message is that individuals have an important role to play in ensuring future food security.
For how long can the world’s agro-alimentary system be sustained? It is estimated that our global population is set to reach nine billion by 2050. Demand for food products will double by then, with an increased need for more animal proteins and processed foods. As a direct result, the food-processing sector is now gearing up to address how we are going to feed a population that is growing at a rate never experienced before by mankind.
Food security and public distribution systemshivalika sood
This document provides information about India's agriculture sector, food production, food security challenges, and the Public Distribution System (PDS). It notes that while India achieved food self-sufficiency 35 years ago, about 35% of the population remains food insecure due to low incomes and high food prices. The PDS aims to distribute subsidized food to those in need through a network of fair price shops, but currently only meets less than 10% of the consumption needs of the poor. It provides details on the evolution and workings of the PDS in India.
Food security is defined as reliable access to adequate food and depends on food supply and an individual's ability to access it. Concerns over food security date back throughout history as evidenced by ancient civilizations storing food in granaries during times of famine. While initially defined based on adequate worldwide food supply, modern definitions of food security also incorporate demand and individuals' access to food. Food security is measured using country-level household surveys to estimate caloric availability and capture components of availability, access, and adequacy of food.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
The right price of food and food policy
Presented by Jo Swinnen at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Food Prices
and Price Volatility
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
This document discusses various food production systems around the world and compares two systems - rice-fish farming in China and salmon farming in Norway. Rice-fish farming is an ecologically symbiotic system where fish provide fertilizer to rice and rice provides shade and food for fish. It has low environmental impacts. Salmon farming has high inputs of feed derived from wild fish, uses antibiotics, and causes nutrient pollution, but provides local jobs. Food production systems are linked to social, cultural and economic factors in different places.
Food is essential for survival but many around the world do not have reliable access to enough nutritious food. Hunger exists in degrees from acute to chronic to hidden and is caused by factors like drought, poverty, and unequal access to resources. Around 925 million people do not have enough to eat, with 65% living in just seven highly populated countries. Tree planting is proposed as a solution to prevent further loss of arable land and help increase future food production, though it will take time. Achieving global food security and nutrition will require sustainable and equitable food systems.
Food and food resources are essential for life. Plants and animals are the two main natural sources of food. Plants serve as food resources for herbivores and omnivores, with India's main agricultural products being cereals, pulses, spices, beverages, vegetables, and fruits. Animals and birds are a major food source for carnivores and omnivores, providing meat, eggs, milk, honey, and oils. However, growing problems with world food supplies exist due to increasing population, wealth, and environmental degradation combined with insufficient growth in irrigation and fertilizer.
This document discusses ways to improve food resources in India. It covers various topics related to crop production including improving crop yields through better seeds, fruits and vegetables. It also discusses crop seasons, nutrient management through manures and fertilizers, irrigation systems, cropping patterns, pest and disease control, animal husbandry, fish production and beekeeping. The overall aim is to maximize agricultural output through these various methods.
Food comes primarily from three sources: croplands (76% of food), rangelands (17% of food from livestock grazing), and fisheries (7% of food). The document then discusses several issues contributing to the global food problem, including natural disasters from climate change, poverty limiting people's ability to afford food, rising global food prices, uncontrolled population growth straining food production, foreign companies acquiring land in poor countries, and undernutrition and malnourishment affecting health. Modern industrial agriculture also poses problems such as monocultures, waterlogging, salinization of soils from irrigation, fertilizer-related pollution and imbalances, and pesticide resistance, biological magnification, and impacts on non-target species
The document discusses different types of religious organizations: churches, sects, cults, and new religious movements. Churches refer to the body of Christians who follow Christ's teachings. Sects are small religious groups that have broken away from larger denominations to restore original views. Cults are similar to sects but originate outside mainstream traditions, are more secretive, and rely on charismatic leadership. New religious movements are groups with modern origins and novel practices compared to established world religions. Examples of each type are provided.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
BY Lakendra singh maurya
Student of SHIATS,ALLAHABAD
Course= B.Sc.(hons.) Food Technology (Batch-2012)
this presentation include,
Importance of world food day and explaination of latest themes of world food day. it include all the objective of world food day.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts related to livelihoods and food security. It discusses definitions of food security, including its four main dimensions: availability, access, stability, and utilization. Livelihoods are defined as the capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living. The sustainable livelihoods approach views livelihoods as comprising various assets that households use to undertake activities to ensure livelihood security and meet basic needs like food. The document outlines common livelihood activities and assets, and explains how livelihoods and food security are interconnected, with livelihood activities and outcomes determining a household's food security.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
The document discusses food security challenges facing the world by 2050. Key points include:
- Global food production must increase 70% by 2050 to feed a rising population expected to reach 9.1 billion.
- Hunger currently affects over 821 million people worldwide and billions lack reliable access to nutritious food.
- Factors exacerbating food insecurity include population growth, changing diets, climate change, water scarcity, soil erosion, and plateauing crop yields.
- Solutions proposed are closing yield gaps, raising water productivity, balancing calorie and nutrient needs, reducing food waste, and supporting young farmers. UN agencies are working on programs like Zero Hunger to end hunger by 2030.
This document discusses the importance of sustainable food systems for nutrition and food security. It makes three key points: 1) Good nutrition depends on healthy diets, 2) Healthy diets require healthy food systems as well as other supporting factors, and 3) Healthy food systems are made possible through appropriate policies, incentives, and governance. It provides examples from Vietnam, India, and Ethiopia of integrated approaches that have positively impacted nutrition by improving agricultural production and access to nutritious foods.
Breaking the food-system divide with Smart Food - good for you, the planet an...ICRISAT
The document discusses the "food-system divide" that has led to most investments going to just three major crops - rice, wheat, and maize - despite the need for greater dietary diversity. It proposes focusing on "Smart Food" - foods that are nutritious, environmentally sustainable, and support farmers - such as millets and sorghum. The initiative aims to increase demand for and production of Smart Foods through scientific research, consumer awareness campaigns, supporting farmers, and filling knowledge gaps to help address issues like malnutrition, poverty, and climate change. The speaker seeks partners to help mainstream Smart Foods as staples globally.
This document discusses hunger and strategies to achieve zero hunger by 2030. It defines hunger and provides statistics on the number of hungry people worldwide. The main causes of hunger are identified as poverty, natural disasters, political instability, and food shortages. The UN's Zero Hunger Challenge aims to end hunger by making food systems sustainable, ending rural poverty and malnutrition, eliminating food waste, and ensuring access to nutritious foods for all. Some strategies proposed to achieve this include creating jobs, investing in agriculture, educating women, promoting gender equality, using modern farming techniques, providing food assistance, supporting small farmers, developing drought-resistant crops, practicing sustainable agriculture, and providing agricultural subsidies. Coordinated efforts by governments, citizens,
Sustainable Development with respect to Population GrowthIrfan Ansari
The document discusses sustainable development with respect to population growth. It notes that meeting future needs depends on balancing social, economic, and environmental factors. Population growth impacts food supply, water availability, climate change, and biodiversity as population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically. To promote sustainable development, efforts are needed to slow population growth through improved access to family planning and reproductive health services. This would allow countries to invest in their economies and citizens' living standards while reducing environmental pressures from resource use and consumption. The conclusion stresses that sustainable development requires managing population growth along with other factors like resource conservation and cleaner technologies.
The document discusses food security and the public distribution system (PDS) in India. It provides background on hunger hotspots and the evolution of the PDS. Key points include: India ranks 94th on the Global Hunger Index; states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar have very high levels of food insecurity. The PDS was revamped in 1992 and further targeted in 1997 to focus on below poverty line families. It currently provides subsidized grains to over 250 million families through fair price shops.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
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For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdf
11.final paper
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
Food Crisis and Sustainable Food Security in India
Bairagya Ramsundar (Corresponding author)
Department of Economics, SambhuNath College, Labpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India, Pin: 731303,
Fax No.: +913463-266255, Email:ramsundarbairagya@gmail.com
Sarkhel Jaydeb
Department of Commerce, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal, India,
Email: jaydebsarkhel@gmail.com
Abstract
The world population is rising rapidly over the growth of food grains and as a consequence food crisis
arises. There are now more than a billion malnourished people in the world meaning that almost one
sixth of humanity is suffering from hunger. Fertility of land has been reduced due to over exploitation,
excessive use of chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides. Due to indiscriminate deforestation
the amount of rainfall reduces and land erosion takes place. Natural calamities like droughts, floods,
cyclones, global warming, melting glaciers, raising sea level etc. are increasing and environment is
degraded. As a result the production of food grains decreases and made food crisis at a global level.
Not only that sometimes food crisis arises not due to food shortage, there is enough food in the stock
though some people are in starvation due to some failure of public distribution system. The crisis not
food crisis, it is the policy crisis of the government. This is a tragedy from food surplus to food
scarcity. This paper concentrates on sustainable food security in the long-run in a sustainable eco-
friendly manner to cover the benefit every person not only for the present but also for the future
generation.
Kew words: Sustainable, public distribution system, body mass index, bio-fuels, green revolution,
below poverty line
1. Introduction
For an individual three basic essential things are required for his survival: food, clothing and shelter. In
the primitive community when man lived in jungles he did not have clothing or even shelter. But he
needed food to survive. Animals can live without clothing or shelter but also need food. Plants also
need food. While plants can make their own food man and other animals have to produce or collect
food. Thus for all living beings food is the most essential component of life. It is necessary for getting
energy which man needs for doing different works. Even when a man is sleeping his major organs like
heart or lungs remain active. These are functioning from birth to death at a stretch. To continue these
activities energy is required which can be derived from food. On an average intake capacity of 2250
Kcal. per person per day is required Dieticians prescribe the amount of amount of calories that an
individual needs and how much calorie can be obtained from which type of food. For healthy one
required balanced diet. In the absence of adequate and balanced food one suffers from hunger and mal-
nutrition which causes many diseases. Several famines and epidemics are results of lack of food.
2. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving
the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations.
The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-
quoted definition of sustainable development as development that “meets the needs of the present
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ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It is usually noted
that this requires the reconciliation of environmental, social and economic demands - the “three pillars”
of sustainability. This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses
indicating that the three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually
reinforcing. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems
with the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s “sustainability” was employed to
describe an economy in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems [Wikipedia]. A primary goal
of sustainable development is to achieve a reasonable and equitable distributed level of economic well
being that can be perpetuated continually for next generation. Thus the field of sustainable
development can be broken into three constituent parts i.e. environmental, economic and social
sustainability. It is proved that socio- economic sustainability is depended on environmental
sustainability because the socio- economic aspects, like agriculture, transport, settlement, and other
demographic factors are born and raised up in the environmental system. All the environmental set up
is depended on a piece of land where it exists. Sustainable land management is necessary for
sustainable food security.
3. The Concept of Food Security
World Development Report (1986) defined food security as “access by all people at all times to enough
food for an active, healthy life. According to Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the UNO,
“Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient and nutritious food to meet
the dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life.” Staatz (1990) defined food
security as “The ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the food system provides the total
population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food.” Thus food security
may be of short-term or sustainable. In case of short-term food security we consider food security of
the present population only. But in case of sustainable food security we consider the food security not
only of the present generation but also of the future generation as well. According to Swaminathan,
“Sustainable food security means enough food for everyone at present plus the ability to provide
enough food in future as well.” In the long-run sustainable food security is very important.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of USA, “Food security for a household
means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security
includes at a minimum (i) ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods and (ii) and
assured ability to acquire acceptable food in socially acceptable ways.” Here food security refers to
sustainable food security. From the above definition we can get three conditions for sustainable food
security. i) For food security availability of food is required. The availability or supply of food comes
from domestic production and import from foreign countries. ii) Food security requires access or
entitlement to food. Now entitlement comes either through the market system or through the social
security system of the government. Members of households earn income by participating in production
process. They spend their income to purchase food from the market. Now suppose there arise a
situation due to low income members of the household will not have enough money to buy food from
the market. Then, even food is available in the market common people will not be able to purchase
food due to lack of purchasing power and food security will be hampered even though there is not
scarcity of food in physical units. Suppose in lean season agricultural labourers have no work to
perform and hence no earning income. Then they will not be able to purchase food due to lack of
purchasing power even though enough food is available for sale in the market. In such a situation social
security system can be used for maintaining access to food. For example the Government can offer
employment to the agricultural labourers under the “Food for Work” programme and thereby they can
earn income to purchase food from the market. Similarly purchasing power may be provided to the old
and the invalid through transfer payments made to them. In this way entitlements to food can be
created either through the market or through the social security system. Many opined that the main
cause of food crisis and famines were the non-availability of food supply. But in practical experience
we saw that even there was no food deficit famines have occurred in many countries due to lack of
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Vol 3, No.10, 2011
entitlement to food. The Nobel laureate economist A. K. Sen has given many examples of such famines
in his analysis in different countries of the world. He argued that there was enough food in the world to
feed everyone adequately but the problem was fair public distribution system (PDS) of food and
hoardings by traders to rise in price to make profit. The crisis not food crisis, it is the policy crisis of
the government. iii) Food absorption is necessary for food security. It is not sufficient to take food only
to satisfy the hunger. It is necessary to see to it that the food taken is absorbed in the digestive system
and provides nutrition to the body. For this we need pure and safe drinking water, hygienic
environment to live, primary health awareness and provision of basic education to keep the
environment clean and healthy.
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have
access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”. Commonly, the concept
of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to food that meets people's
dietary needs as well as their food preferences. In many countries, health problems related to dietary
excess are an ever increasing threat, In fact, mal-nutrition and food borne disease are become double
burden. Food security is built on three pillars: i) Food availability-sufficient amount of food is available
on a consistent basis, ii) Food access-having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a
nutritious diet and iii) Food use- appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as
well as adequate water and sanitation.
4. Reasons for Global Food Crisis
From the above discussion it is clear that only increase in the supply of food is not sufficient for
solving the food crisis to maintain food security. Apart from population growth the important causes of
global food crisis are the followings:
4.1 Growth of Population
Rapid growth of population over the world is the main cause of food crisis. According to Malthus
population increase at G.P. rate while the supply of food increase at A.P. rate i.e. population grow at a
higher rate than he food supply and create food scarcity. This shortage of food gives rise to famines,
epidemics, food riots etc. Due to these calamities a part of population is eliminated and a natural
balance between population and food supply is established only in the short-run because again
population begins to grow at a faster rate than food supply and the economy again moves to food crisis.
In this way food crisis arises in an economy at a regular interval. Malthusian theory is based on the
agrarian economy which follows the law of diminishing return with no technological progress. By
introducing new improved technology it is possible to postpone the operation of the law of diminishing
return. By means of this introduction of new innovative techniques in agricultural production the
western countries of the world are able to escape from this. Even if the Malthusian theory has been
discarded, the shadow of Malthus is still haunting us.
4.2 Rise in the price of oil
The main reason for increase in food prices all over the world is increase in the price of crude oil and
devaluation of U.S. dollar. We know that there is a persistent deficit in the current account of the
balance of payments of the U.S.A. To meet this deficit the U.S.A. has to purchase more units of foreign
currency. As a result the price of U.S. dollar in terms of foreign currencies is decreasing. Now The
OPEC countries fix the price of oil in terms of U.S. dollar. Since the value of dollar is falling in terms
of foreign currencies OPEC countries will get less revenue in terms of domestic currency even if they
get same revenue in terms of U.S. dollar. To compensate this OPEC countries are forced to increase in
the price of crude oil. Since OPEC countries virtually produce nothing other than oil, they have to
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import most of the necessities of life. In this way as the value of U.S. dollar falls in the international
market the price of oil increases in international market. Moreover there is a close relationship between
increase in price of oil and increase in price of essential commodities. As a result the transportation
costs and the cost of production (because oil is used as fuel in the production process of many
commodities) increases. Finally price of food particles increase as a result of increase in price of oil.
4.3 Commercialization of agriculture
Crisis of energy is a global problem today. As the price of oil rises bio-fuel is used as an alternative
source of fossil fuel. Bio-fuel is produced from agricultural produce like oil seeds, food grains. Apart
from this food products are also used for extracting ethanol. The US utilized 20% of its corn in the year
2007 to 32% by the year 2016 to produce ethanol. As the price of crude oil raised the US has set a
target for producing 25 billion gallons of bio-fuel in the next 10 years and Europe has set a target of
5.75% of its diesel needs extracting from plants 2011. The China is extracting ethanol not only from
corn but even from rice and wheat. These tendencies of the developed countries are the main
responsible for food crisis. Due to this commercialization of agricultural products production of food
grains decreases. Finally the supply of food grains is decreasing in the global market prices of food
grains are raising day by day.
4.4 Industrialization
Production of food grains is also decreasing due to increased use of land (which is fixed in supply by
nature) for non-agricultural purposes. Due to rapid urbanization in building roads, houses, factories etc
even the fertile land is used for non-agricultural purposes. Norman Borlaug rightly told, “When people
fail to recognise farmers’ role in feeding the country, be sure there is something terribly wrong
happening.” Most of the developing countries believe that industrialization is the only key indicator
for economic development and increase in national income. Hence even if they have comparative
advantage in agriculture they are bent on industrialization at any cost. Even fertile agricultural lands are
being used for setting up industries. As a result the production of food grains is gradually decreasing.
4.5 Environment pollution
Environmental pollution is indirectly responsible for food crisis. In the last few decades several
measures have been adopted for increasing agricultural production which has adverse effects on natural
environment. Fertility of land has been reduced due to over exploitation, excessive use of chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides. Due to indiscriminate deforestation the amount of rainfall
reduces and land erosion takes place. Natural calamities like droughts, floods, cyclones, global
warming, melting glaciers, raising sea level etc. are increasing and environment is degraded. As a result
the production of food grains decreased and made food crisis at a global level. Naturally a question
arises: Is environmental degradation not acceptable for meeting the food crisis and maintaining food
security? In answer to this question it can be said that additional food grains can be produced in the
short-run by degrading the environment but this food security will not be sustainable. This is so
because food security for the present generation can be maintained by the degradation of the
environment but then food security for the future generation cannot be maintained.
4.6 Role of World Trade Organisation
Under WTO free trade in agricultural products has been introduced. As a consequence developed
countries are still protecting their agriculture but the developing countries are forced to reduce their
agriculture. Under free trade production of food grains is considered unprofitable for many developing
countries. Due to commercialisation farmers are producing more cash crops and less food crops and
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thereby reducing food grains in the market. By intellectual property rights are now applicable to plants
and farmers have to depend on multinational corporations for getting HYV seeds. Again in many cases
multinational corporations are introducing genetically modified seeds which are harmful to the
environment of the developing countries. For this reason also agricultural development of developing
countries is hampered. Ultimately production of food grains fall and causes to food crisis.
4.7 Water Scarcity
Scarcity of water is a global problem today (Bairagya R. and Chakraborty K. 2011). For agricultural
production huge amount of water is required. Water scarcity is related to food scarcity at a global level.
In most of the developing countries, population are primarily engaged in agriculture which is the
primary source of income to maintain their livelihood. Again agricultural production is the gambling of
rainfall. To raise agricultural productivity various dams have been made in an unplanned way which
have adversely affected to the commons and the environment. To control flood and supply irrigation
water the construction of big dams have rarely helped. In villages for irrigation many tube-wells and
submersibles have been installed in an unplanned way (it should not be bored less than 1000 feet)
which use the ground- water in a massive scale and consume a huge amount of electricity. As
population raises the scarcity of food grains rises. Food scarcity is highly positively-correlated with
water scarcity. According to Lester Brown, “Water shortage may soon become food shortage”. Rice,
wheat and sugar-cane together constitute 90% of total water consuming crops. From the economic
point of view, return of water in industrial sector is many times more attractive than in agriculture.
Approximately 1000 tons of water is required to produce only one ton of wheat. This monetary return
is much lower than if this water is invested in industrial sector. In this case the non-food grains like
fruits, vegetables and animal products for daily food intake should be raised as substitutes to rice and
wheat.
5. Global Scenario
The official global poverty statistics, based on World Bank figures, the number of people living below
the international poverty line of 1.25 US dollar per day fell from 1.82 billion to 1.37 billion between
1992 and 2005 (Global Poverty Guide 2011). China accounted for 475 million of the reduction,
implying poverty has increased elsewhere over this period. In India and sub-Saharan Africa, the
increase was 21 million and 91 million respectively. One third of global poverty is located in India and
just over a quarter in sub-Saharan Africa. The main cause is not only the rising population but also the
wealth of our new millennium has tended to increase in in-equality rather than to reduce poverty.
UNDP has reported that in 2005 the richest 500 people in the world earned more than 416 million. The
World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects 2010 estimated that 64 million people are on the verge of
extreme poverty. The measurement of poverty is not flawless and is subject to some criticism. The
developed countries indexes are quite different to developing countries for the inclusion of commodity
baskets to calculate the poverty. The World Bank follows the international poverty line. Based on
India’s poverty line national poverty rate is only 28% while it is 42% on the international basis. The
prices of food particles are increasing not only in India but also in developed countries like U.S.A. and
the U.K. Prices of essential food grains like rice, wheat and corn have been raising globally. According
to FAO data food price index increased from 121in 2006 to 274 in 2008. The major factor behind this
rise in food grains is historic decline in the production of food grains all over the globe.
6. Indian Scenario
According to 2011 Census, India’s population increases 181 million people from 1.03 billion in 2001 to
1.21 billion in 2011(Visaria L. 2011). The decadal growth rate of population is 17.6% compared to
21.2% during 1991-2001 suggesting a slowdown of growth. The sex ratio of population has began to
improve from 927 in 1991to 933 in 2001to 940 in 2011. The overall literacy rate is in 2001 is 745 with
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82.1% male and 65.55 female literacy rate. The child sex ratio has fallen from 945 in 2001 to 927 in
2001 to 914in 2011. At the end of October 2011, the world population crossed over 700 crores,
China135 crores and India 124 crores. Though India possesses only 2.4% of world geographical area it
covers 17.71 % of total world population. It is expected that India will become the most populous
country in the world by 2030 overtaking China. India’s population size is expected to stabilize at 1.8
billion at 2041.The state Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with 199.6 million people
covering 16.5% of country’s population. This high growth of population is main retarding factor of
economic development. Poverty, in-equality, hunger, mal-nutrition, unemployment, food scarcity etc.
are the curse for the society today. Reduction of population growth is essential to improve the socio-
economic condition of the people and to secure sustainable food security.
Creating food-surplus as an important objective of planning. India realised that food-surplus country
dictated the food-deficit countries. India suffered very severe droughts during 1965 and 1966 and at the
same time the American President restricted food aid to monthly basis under P.L.480 programme.
Moreover imports of food grains may be a temporary tranquiliser for the country to raise food supply
but for permanent cure she must be raised its food production. Later the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
went in for seed-water-fertiliser policy popularly known as “Green Revolution”. After the introduction
of this policy India achieved self-sufficiency in food grains by the year 1976 and onwards (except in
2006-2007). The per capita availability of food grains increased from 395 grams to 445 grams per day
during the period 1951 to 2007 (Datt R. and Sundharam K.P.M. 2010).
In spite of that, according to National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2006, 46% of children below 3
years are underweight, 33% women and 28% men have a Body Mass Index (BMI) below the normal,
79% of children aged 6-35 months have anaemia, as do 56% of married women aged 15-49 years and
24% of similar men, and 58% of pregnant women (Ghosh J. 2010). During the period 2003 to 2008
India’s population increased by 8% while food grains increased by 5% only. All these indicators show
the food scarcity in India and even in rural India the situation is worse.
7. Food Policy of the Government of India
The food policy of the government of India has two components. One is to sell food grains at
subsidised rates through the PDS and the other is fixation of minimum support price of food grains and
procurement of food grains to build stock through the levy system. In the PDS, the food grains are sold
to below poverty line (BPL) families at lower prices and to above the BPL families at higher prices
which is called targeted PDS. In order to sell food grains through the PDS the government purchase
food from the market. Sometimes purchases are made directly from the producers and sometimes
purchases from the traders through the levy system. The levy system requires that traders can sell food
grains in the market only they have sold the levied amount to the government. Declaration of minimum
support price ensures that market price does not fall below this level so long as the government is
prepared to purchase the entire quantity which is offered for sale at this price. By this system both the
producers and consumers are directly benefitted by getting fair prices.
7.1 Weakness of the Food Policy
The followings are the weaknesses of the food policy:
i) In many states the rationing system is flawed. The poor people do not get food grains from the ration
shops at a subsidised rate. The dishonest ration dealers sell food grains in the open market at higher
prices through the PDS and food security of the poor is hampered.
ii) The lists of BPL families are not faultless. In fact there are some families who are actually poor are
excluded from the list and some rich families included in the BPL list because of the intervention of the
political parties.
iii) Only rice, wheat and sugar and are sold through PDS. But people require other necessary food
particles like pulses, edible oils and green vegetables etc. which are sold at higher prices and hence
food security is disturbed.
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iv) In PDS system though the government announces the minimum support price the agencies cannot
purchase the entire quantity offered due to lack of buffer stock of food grains and hence the producers
are forced to sell their product at lower prices to private traders.
v) In case of fiscal deficit the government is forced to curtail subsidy and food grains are sold at a
higher prices against the PDS. Despite the huge stock of food grains available in FCI godowns hunger
and death are still reported due to the failure of the PDS system. The PDs is flawed food system
because the millions of the deserving poor does not actually benefitted by this system, the government
is very much talks about and spends less.
vi) Food security not only depends upon the supply of food grains but also by the purchasing capacity
of the buyers. Moreover food security requires safe drinking water, primary health facilities, basic
education and healthy environment. In the absence of these basic facilities India is still lagging behind
other countries in attaining food security.
8. Remedial Measures
The following measures which India can adopt for attaining sustainable food security:
i) From Malthusian theory of population growth we know that population grow faster than the food
supply. To stabilize the population the birth and death rate are almost to be equal. Only stable
population can assure sustainable food security.
ii) Sustainable land management is necessary here for sustainable food security. Conservation of land,
soil erosion has to be stopped, pollution should be controlled and land fertility must be restored to raise
food production.
iii) Water scarcity is very much related to food scarcity. Rain water harvesting, reduction of excessive
irrigation water, change in cropping pattern (i.e. produce food crops which requires less water), same
water should be used for many purposes, water recharge, controlling water pollution etc. are necessary
to food security.
iv) For achieving food security pollution of water, air, land, less use of chemical fertiliser, insecticides
and pesticides, forestation, plantation, bio-diversity etc must be controlled to protect common property
resources not only for the present but also for the future generation.
v) For absorptions of food investment in social sectors like health, education, nutrition, social security
measures, provision of safe drinking water etc. must be raised. It is a matter of fact that in India public
health care system has totally collapsed and even the private health care facilities are located in the
urban areas and benefit very few (Meeta and Rajiblochan 2010) Hence the health care facilities must be
improved any how to raise the standard of living of the commons.
vi) “Right to food” bill should be recognised as fundamental rights. A right based approach to food
security imposes obligations on national governments to establish non-discriminatory and non political
laws to ensure that their populations have accessed to adequate food. All countries are directed to
implement the right to food bill through a resolution to eradicate hunger by 2025. Both the Central and
State government and the National Advisory Council (NAC) are responsible to ensure food security for
all citizens at any cost.
vii) Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), pension and cash benefit schemes for mother etc.
are adopted by the government for the inclusion of the vulnerable sections of the society. Mid-day meal
programme was introduced for children between ages 2-14 attending schools. Production of food
grains increased 4 fold from 51 million tons in 1951 to 217 tons in 2007. Though cereal production has
growing faster than the population growth but the production has lagged behind.
viii) For the improvement of health basic medicines must be supplied for all (Srinivasan S. 2011). As
part of Universal Access to Healthcare, good quality healthcare should be accessible, affordable and
available to all in need. Providing quality medicines to all at free services in all our public facilities is
an important task to our health department of the government and the pharmaceutical industries also
cooperate in this respect.
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ix) The most recent effort to improve the hunger situation is the National Food Security Bill (NFSB) is
headed by the NAC to cover 90% of the rural and 50% of the urban population to improve the hunger
situation. But this actually covered only 465 of the rural and 28% of the urban population.
Multinational companies are grabbing the India’s most productive agricultural lands, two-crop and
three-crop zones called Special Economic Zones, to set up urban industrial estate for commercial
purposes and create shortage of agricultural land for food production. Under the NFSB the government
must take some necessary actions against these grabbing of fertile agricultural lands.
xi) NREGP and self employment programmes may helped in improving incomes and hence the
purchasing power (through employment generation) and can also access to food and nutrition to the
common peoples (Dev S.M. and Sharma A.N. 2010). Under the national food security law, the
government wants to provide rice and wheat to the poorest of the poor at Rs. 3 per Kg. Due to changes
in consumption pattern demand for fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, poultry and fisheries have been
increasing. There is need to crop diversification and improve allied activities.
xii) By its nature agricultural production is seasonal in nature (Saha B. K. 2010). Some agricultural
productions like fruits, vegetables, fishes etc. are perishable in nature. Whether the products are
seasonal or perishable, the need for food is required throughout the year. Hence food grains storage is
necessary not only for quality seeds for harvestings but also to meet the demand for food throughout
the year. Hence adequate scientific storage capacities for food must be required to avoid food crisis.
xiii) According to Millennium Development Goal (MDG) a promise signed by all world governments
to achieve global poverty to halve the rate by 2015. Foreign aid has an important role to reduce
poverty, in building government institutions and in pioneering new ideas for development, is only a
small part of the solution to the global poverty and food crisis. Rich country governments are also
under pressure to honour their promises to increase aid budgets to 0.7% of national income. As the
average for 2009 was only 0.31%, there is considerably scope for improving current level for foreign
aid, around 120 billion US dollar per annum.
Conclusion:
As food is the first and foremost basic necessity of life, absence of food security leads to social and
political instability which is contrary to economic development of any country. The problem is not only
located in India but also all over the globe. Food security requires safe drinking water, primary health
facilities, basic education and healthy environment. Sustainable land management is necessary here.
Conservation of land, soil erosion has to be stopped, pollution should be controlled and land fertility
must be restored to raise food production. For achieving food security pollution of water, air, land, less
use of chemical fertiliser, insecticides and pesticides, forestation, plantation, bio-diversity etc must be
controlled to protect common property resources not only for the present but also for the future
generation. We see that some times food crisis is not due to lack of food supply. It is the failure of PDS
and the crisis not food crisis, it is the policy crisis of the government. Hence in the interest of the
sustainable economic development for achieving sustainable food security every government of the
world must adopt some urgent measures and should work united to make the world free from hunger.
References:
Bairagya R. and Chakraborty K. (2011), “Sustainable Water Management and International Trade
Solution”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol.2, No.5, [online], Available:
www.iiste.org, accessed in October 2011, 77-86
Datt R. and Sundharam K.P.M. (2009), Indian Economy, S. Chand and Co. New-Delhi, 528-539
Dev S.M. and Sharma A.N. (2010), “Food Security in India: Performances, Challenges and Policies”,
OIWPS-VII, [online], Available: www.oxfamindia.org, accessed in September 2010
FAO (2008), “Crop Price and Food Situation”, Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome.
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Ghosh J. October (2010), “The Political Economy of Hunger in 21 st Century India”, Economic
&Political Weekly, 44, A Sameeksha Trust Publication, Mumbai, India, 33-38
Global Poverty Guide (2011), [online], Available: uk.oneworld.net, accessed in October 2011
Meeta and Rajiblochan, October (2010), “Inequalities in Health, Agrarian Distress and a Policy of
Avoidance”, Economic &Political Weekly, 43, A Sameeksha Trust Publication, Mumbai, India, 41-47
Saha B. K., November (2010), “Storage for Food Security”, Yojana: a Development Monthly, Yojana
Bhavana, Samsad Marg, New Delhi, India, 34-41
Sen A.K. (1981), “Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation”, Oxford University
Press, U.S.A.
Srinivasan S., June (2011), “Medicines for All, the Pharma Industry and the Indian State”, Economic
&Political Weekly, 24, A Sameeksha Trust Publication, Mumbai, India, 43-48
Visarai L., July (2011), “India’s 15th population Census: Some Key Statistics”, Yojana: a Development
Monthly, Yojana Bhavana, Samsad Marg, New Delhi, India. 16-19
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